Fingerprint analysis
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The physical developer technique is used to detect latent fingerprints on porous surfaces like paper, rubber gloves, and clay products. It involves the in situ reduction of silver(I) ions to colloidal, elemental silver, which then interacts with organic residues in fingerprints to visualize them as dark gray or black ridges. Key aspects of the technique include the reversible redox reaction between iron(II)/(III) ions and silver ions, and the use of citric acid to promote the reaction and lower the pH. The technique can develop latent prints on various surfaces but is time-consuming and can leave permanent stains.
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Jd corrosion
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Ed lester promethean particles
The document discusses the scale up of nanomaterial production using continuous hydrothermal synthesis. It outlines the advantages of this method, including particle size control and ready formulation. A full scale plant was built to produce nanomaterials on the ton per year scale across many material classes. The document concludes that while continuous hydrothermal synthesis is still developing, scale up takes significant time and commercialization requires different skills than academic research. Current market activities for the synthesized nanomaterials include printed electronics, 3D printing, energy storage, and healthcare applications.
Electrolysis in Ironmaking
The Steel Industry has two strong control parameters at its disposal today i.e. scrap utilization and usage of fines generated at the time of ore beneficiation. One should be conscious of the fact that recycling will also saturate at some point. The main concern of iron making in India is the supply of huge amount of metallurgical coke in the BF. So, any alternative process dealing with coal or natural gas rather than coke will be economical.
The fines which are dumped around the mines are wasted in the conventional BF process as well as the beneficiation process also generates a lot of ore fines. Then these are treated such that their Fe content in them reaches almost 60-62%. After this the fines are treated with HCl and Cl₂ gas and a churning mechanism is involved. The acid strength is limited to such extent that the ore fines form FeCl3 and traces of MnCl2 but the gangue materials like SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ do not react with the acid and settle at the bottom in the solution .The acid solution is taken out with the FeCl₃ rich liquor with traces of MnCl2 by the settling and filtration process and then heated in a big closed container in order to evaporate the water, and then particular seeders are used to obtain the FeCl₃ in a crystallised state. After this the solid FeCl₃ is melted and molten FeCl3 is used as the electrolyte to get Fe at the cathode and Cl₂ is produced at anode. This Cl2 can be used to regenerate the HCl as well as provide some amount of Cl2 in the chlorination process.
The originality of this project lies in the fact that it is different from the conventional iron making processes currently used worldwide in the following aspects:-
1. No agglomeration needed in this process.
2. No requirement of metallurgical coke and any flux.
3. It’s a completely CO2 free process(no emission of CO₂)
35381
This document describes a study that investigated various techniques for preparing a nickel oxide (NiO) catalyst coating on an FeCrAl substrate for use in catalytic converters. Specifically, it examined applying nickel to the substrate through electroplating with and without ultrasonic treatment, and then oxidizing the nickel to form a NiO layer. The techniques aimed to develop an innovative and simpler method for adhering catalyst powder to the substrate. The study assessed the techniques based on weight gain during oxidation testing and analyzed the resulting oxide growth and microstructure.
Review on recovery of silver
CRITERIAS FOR PATENTING IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Survey participants confirm that the patent
system is an important incentive for
investment in research and development in
the field of biotechnology [3].
Patents and licenses for
biotechnological inventions are treated
an imperative incentive to stimulate
research, knowledge flows and the
entry of new technologies into markets.
6.1. thermal oxidation 1,2.micro tech,2013
Thermal oxidation is a process used to grow silicon dioxide films on silicon substrates. It involves heating silicon in an oxygen-containing environment to form a stable silicon-dioxide layer. The growth rate of the oxide layer follows a Deal-Grove model based on diffusion and reaction kinetics. While this model accurately describes thicker oxide growth, additional terms are needed to model the initially faster growth rate of very thin oxides. The oxidation rate depends on factors like temperature, oxidizing ambient, crystal orientation, and dopant concentration.
