This document discusses analytical enzymes and biosensors. It begins by defining analytical enzymes as enzymes that are highly specific and useful for medical diagnostics and food analysis. It then discusses criteria for selecting analytical enzymes, including specificity, purity, stability, and cost. The document outlines how enzymes are used in diagnostic assays, providing examples of important diagnostic enzymes like cholesterol oxidase. It also discusses test strip systems and biosensor types, focusing on electrochemical and optical biosensors. In summary, the document provides an overview of analytical enzymes and how they are applied in diagnostic assays and biosensor technology.

1. 1Add a Footer 1

2. ANALYTICALENZYMES
BALE GREESHMA RAMESH
MSC – II 02 ZOOLOGY

3. 3
CONTENTS
Add a Footer 3
• Analytical enzymes
• Enzymes in diagnostic assays
• Test strip systems
• Biosensors
• Examples of biosensors
• References

4. ANALYTICAL
ENZYMES
Add a Footer 4

5. What are Analytical enzymes?
Enzymes are highly specific both in the reaction
catalysed as well as in their choice of substrates.
The use of enzymes in analysis, especially in
medical diagnostics and in food analysis,
therefore offers a number of advantages
compared to chemical reagents.
Add a Footer 5

6. CRITERIA FOR
ANALYTICAL ENZYMES
Enzymes to be used for analytical
applications have to satisfy a number of
quality criteria concerning;
• Specificity
• Purity
• Stability
• Kinetic properties
• pH optimum
• Solubility and surface properties
• Cost
11%
19%
17%
29%
24%
CHART TITLE
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Add a Footer 6

7. ENZYMES IN
DIAGNOSTIC
ASSAYS
Add a Footer 7

8. ENZYMES IN
DIAGNOSTIC ASSAYS
In end-point assays, the compound whose concentration is to
be determined (the analyte) takes part as the substrate in an
enzyme-catalyzed reaction and is converted with the
simultaneous and stoichiometric production of a detectable
signal (e.g. a positive or negative change in absorbance),
which may result either from the analyte conversion itself or
from a stoichiometrically linked conversion of a co-substrate
or co-factor (such as NADH formation in dehydrogenase-
catalysed reactions).
8

9. 9
EXAMPLES OF ENZYMES IMPORTANT IN DIAGNOSTICS
Enzyme Source (original) Used for the assay of
Cholesterol oxidase
Nocardia erythropolis or
Brevibacterium sp.
Cholesterol
Creatininase Pseudomonas sp. Creatine, creatinine
Creatininase Pseudomonas sp. Creatinine
β-Galactosidase Escherichia coli Sodium ions; immunoassay marker enzyme
Glucose oxidase Aspergillus niger Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
dehydrogenase
Leuconostoc mesenteroides Glucose (indicator enzyme)
α-Glucosidase Yeast or Bacillus sp. α-Amylase activity
Glycerol-3-phosphate
oxidase
Aerococcus viridans Triglycerides
Hexokinase Yeast Glucose and other hexoses
Peroxidase Horseradish
Indicator enzyme and immunoassay marker
enzyme
Pyruvate oxidase Pediococcus sp. Pyruvate; transaminase activity
Sarcosine oxidase Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus sp. Creatinine
Urate oxidase (uricase) Arthrobacter protophormiae Uric acid
Urease Klebsiella aerogenes Urea 9

10. 10
TEST STRIP SYSTEMS
Add a Footer 10
• A test strip is a band/piece/strip of paper or other material used for biological testing.
• Specifically, test strip may refer to:
• Food testing strips
• Glucose meter test strip
• Lipolysis test strip
• Urine test strip
• Diabetes Test Strips in Pregnancy

11. 11
BIOSENSORS
Add a Footer 11
• What is Sensor?
--- A Sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be
read by an observer or by an instrument.
• What is a Biosensor?
--- A Biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological
component with a physicochemical detector.

12. 12
TYPES OF BIOSENSORS
Add a Footer 12
• Based on bioreceptors;
1. Enzyme
2. Microbial
3. Affinity
• Based on transducers;
1. Electrochemical
2. Optical
3. Potentiometer
4. Piezoelectric
5. etc.

13. 13
ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS
Add a Footer 13
• Electrochemical biosensors can be further classified as;
• Amperometric biosensors (that measure the current produced during oxidation or reduction of
electroactive product or reactant)
• Potentiometric biosensors (that measure the potential of the biosensor electrode with respect to a
reference electrode), and
• Conductometric biosensors (that measure the change in conductance arising due to the biochemical
reaction).

14. 14
OPTICAL BIOSENSORS
Add a Footer 14
• Optical biosensors rely on measurement of light absorbed or emitted as a consequence of a biochemical
reaction.
• Optical biosensors are based on various optical techniques such as;
1. Absorption,
2. Fluorescence,
3. Luminescence,
4. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), etc.

15. 15
EXAMPLES OF BIOSENSORS
Add a Footer 15

16. 16Add a Footer 16

17. 17
REFERENCES
17
www.google for Images

18. THANK YOU !!!
18