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The document outlines the challenges of moving forward with biofortification according to Dr. Denis T. Kyetere, Director General of NARO. Some of the key challenges include the existence of natural genetic variation but the need to introgress traits into adapted varieties, the time and selection methods required for breeding, developing sustainable seed systems to ensure adequate high-quality seed supply, the additional costs of extension services, and addressing cross-cutting issues like demand creation, consumer acceptance, product quality demonstration, and market development.
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Mass selection lp
Mass selection is an old method of crop improvement that involves selecting desirable individual plants from a mixed population based on phenotype, bulking their seeds to grow the next generation. It can be used for both self- and cross-pollinated species to increase the frequency of superior genotypes and purify mixed populations. Mass selection develops new varieties by improving the average performance of a population over multiple generations of selection and removal of undesirable plants. Varieties developed through mass selection are heterogeneous mixtures of genotypes that display wider adaptation and greater stability against environmental changes compared to pure line varieties.
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Weeds are unwanted plant species growing in the domesticated crops. Like other crops maize also faces the problem of competition with weeds. Severe loses in yield up to 70% of maize have been reported in small scale farming due to weeds. Composition and abundance of weeds is influenced by a number of environmental variables as well as farming practices in an ecosystem. Present study was formulated to measure the effect of environmental variables on weed species composition, abundance, distribution pattern and formation of various weeds communities in District Mardan, Pakistan. Phytosociological attributes such as density, frequency, relative density, relative frequency and Importance Values were measured for each field.Presence absence data of 29 species and 65 fields were analyzed using Cluster and Two Way Cluster Analyses via PC-ORD version 5 that resulted in four major weed communities. CANOCO software version 4.5 was used to evaluate the environmental gradients of weeds through Canonical Correspondence Analyses (CCA). Results showed that among all environmental variables the strongest variables were CaCO3, high phosphorous concentration, and higher electric conductivity.
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Mutation Breeding As A method of Crop Improvement by Pushpa Jharia
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سيمينار المعهد
This document discusses approaches for breeding wheat with resistance to rust diseases. It begins by noting the importance of wheat as a food crop and challenges in meeting future demand. Classical breeding approaches are described that involve determining breeding objectives, assessing genetic variation, crossing, evaluation and selection. Molecular approaches for identifying rust resistance genes using markers can detect variations directly and are not influenced by environment. An efficient breeding program requires clear objectives, understanding pathogen variation and available resistance sources to design programs. Selection of parents, hybridization techniques, bulk and pedigree selection methods, and marker assisted selection are described to introgress resistance while maintaining other important traits.
Whole Genome Sequencing and Food Safety: Potential relevance to the work of C...
http://www.fao.org/food/food-safety-quality/a-z-index/wgs/en/
Opening presentation of the side event illustrating how WGS for food safety can potentially impact the scientific advice and ideas provided to Codex for their work. Presentation includes case studies of WGS in food safety, benefits and drawbacks of applying WGS for food safety, examples of Codex documents where WGS can be applied.
© FAO: http://www.fao.org
Biosafety and Biotechnology in Africa: Eswatini's Experience
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M.S. Swaminathan presents: Achieving the Zero Hunger Challenge & the Role of ...
This document summarizes Prof. M S Swaminathan's keynote address at the 2nd Global Conference on Biofortification. It discusses how biofortification can help achieve the UN's Zero Hunger Challenge goal by 2025. It outlines the challenges of malnutrition in South Asia and Africa. It highlights the role of biofortified crops and varieties in addressing malnutrition. It discusses examples like high-iron pearl millet, zinc-rich rice, and genetically modified Golden Rice. The document emphasizes partnerships between public-private sectors, nutrition literacy, and measurable indicators to ensure the success of biofortification efforts.
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This document outlines the various agencies within the USDA that have expertise in nutrition, including the National Institutes of Food and Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Economic Research Service, and Food and Nutrition Services. It discusses the research objectives of NIFA, focusing on areas like climate change, bioenergy, food safety, nutrition and childhood obesity, and global food security. It proposes a structure for NIFA with institutes focusing on international programs, youth development, food safety and nutrition, bioenergy and the environment, and food production sustainability. Specific objectives for childhood obesity prevention through 2010 are outlined.