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Silver Extraction from hypofixer solution is a profitable business. All details regarding this business is given in this document compiled by me.
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The document discusses the scale up of nanomaterial production using continuous hydrothermal synthesis. It outlines the advantages of this method, including particle size control and ready formulation. A full scale plant was built to produce nanomaterials on the ton per year scale across many material classes. The document concludes that while continuous hydrothermal synthesis is still developing, scale up takes significant time and commercialization requires different skills than academic research. Current market activities for the synthesized nanomaterials include printed electronics, 3D printing, energy storage, and healthcare applications.
Electrolysis in Ironmaking
The Steel Industry has two strong control parameters at its disposal today i.e. scrap utilization and usage of fines generated at the time of ore beneficiation. One should be conscious of the fact that recycling will also saturate at some point. The main concern of iron making in India is the supply of huge amount of metallurgical coke in the BF. So, any alternative process dealing with coal or natural gas rather than coke will be economical.
The fines which are dumped around the mines are wasted in the conventional BF process as well as the beneficiation process also generates a lot of ore fines. Then these are treated such that their Fe content in them reaches almost 60-62%. After this the fines are treated with HCl and Cl₂ gas and a churning mechanism is involved. The acid strength is limited to such extent that the ore fines form FeCl3 and traces of MnCl2 but the gangue materials like SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ do not react with the acid and settle at the bottom in the solution .The acid solution is taken out with the FeCl₃ rich liquor with traces of MnCl2 by the settling and filtration process and then heated in a big closed container in order to evaporate the water, and then particular seeders are used to obtain the FeCl₃ in a crystallised state. After this the solid FeCl₃ is melted and molten FeCl3 is used as the electrolyte to get Fe at the cathode and Cl₂ is produced at anode. This Cl2 can be used to regenerate the HCl as well as provide some amount of Cl2 in the chlorination process.
The originality of this project lies in the fact that it is different from the conventional iron making processes currently used worldwide in the following aspects:-
1. No agglomeration needed in this process.
2. No requirement of metallurgical coke and any flux.
3. It’s a completely CO2 free process(no emission of CO₂)
35381
This document describes a study that investigated various techniques for preparing a nickel oxide (NiO) catalyst coating on an FeCrAl substrate for use in catalytic converters. Specifically, it examined applying nickel to the substrate through electroplating with and without ultrasonic treatment, and then oxidizing the nickel to form a NiO layer. The techniques aimed to develop an innovative and simpler method for adhering catalyst powder to the substrate. The study assessed the techniques based on weight gain during oxidation testing and analyzed the resulting oxide growth and microstructure.
Review on recovery of silver
CRITERIAS FOR PATENTING IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Survey participants confirm that the patent
system is an important incentive for
investment in research and development in
the field of biotechnology [3].
Patents and licenses for
biotechnological inventions are treated
an imperative incentive to stimulate
research, knowledge flows and the
entry of new technologies into markets.
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Oxidation
This document discusses oxidation growth kinetics in integrated circuit fabrication. It describes how silicon dioxide is formed through thermal oxidation of silicon wafers in oxygen or water vapor. Silicon dioxide is important in IC fabrication as it can act as an insulator, gate electrode in MOS devices, and provide electrical isolation. The growth rate of silicon dioxide is initially limited by the chemical reaction rate, then by the diffusion rate of oxygen or water molecules through the silicon dioxide layer. Impurities and processing parameters like temperature and exposure time are critical factors that influence the oxidation growth rate.
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Ion implantation is the most versatile and superior surface modification method. It has several
advantages compared with other modification methods. In this study, the nitrogen was implanted by a process of
ion implantation at 60 keV with different fluences of 1 x 1016, 5 x 1016, 1x1017 and 5 x 1017 ions/cm2
. Corrosion
resistance of Ti6Al4V and ion implanted Ti6Al4V were investigated by an electrochemical test, at 370C in
normal saline solution. ICP-AES studies were carried out to determine amount of ions leached out from samples
when kept immersed in normal saline solution. The implanted samples showed variation in the corrosion
resistance and microhardness with varying fluences. The sample implanted at 1 X 1017 ions/cm2
showed an
optimum corrosion resistance.
