This document provides biographical information about the author Hariyani Kishan and summarizes the key points of the Rasa theory of aesthetics. It discusses how Rasa theory originated with Bharata and describes the nine basic sentiments (Rasas). It then provides an overview of Kalidasa's famous work Shakuntala, including a short summary of the love story between Shakuntala and King Dushyanta featuring the Rasas of veer and adhabhut.
Indian literature can be primarily classified by era into ancient, medieval, and contemporary periods. The ancient period includes Vedic literature from 1500 BC as well as epic Sanskrit literature. Classical Sanskrit literature from around the time of Kalidasa is also considered ancient. Kalidasa is often seen as the greatest Sanskrit playwright and poet, known for works like Abhijnansakuntalam and Meghaduta. Indian literature is the oldest in the world and includes a variety of works across its many languages.
This document provides biographical information and summaries of major works for several prominent Indian English writers, including R.K. Narayan, Arundhati Roy, Salman Rushdie, Chetan Bhagat, Raja Rao, Bhabani Bhattacharya, Anita Desai, Vikram Seth, and Aravind Adiga. It lists their novels, short stories, and nonfiction works and highlights the major awards and honors received for some of these writers.
The document discusses the Theory of Rasa, which is central to Indian aesthetics. It was developed by Bharata Muni around 600 AD and further expanded on by Abhinavagupta. The Theory of Rasa states that poetry evokes universal emotions in the reader through a contemplative experience rather than mere imitation of nature. It identifies nine primary rasas or emotional flavors that can be elicited, such as love, humor, sorrow, anger, courage, terror, disgust, heroism, and wonder. The essence of a poem lies in arousing these rasas in the reader through an organized interplay of transient and dominant emotions represented in the work.
gives a basic understanding regarding the evolution of Malayalam literature from its early stage to the present stage along with some icons in the Malayalam literature
General Introduction of Indian Writing in Englishsejalchauhan
This document provides an overview of Indian writing in English, also known as Indo-Anglian literature. It discusses how the genre began with the introduction of English schools and literature to India in the 18th century. It then outlines some of the major Indian authors who have contributed to Indo-Anglian literature, such as Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, R.K. Narayan, and Mulk Raj Anand. The document also notes that Indo-Anglian literature has received critical acclaim over the past 150 years and is a distinct genre within English literature.
This document provides biographical information about the author Hariyani Kishan and summarizes the key points of the Rasa theory of aesthetics. It discusses how Rasa theory originated with Bharata and describes the nine basic sentiments (Rasas). It then provides an overview of Kalidasa's famous work Shakuntala, including a short summary of the love story between Shakuntala and King Dushyanta featuring the Rasas of veer and adhabhut.
Indian literature can be primarily classified by era into ancient, medieval, and contemporary periods. The ancient period includes Vedic literature from 1500 BC as well as epic Sanskrit literature. Classical Sanskrit literature from around the time of Kalidasa is also considered ancient. Kalidasa is often seen as the greatest Sanskrit playwright and poet, known for works like Abhijnansakuntalam and Meghaduta. Indian literature is the oldest in the world and includes a variety of works across its many languages.
This document provides biographical information and summaries of major works for several prominent Indian English writers, including R.K. Narayan, Arundhati Roy, Salman Rushdie, Chetan Bhagat, Raja Rao, Bhabani Bhattacharya, Anita Desai, Vikram Seth, and Aravind Adiga. It lists their novels, short stories, and nonfiction works and highlights the major awards and honors received for some of these writers.
The document discusses the Theory of Rasa, which is central to Indian aesthetics. It was developed by Bharata Muni around 600 AD and further expanded on by Abhinavagupta. The Theory of Rasa states that poetry evokes universal emotions in the reader through a contemplative experience rather than mere imitation of nature. It identifies nine primary rasas or emotional flavors that can be elicited, such as love, humor, sorrow, anger, courage, terror, disgust, heroism, and wonder. The essence of a poem lies in arousing these rasas in the reader through an organized interplay of transient and dominant emotions represented in the work.
gives a basic understanding regarding the evolution of Malayalam literature from its early stage to the present stage along with some icons in the Malayalam literature
General Introduction of Indian Writing in Englishsejalchauhan
This document provides an overview of Indian writing in English, also known as Indo-Anglian literature. It discusses how the genre began with the introduction of English schools and literature to India in the 18th century. It then outlines some of the major Indian authors who have contributed to Indo-Anglian literature, such as Tagore, Sarojini Naidu, R.K. Narayan, and Mulk Raj Anand. The document also notes that Indo-Anglian literature has received critical acclaim over the past 150 years and is a distinct genre within English literature.