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Agriculture is important for addressing malnutrition as it provides both food and income security. Official development assistance to agriculture declined significantly from 1980 to 2005, representing lost opportunities. However, opportunities remain through changing policies and programs to increase agricultural productivity and returns to help reduce malnutrition. Going forward, evidence-based approaches are needed to achieve results in improving nutrition through agriculture.
Panel fan tuesday
Shenggen Fan discusses the link between agriculture and nutrition, noting that agricultural growth can increase incomes, diversify diets, lower food prices, and generate government revenue for nutrition programs. Biofortification is highlighted as a sustainable and cost-effective way to improve micronutrient levels in staple crops. The composition and patterns of agricultural growth matter for nutrition outcomes. Priorities and sequencing of interventions need to vary by country and region. National accountability and coordination across sectors are key. The conference aims to strengthen linkages between agriculture, nutrition and health by identifying best practices and building consensus on priorities.
Van den kommer delivery fe zn
1. Marketing products with invisible traits like nutrients requires generating consumer belief and trust through branding and communication over time.
2. When marketing to low-income consumers, ensuring food and income security is key to increasing adoption of biofortified crops. Education about the link between food and health is also important.
3. Successful marketing involves three stages: brand development to identify consumer aspirations, a brand strategy to position the product, and brand activation through promotion and communication strategies.
Tanumihardjo nutrition vit a
Biofortification of food crops with provitamin A carotenoids shows promise to help address vitamin A deficiency. Several factors influence the bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids, including the species of carotenoid, host-related factors like genetic variations and other nutrient status, and effectors like fat intake. Relative amounts of carotenoids consumed and matrix factors like resistant starch also impact bioconversion of carotenoids to vitamin A. Studies on biofortified maize, cassava, and sweet potato demonstrate their effectiveness at improving vitamin A status compared to typical varieties.
Tang nutrition vit a
This document discusses using biofortified crops to combat vitamin A deficiency through community intervention studies. It recommends conducting large-scale studies that provide biofortified staples like Golden Rice and yellow maize daily to children in need, to directly assess their impact on vitamin A status. The document outlines steps for choosing locations, gaining community support, properly conducting the studies, and evaluating efficacy.
Singh agronomics
This document discusses zinc deficiency in Indian soils and its effects. It finds that about 50% of Indian soil samples are deficient in zinc. Zinc deficiency reduces crop yields and nutrient use efficiency. It estimates that zinc deficiency results in over 9 million tons of lost cereal production annually in India worth over $2.2 billion. Addressing zinc deficiency through fertilization could provide over $1.5 billion in economic benefits annually along with reducing malnutrition. The document also examines zinc levels in different crop varieties and their enrichment through fertilization.
Mdunji delivery vit a
This document discusses the delivery of orange maize in Zambia. It notes that most farmers in Zambia are small-scale farmers on plots less than 2 hectares. It also provides background information on Zambia's climate, agricultural land area, number of farmers, and current maize production and consumption. The document recommends fast tracking testing and release of orange maize varieties, engaging partners, bulking seed, entering the roasted maize market, developing an orange maize nutrition brand, and promoting this brand for school feeding and under-five nutrition programs.
Manyong delivery vit a
This document summarizes a study on consumer acceptance of biofortified orange maize in rural Zambia. The study found that consumers showed low acceptance of yellow maize but no difference in acceptance of orange versus white maize. Providing nutrition information about orange maize's vitamin A content led to greater acceptance of orange maize and a premium on its price compared to white maize. The study tested different approaches to providing nutrition information and locations for testing consumer preferences, finding few differences in outcomes between the approaches.
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This document discusses selenium (Se) deficiency in human populations and strategies for agronomic biofortification of staple crops to increase Se intake. It notes that Se deficiency can cause diseases and that intake requirements vary by individual. Agronomic biofortification trials adding selenate fertilizer have successfully increased the Se content of wheat, maize, cassava and other crops without affecting yields. Larger-scale trials are still needed to determine if this approach can meaningfully improve human health. Key challenges include low nutrient conversion efficiency from soil to grain and identifying sustainable application methods.
Low delivery vit a
1) An integrated delivery system involving agriculture, nutrition education, and marketing is needed to effectively deliver biofortified orange-fleshed sweetpotato and improve vitamin A intake.
2) Pilot projects in several African countries found that community nutrition education combined with increased sweetpotato production led to significantly higher vitamin A intake among young children.
3) Sustained adoption requires developing reliable sweetpotato vine supply systems, building demand through promotion, and investing in marketing, though effects are longer term.