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This document describes an electrochemical study of the anodic oxidation of titanium and a TA6V alloy in chromic acid electrolytes. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments were conducted to investigate the formation of oxide films. In a chromic acid electrolyte without fluoride, a thin compact oxide film forms, while in a fluoride-containing electrolyte, a duplex film of a compact layer topped by a porous columnar layer grows. The voltammetry results show a breakdown of the compact film around 3 V/SCE and that alloying elements influence porous film formation. Chronoamperometry reveals the complex growth process involves residual current contributing to thickening of both layers, with overall electrochemical efficiency decreasing over
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- Pure silicon is the principal component of most semiconductor devices, especially integrated circuits. It is also used in alloys, solar cells, LCDs, and other electronic applications.
- Silicon can be produced from quartz or sand through carbothermic or metallothermic reduction and purified to 99.99% using the Siemens process involving hydrogen chloride and fractional distillation.
Unit 1 ic fab
The document discusses the basic processes involved in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits. It describes the key steps which include silicon wafer preparation using the Czochralski crystal growth technique, epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, ion implantation, isolation techniques, metallization, and assembly/packaging. The overall goal is to introduce various impurities into a silicon wafer in precise locations and patterns to create the different components of an integrated circuit such as transistors, resistors and interconnects on a single silicon chip.
Fyp mmc final (1)
In this project, we demonstrated the development and Nano-mechanical study of Aluminum-cBN metal matrix composite (MMC) through the spark plasma sintering process. Aluminum is highly used in the automobile and aerospace industry. In this project, our objective was to increase the hardness and wear resistance properties of aluminum so we can increase the effective use in the field. To achieve that we used the cBN particles of different particle sizes in aluminum and observe their effects on hardness and wear resistance properties. We mixed the powders by the ultra-sonication process then used the Spark Plasma Sintering process for compaction of powders, which is an effective way to decrease the porosity of our solid. Parameters for the spark plasma sintering were 550°∁ temperature, 50 MPa pressure with a dwell time of 5 minutes.
There were many practical reasons for using spark plasma sintering, it can prepare fully dense materials, requires less time for sample preparation at temperatures lower than melting points. It prevents grain coarsening, with regards to severe plastic deformation; spark plasma sintering can fully release residual stresses and as a result, produces fewer cracks and segregation along with uniform microstructure.
We used different characterization techniques to test and analyze various properties of the samples. A high-level homogeneity was observed inside the MMC, by studying different SEM results, any phase changes after the sintering process was observed by XRD. We used the Archimedes principle to achieve the density of our sample. Then Vickers Hardness proved that the addition of cBN aided in increasing the hardness up to our predicted results. Several corrosion tests were performed to create a precise electrochemical study which consists of EIS(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and PD (Potentio-dynamic) of the samples of the composite. Also, we determined the Poison’s ratio for the Nano-indentation study.
Our aim is also to analyze and study the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of wear resistance of our samples.
Chemistry investigatory
• Corrosion is a serious problem of some metal like iron, zinc, aluminium and alloys like brass which are commonly used in day to day life.
• Apart from reducing the life of articles made up of these metals or alloys the chemical substances formed out of corrosion have serious public health problems.
• Replacement of machines or their parts and many other articles in industrial and public dealing lead to huge expenditure.
• Hence, how to reduce or avoid corrosion of articles made up of metals or alloys has been a major subject in field of chemistry and electro-chemistry.
ROLE OF pH IN RAPID MICROWAVE ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE N...