This document discusses the theory of rasa from Indian dramaturgy. It provides context for rasa theory in ancient Indian treatises. The structure of rasa theory is explained as involving vibhava, sthayibhava, sancaribhava, anubhava and sattvikabhava. Specifically, it focuses on the main sthayibhavas (emotions) that give rise to the eight primary rasas (aesthetic experiences). It then provides a brief summary of the story of Shakuntala, analyzing the dominant bhavas and rasas experienced by the audience when viewing the story. The document concludes by discussing how Indian drama and cinema aim to provide heightened audience experiences through emotionally ev
Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet born in 1952 in Kolkata. He received degrees from The Doon School, Tonbridge School, Oxford University, and Stanford University. Some of his notable works include the novels "A Suitable Boy" and "An Equal Music," as well as several poetry collections. He has received several awards for his writing, including the Padma Shri, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award, and Crossword Book Award.
This document is a paper on the topic of Auchitya, which refers to propriety or appropriateness in poetry. It discusses Kshemendra, the 11th century Sanskrit poet who was a major proponent of the Auchitya school of Indian poetics. It defines Auchitya and explains its relationship to rasa. It also outlines Kshemendra's 28 classifications of Auchitya and provides examples of poetic works that demonstrate Auchitya, such as the Bhagavad Gita. Finally, it compares Auchitya to modern aesthetic perspectives.
Kamala Das was an Indian poet and author from Kerala who wrote in Malayalam and English. She was born in 1934 and began writing at a young age, publishing in both English and Malayalam throughout her career. Some of her notable works include her autobiography My Story, collections of poetry like Summer in Calcutta, and short stories. Kamala Das passed away in 2009 and is remembered as one of the pioneering voices in Indian English poetry.
This document summarizes Kuntaka's theory of Vakrokti, or oblique expression, which he considers the hallmark of creative literature. Vakrokti involves expressing things in a striking way that goes beyond direct description. Kuntaka believes Vakrokti is the source of beauty in poetry. He discusses the origins and definitions of Vakrokti provided by other theorists like Bhamaha and Dandin. Kuntaka also compares his view of Vakrokti to Anandvardhana's theory of Dhvani and provides classifications of Vakrokti, including six types.
Introduction to indian writing in english pre-independenceParmar Milan
This document provides an overview of Indian writing in English (IWE). It discusses how IWE began with colonial encounters between India and Britain. Early writers included Henry Derozio, Rabindranath Tagore, and Bankimchandra Chatterjee. IWE differs from other English literatures in its subjects, styles, cultural influences, and themes focused on Indian experiences. The document examines debates around terminology for IWE and provides brief biographies of major IWE poets, novelists, and dramatists like Sarojini Naidu, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao.
B. Sc. Sem - II - Money Madness by D.H. Lawrence Anil Raut
The poem "Money Madness" by D.H. Lawrence criticizes society's obsession with wealth and material possessions. It describes how the pursuit of money has made people collectively mad, isolating them from human qualities like sympathy. The poet suggests that society views a person's worth solely based on their financial status. If someone lacks money, they are treated with contempt and forced to endure humiliation. Lawrence argues that basic needs like food, shelter, and warmth should be universal rights, not privileges reserved for those who can pay. He calls for people to regain sanity regarding money before conflict and violence erupt over it.
This document provides biographical information about several Indian writers:
1. R.K. Narayan was a leading figure of Indian literature in English. Some of his notable works include Swami and Friends and The Guide. He received several honors including the Padma Bhushan and Sahitya Akademi Award.
2. Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Some of his notable works include Gitanjali and Gora.
3. Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet. His notable works include A Suitable Boy and The Golden
This document discusses the origin and development of the Grantha script used to write Sanskrit in South India. It traces the evolution of the script from its origins in Pallava kingdom inscriptions in the 6th century AD to its current usage. The Grantha script developed out of the Brahmi script and is categorized into 4 periods: Pallava Grantha from the 6th century, Transitional Grantha from 650-950 AD, Medieval Grantha from 950-1250 AD, and Modern Grantha similar to modern Tamil and Malayalam scripts. Today Grantha is still used to write Sanskrit manuscripts, inscriptions, and digitally.
Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Dynasty launched a war against the unconquered state of Kalinga in the 12th year of his reign after they refused to submit to his rule. The battle, which took place along the Daya River and at Dhauli Hill, turned the whole of Kalinga into a brutal battlefield. Over 100,000 Kalingans lost their lives and 150,000 more were injured, while an equal number of Mauryan soldiers also perished. After witnessing the massive bloodshed and devastated families, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and rebuilt his empire based on principles of peace and harmony, establishing the concept of Dhammavijaya or victory through Dharma.
Khushwant Singh was an Indian author, journalist, lawyer and diplomat born in 1915. He received education at schools in Delhi and colleges in Lahore and London. Singh had a long career as a journalist and writer, editing newspapers and founding journals. Some of his notable works include the novels Train to Pakistan (1956) and The Company of Women (1999), as well as a history of the Sikhs and short story collections. Singh received several honors over his career, including the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards from the Indian government. He died in 2016 at the age of 100.