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The document discusses including biofortification in Uganda's national agricultural development strategies. It notes that Uganda's constitution and food and nutrition policy recognize the importance of food and nutrition, including promoting food fortification. The strategy proposed takes a multi-pronged approach, working with stakeholders on advocacy, sensitization, market development, product development, nutrition education, marketing, awareness campaigns, promotion strategies, capacity building, participatory breeding, and integrated crop management.
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This document discusses regional plans for biofortification in Africa. It outlines the Framework for African Food Security which aims to increase resilience through decreasing food insecurity and linking vulnerable people to agricultural opportunities. The plans focus on improved risk management, increased and more affordable food production, economic opportunities, and diversified, more nutritious diets. Regional coordination is seen as key through high-level political support, shared priorities and accountability, and incentives for private sector investment in nutrition-sensitive value chains. Information sharing and advocacy are also emphasized to address preferences and overcome constraints such as facilitating trade of biofortified crops. Partnerships between organizations are proposed to advocate for and analyze impacts of biofortification at regional and national levels.
Haskell nutrition vit a
1. Evidence shows that orange-fleshed sweet potatoes effectively improve vitamin A status in preschool children. Further evidence is still needed on the efficacy of other biofortified staple crops like maize, cassava and golden rice in populations at risk of deficiency.
2. Careful selection of target groups and indicators of vitamin A status are important to demonstrate efficacy or effectiveness of biofortified foods.
3. Targeting lactating women may be advantageous because changes in their breastmilk vitamin A levels could benefit breastfed infants and milk vitamin A responds sensitively to maternal intake of biofortified foods.
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1. HarvestPlus has made progress in breeding staple crops like rice, wheat and beans with higher iron and zinc levels through genetic variation.
2. They have established genetic variation, baseline levels, and target levels for increasing micronutrients in crops.
3. Further research is still needed to evaluate the retention of micronutrients during processing, bioavailability to the human body, and efficacy trials to measure impact on nutrition and health.
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This document discusses the challenges of measuring the effectiveness of iron and zinc biofortification interventions. It notes that demonstrating improvements in iron and zinc status is difficult due to low concentrations in biofortified crops, reduced nutrient levels after processing, and low bioavailability from plant-based diets. Additional challenges include a lack of sensitive biomarkers, confounding environmental factors, and constraints assessing bioavailability. The document advocates expanding the scope of efficacy studies to better inform effectiveness evaluations and determining reasonable expectations for biofortification responses and timelines to observe impacts.
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Finley developed world
1. Selenium is an essential antioxidant nutrient that is present in foods in different forms with varying bioavailability and interactions with other compounds.
2. Studies show that increasing selenium levels in broccoli through fertilization decreases the plant's content of beneficial antioxidants like sulforaphane, and that the different forms of selenium from foods like broccoli and meat are incorporated into the body differently.
3. There are complex interactions between selenium, sulforaphane, and other compounds in regulating antioxidant enzymes, with higher induction occurring through combined effects rather than single nutrients alone.
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Vistive Gold and Soymega soybean oils developed through biotechnology can help improve human nutrition and public health. Vistive Gold soybean oil is high in monounsaturated fat and low in saturated and polyunsaturated fat, allowing it to replace partially hydrogenated oils and reduce trans fat intake. Soymega soybean oil contains stearidonic acid which clinical trials show converts to heart-healthy EPA in the body. These novel soybean oils can help people meet dietary guidelines to reduce saturated fat and increase omega-3 intake in a sustainable way.
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Panel kyetere thursday
- 1. 1 CHALLENGES OF MOVING FORWARD By Dr. Denis T. Kyetere DIRECTOR GENERAL, NARO First Global Conference on Biofortification Washington DC November 9-11, 2010
- 2. 2 CHALLENGES - 1 Natural Genetic Variation Exists but Germplasm Background Introgression into adopted varieties Breeding Breeders/Scientists Takes time/selection methods Resistance to pests and diseases Other traits e.g. quality Multilocational testing
- 3. 3 Challenges - 2 Sustainable Seed Systems Effective, Efficient? Adequate Supply of Seed/Planting material Quality Assurance/Quality declared Regional/International Movement/Exchange Extension/Advisory Services Effective, Efficient? Additional Cost
- 4. 4 Challenges - 3 Cross-cutting Issues Demand Creation Consumer Acceptance Acceptable Product Quality Demonstration of Nutritive Value Development of Markets