Vertically aligned zinc oxide nanorod arrays have been synthesized on glass substrate using microwave assisted hydrothermal method. The role of pH on the morphology of zinc oxide nanorods has been studied by varying concentration of ammonia in precursor solution. Structural, morphological changes on synthesis of zinc oxide nanorod arrays due to different pH have been investigated using FESEM and XRD. The study revealed that initial pH of the precursor controls the competitiveness between homogenous nucleation rate and heterogeneous nucleation rate. At lower pH, rate of homogenous nucleation are higher, leading to wastage of precursor solution. At higher pH conditions heterogeneous nucleation rate is also suppressed that reduces the growth process. Hence, an optimum pH of the precursor solution has to maintain to increase zinc oxide nanorod growth rate.
Functional surfaces for corrosion protection – current challenges and future ...
Originally presented as a keynote paper during Intercorr 2014 conference in Fortaleza, Brazil, on May 21st, 2014.
Corrosion
1) Corrosion is an oxidation reaction that occurs when a metal reacts with oxygen or water, causing the metal atoms to lose electrons and form metal ions.
2) Rusting is the corrosion of iron, which requires water, oxygen, and iron to produce iron ions and hydroxide ions.
3) An experiment was conducted using iron nails attached to magnesium, bare, or attached to copper in a salt solution with an indicator that turns blue in the presence of iron ions to observe their different corrosion rates.
RECOVERY OF METALS FROM ELECTRONIC WASTE (e-scrap).
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Waste of all sort put together is a major cause of Global Warming and electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the biggest contributor. E-Waste contains several different substances and chemicals, many of which are toxic & are not biodegradable and are likely to create adverse impact on environment and health, if not handled properly. In addition to that it contains metal values which can be recovered.
Manufacturers, government agencies and users are now looking for environmentally responsible management of this E-waste. Besides proper disposal, economical recovery of precious and exhaustible materials is also a matter of interest.
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Passivation is a process that treats metals to form a protective oxide layer on the surface to make the metal less prone to corrosion. It involves cleaning the metal surface, then submerging it in a passivation solution like nitric acid, which removes any free iron or other contaminants and forms a chromium oxide layer. The key variables in passivation include time, temperature, acid concentration, and the type of metal. Effectiveness is tested using methods like the free iron test to ensure all free iron is removed and the protective layer is formed properly. At processing sites, systems undergo cleaning, passivation treatment, and testing before being put back into use.
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The anodic reaction of the carbonic acid corrosion process controls the outcome of the degradation of the material. This is because it might produce an FeCO3 scale. In turn, the quality of this crystal will influence the corrosion rate. At the interphase, a colloid of iron carbonate forms. This is fed by Fe+2 coming from the metal dissolution and reacting with the HCO3- coming from the solution. In the colloid, different aggregates of iron carbonate molecules occur. This is until a critical nucleus of the siderite phase occurs, thus forming a siderite crystal. All parameters that normally affect corrosion rate, will affect directly the nucleation, growth and quality of this crystal. Particularly, the metal surface texture and pH of the solution. The nucleation of siderite was studied with anodic chronoamperometry at different surface textures and pH values. It was found that the surface texture is determinant on the law governing siderite nucleation and therefore its scale. FeCO3 formation is required but not sufficient to produce a protective siderite scale. Even after producing such scale, it needs to grow to a certain thickness to offer any protection. Higher pH and rougher surfaces help to achieve good protection. Weight loss corrosion rates measured in autoclave experiments, is controlled by the siderite nucleation phenomena occurring at the interphase.
final report.edit
This document provides an overview of surface treatment methods for aerospace components, including anodization, ultrasonic solvent cleaning, pickling-passivation, chemical cleaning, and vapour degreasing. It acknowledges those who helped with the project work. Tables of contents and figures/tables are included. The abstract indicates that tests were conducted to determine which surface treatment methods are suitable for different metals used in aerospace and whether thickness, hardness, porosity, and corrosion resistance met specifications.
Oxidation
This document discusses oxidation growth kinetics in integrated circuit fabrication. It describes how silicon dioxide is formed through thermal oxidation of silicon wafers in oxygen or water vapor. Silicon dioxide is important in IC fabrication as it can act as an insulator, gate electrode in MOS devices, and provide electrical isolation. The growth rate of silicon dioxide is initially limited by the chemical reaction rate, then by the diffusion rate of oxygen or water molecules through the silicon dioxide layer. Impurities and processing parameters like temperature and exposure time are critical factors that influence the oxidation growth rate.
Silver recovery method converted
silver and bromide we are using in film , but silver is very expanse so we will recovered silver from exposed film
zsc
The document discusses several key processes in semiconductor manufacturing including wafer production methods, oxidation, photolithography, etching, doping, and chemical vapor deposition. Specifically, it mentions Czochralski and Bridgeman methods for wafer production, thermal oxidation of silicon, photoresist use in photolithography, wet and dry etching techniques, doping via diffusion and ion implantation, and CVD deposition of silicon nitride, polysilicon, and oxide.
Corrosion and Sulphate attack on steel reinforcements
This document summarizes corrosion in steel and sulfate attack on steel. It defines corrosion as the destruction or deterioration of steel when exposed to the environment. Corrosion is an electrochemical process where anode and cathode sites form, with pore water acting as an electrolyte. Iron ions are produced at the anode and react with hydroxide ions to form rust. Corrosion can cause cracking, spalling and delamination of concrete. Methods to control corrosion include using low water-cement ratios, corrosion inhibitors like calcium nitrite, and metallurgical methods. Sulfate attack occurs when sulfates chemically react with cement hydration products, potentially increasing concrete volume by 227% and causing disintegration. Sulfate
Improvement of tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy by nitrogen ion impla...
Ion implantation is the most versatile and superior surface modification method. It has several
advantages compared with other modification methods. In this study, the nitrogen was implanted by a process of
ion implantation at 60 keV with different fluences of 1 x 1016, 5 x 1016, 1x1017 and 5 x 1017 ions/cm2
. Corrosion
resistance of Ti6Al4V and ion implanted Ti6Al4V were investigated by an electrochemical test, at 370C in
normal saline solution. ICP-AES studies were carried out to determine amount of ions leached out from samples
when kept immersed in normal saline solution. The implanted samples showed variation in the corrosion
resistance and microhardness with varying fluences. The sample implanted at 1 X 1017 ions/cm2
showed an
optimum corrosion resistance.
Zirconium
Zirconium is valued in the nuclear industry for its properties. It is transparent to neutrons, making it ideal for nuclear research and power plant construction. At a 1973 symposium, scientists proposed using zirconium alloys in nuclear steam systems due to their heat resistance and corrosion protection. They also proposed developing tests of zircaloy, a zirconium alloy used in fuel cladding, to improve nuclear power plant efficiency and safety. Zirconium's durability, heat tolerance, and transparency to neutrons make it well-suited for use in nuclear reactors.
Corrosion Control By Deposition Of Ca Co3
Corrosion is the process of metals returning to their natural state through a series of electrochemical reactions when in contact with water. It occurs due to the large difference in reduction potentials between oxygen and most metals. Common types of corrosion include uniform corrosion and galvanic corrosion. Corrosion can be prevented through methods like galvanizing, alloying, corrosion inhibitors, and cathodic protection. The proposed project aims to alter water parameters to deposit a CaCO3 barrier on metal surfaces to prevent corrosion without adding foreign elements or altering metal properties.
Zwilling
This document describes an electrochemical study of the anodic oxidation of titanium and a TA6V alloy in chromic acid electrolytes. Voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments were conducted to investigate the formation of oxide films. In a chromic acid electrolyte without fluoride, a thin compact oxide film forms, while in a fluoride-containing electrolyte, a duplex film of a compact layer topped by a porous columnar layer grows. The voltammetry results show a breakdown of the compact film around 3 V/SCE and that alloying elements influence porous film formation. Chronoamperometry reveals the complex growth process involves residual current contributing to thickening of both layers, with overall electrochemical efficiency decreasing over
Silicon
- Silicon is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it. It is commonly found in nature as silica (SiO2) and discovered in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius.
- Pure silicon is the principal component of most semiconductor devices, especially integrated circuits. It is also used in alloys, solar cells, LCDs, and other electronic applications.
- Silicon can be produced from quartz or sand through carbothermic or metallothermic reduction and purified to 99.99% using the Siemens process involving hydrogen chloride and fractional distillation.
Unit 1 ic fab
The document discusses the basic processes involved in the fabrication of monolithic integrated circuits. It describes the key steps which include silicon wafer preparation using the Czochralski crystal growth technique, epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, ion implantation, isolation techniques, metallization, and assembly/packaging. The overall goal is to introduce various impurities into a silicon wafer in precise locations and patterns to create the different components of an integrated circuit such as transistors, resistors and interconnects on a single silicon chip.
Fyp mmc final (1)
In this project, we demonstrated the development and Nano-mechanical study of Aluminum-cBN metal matrix composite (MMC) through the spark plasma sintering process. Aluminum is highly used in the automobile and aerospace industry. In this project, our objective was to increase the hardness and wear resistance properties of aluminum so we can increase the effective use in the field. To achieve that we used the cBN particles of different particle sizes in aluminum and observe their effects on hardness and wear resistance properties. We mixed the powders by the ultra-sonication process then used the Spark Plasma Sintering process for compaction of powders, which is an effective way to decrease the porosity of our solid. Parameters for the spark plasma sintering were 550°∁ temperature, 50 MPa pressure with a dwell time of 5 minutes.
There were many practical reasons for using spark plasma sintering, it can prepare fully dense materials, requires less time for sample preparation at temperatures lower than melting points. It prevents grain coarsening, with regards to severe plastic deformation; spark plasma sintering can fully release residual stresses and as a result, produces fewer cracks and segregation along with uniform microstructure.
We used different characterization techniques to test and analyze various properties of the samples. A high-level homogeneity was observed inside the MMC, by studying different SEM results, any phase changes after the sintering process was observed by XRD. We used the Archimedes principle to achieve the density of our sample. Then Vickers Hardness proved that the addition of cBN aided in increasing the hardness up to our predicted results. Several corrosion tests were performed to create a precise electrochemical study which consists of EIS(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and PD (Potentio-dynamic) of the samples of the composite. Also, we determined the Poison’s ratio for the Nano-indentation study.
Our aim is also to analyze and study the thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of wear resistance of our samples.
Chemistry investigatory
• Corrosion is a serious problem of some metal like iron, zinc, aluminium and alloys like brass which are commonly used in day to day life.
• Apart from reducing the life of articles made up of these metals or alloys the chemical substances formed out of corrosion have serious public health problems.
• Replacement of machines or their parts and many other articles in industrial and public dealing lead to huge expenditure.
• Hence, how to reduce or avoid corrosion of articles made up of metals or alloys has been a major subject in field of chemistry and electro-chemistry.
ROLE OF pH IN RAPID MICROWAVE ASSISTED HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE N...
Vertically aligned zinc oxide nanorod arrays have been synthesized on glass substrate using microwave assisted hydrothermal method. The role of pH on the morphology of zinc oxide nanorods has been studied by varying concentration of ammonia in precursor solution. Structural, morphological changes on synthesis of zinc oxide nanorod arrays due to different pH have been investigated using FESEM and XRD. The study revealed that initial pH of the precursor controls the competitiveness between homogenous nucleation rate and heterogeneous nucleation rate. At lower pH, rate of homogenous nucleation are higher, leading to wastage of precursor solution. At higher pH conditions heterogeneous nucleation rate is also suppressed that reduces the growth process. Hence, an optimum pH of the precursor solution has to maintain to increase zinc oxide nanorod growth rate.
Functional surfaces for corrosion protection – current challenges and future ...
Originally presented as a keynote paper during Intercorr 2014 conference in Fortaleza, Brazil, on May 21st, 2014.
Corrosion
1) Corrosion is an oxidation reaction that occurs when a metal reacts with oxygen or water, causing the metal atoms to lose electrons and form metal ions.
2) Rusting is the corrosion of iron, which requires water, oxygen, and iron to produce iron ions and hydroxide ions.
3) An experiment was conducted using iron nails attached to magnesium, bare, or attached to copper in a salt solution with an indicator that turns blue in the presence of iron ions to observe their different corrosion rates.
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Fingerprint analysis
- 1. Presented by Abhinandan Kanjikar (Student), Kaushik P M (Student) Under supervision of Prof. Prashanth Kumar H P Sapthagiri College of Engineering Contact number: 8197900404 E mail: abhi.kanjikar@gmail.com
- 2. Physical developer technique is a means to detect fingerprints on dry and wet, porous items including paper articles, rubber gloves, nylon clothing, clay-based products. A solution of an iron salt that reduces aqueous silver nitrate to finely divided metallic silver which is based on oxidation–reduction couple involved in the process. This process is like a photographic physical developer which, during processing of film rolls, undergoes a similar redox reaction, thus deriving its name from it. Dark gray or black images reveal the fingerprint due to the adsorption of metallic silver particles on the fatty acid and lipid components of sweat residue.
- 4. Silver nitrate • Base element for the process of developing latent fingerprint Iron (II) & (III) couple • Reversible re-oxidation of silver (I) Citric acid effect • 2 step influence – thrust forward reaction and lower pH N-dodecyl amine acetate activity • Peptization process Physical developer technique is the in situ reduction of silver(I) ions to colloidal, elemental silver which, in turn, interacts with the organic constituents of the fingerprint residue and ultimately visualizes the impressions as dark gray or black ridges. Ramotowski RS. 3rd ed. 2013
- 5. Course of action of pre-treatment Maleic acid treatment Malic acid & Acetic acid + Acetic acid Maleic acid Ramotowski RS. 3rd ed. 2013
- 6. Detergent solution • Stir for 2 min after adding Redox solution • Continuously stir after adding Silver nitrate solution • AuCl drop in Whatman filter paper • Darkened spot in 3-5 sec Authenticity check Pour working solution into glass tray Place the tray on electric shaker for agitation Added one sample item at a time Wash the sample with distilled water multiple times Wilson JD et al. 2007
- 7. • Silver (I) oxide action • Bleach toning Two-fold treatment • Reversible re-oxidation of silver, (I) Potassium iodide toning • Conversion of silver to radioactive silver sulphide Radioactive treatment OCl- + 2Ag → Ag2O + Cl- 2Fe3+ + 6I- → 2FeI2 + I2 I2 + I- → I- 3 Phillips CE et al. 1990
- 8. Application Latex and rubber gloves Adhesive tapes Rayon & nylon clothing Unglazed porcelain Raw wood Many kinds of papers. Although time consuming and expensive, cost-effective version is available Ultrapure water should be used for preparing working solution Destructive and leave permanent stains Working solution has relatively short life. Morton S. 1983 Ramotowski et al. 2001
- 9. 1. Knowles AM. Aspects of physicochemical methods for the detection of fingerprints. J Phys E Sci Instrum 1978. 2. Cantu AA. Silver physical developers for the visualization of latent prints on paper. Forensic Sci Rev 2001. 3. Berson G. Silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels: increased sensitivity by a blue toning solution. Anal Biochem 1983. 4. Ramotowski RS. 3rd ed. In: Ramotowski RS, editor. Lee and gaensslen’s advances in fingerprint technology. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2013. 5. Wilson JD, Cantu AA, Antonopoulos G, Surrency MJ. Examination of the steps leading up to the physical developer process for developing fingerprints. J Forensic Sci 2007 6. Ramotowski RS, Cantu AA. Recent latent print visualization research at the US Secret Service. Fingerprint Whorld 2001 7. Morton S. Shoe print development by PD treatment. Fingerprint Whorld 1983