Kamala Das was an Indian poet and author from Kerala who wrote in Malayalam and English. She published her first book of poetry in English in 1965 which brought her international recognition. Das wrote poetry, short stories, novels and an autobiography where she was notable for her frank depictions of themes like feminism and sexuality. Later in life, she converted to Islam and remained a prolific writer publishing over 20 books until her death in 2009.
This document discusses the theory of rasa from Indian dramaturgy. It provides context for rasa theory in ancient Indian treatises. The structure of rasa theory is explained as involving vibhava, sthayibhava, sancaribhava, anubhava and sattvikabhava. Specifically, it focuses on the main sthayibhavas (emotions) that give rise to the eight primary rasas (aesthetic experiences). It then provides a brief summary of the story of Shakuntala, analyzing the dominant bhavas and rasas experienced by the audience when viewing the story. The document concludes by discussing how Indian drama and cinema aim to provide heightened audience experiences through emotionally ev
Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet born in 1952 in Kolkata. He received degrees from The Doon School, Tonbridge School, Oxford University, and Stanford University. Some of his notable works include the novels "A Suitable Boy" and "An Equal Music," as well as several poetry collections. He has received several awards for his writing, including the Padma Shri, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award, and Crossword Book Award.
This document is a paper on the topic of Auchitya, which refers to propriety or appropriateness in poetry. It discusses Kshemendra, the 11th century Sanskrit poet who was a major proponent of the Auchitya school of Indian poetics. It defines Auchitya and explains its relationship to rasa. It also outlines Kshemendra's 28 classifications of Auchitya and provides examples of poetic works that demonstrate Auchitya, such as the Bhagavad Gita. Finally, it compares Auchitya to modern aesthetic perspectives.
Kamala Das was an Indian poet and author from Kerala who wrote in Malayalam and English. She was born in 1934 and began writing at a young age, publishing in both English and Malayalam throughout her career. Some of her notable works include her autobiography My Story, collections of poetry like Summer in Calcutta, and short stories. Kamala Das passed away in 2009 and is remembered as one of the pioneering voices in Indian English poetry.
This document summarizes Kuntaka's theory of Vakrokti, or oblique expression, which he considers the hallmark of creative literature. Vakrokti involves expressing things in a striking way that goes beyond direct description. Kuntaka believes Vakrokti is the source of beauty in poetry. He discusses the origins and definitions of Vakrokti provided by other theorists like Bhamaha and Dandin. Kuntaka also compares his view of Vakrokti to Anandvardhana's theory of Dhvani and provides classifications of Vakrokti, including six types.
Introduction to indian writing in english pre-independenceParmar Milan
This document provides an overview of Indian writing in English (IWE). It discusses how IWE began with colonial encounters between India and Britain. Early writers included Henry Derozio, Rabindranath Tagore, and Bankimchandra Chatterjee. IWE differs from other English literatures in its subjects, styles, cultural influences, and themes focused on Indian experiences. The document examines debates around terminology for IWE and provides brief biographies of major IWE poets, novelists, and dramatists like Sarojini Naidu, Mulk Raj Anand, and Raja Rao.
B. Sc. Sem - II - Money Madness by D.H. Lawrence Anil Raut
The poem "Money Madness" by D.H. Lawrence criticizes society's obsession with wealth and material possessions. It describes how the pursuit of money has made people collectively mad, isolating them from human qualities like sympathy. The poet suggests that society views a person's worth solely based on their financial status. If someone lacks money, they are treated with contempt and forced to endure humiliation. Lawrence argues that basic needs like food, shelter, and warmth should be universal rights, not privileges reserved for those who can pay. He calls for people to regain sanity regarding money before conflict and violence erupt over it.
This document provides biographical information about several Indian writers:
1. R.K. Narayan was a leading figure of Indian literature in English. Some of his notable works include Swami and Friends and The Guide. He received several honors including the Padma Bhushan and Sahitya Akademi Award.
2. Rabindranath Tagore was a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Some of his notable works include Gitanjali and Gora.
3. Vikram Seth is an Indian novelist and poet. His notable works include A Suitable Boy and The Golden
This document discusses the origin and development of the Grantha script used to write Sanskrit in South India. It traces the evolution of the script from its origins in Pallava kingdom inscriptions in the 6th century AD to its current usage. The Grantha script developed out of the Brahmi script and is categorized into 4 periods: Pallava Grantha from the 6th century, Transitional Grantha from 650-950 AD, Medieval Grantha from 950-1250 AD, and Modern Grantha similar to modern Tamil and Malayalam scripts. Today Grantha is still used to write Sanskrit manuscripts, inscriptions, and digitally.
Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Dynasty launched a war against the unconquered state of Kalinga in the 12th year of his reign after they refused to submit to his rule. The battle, which took place along the Daya River and at Dhauli Hill, turned the whole of Kalinga into a brutal battlefield. Over 100,000 Kalingans lost their lives and 150,000 more were injured, while an equal number of Mauryan soldiers also perished. After witnessing the massive bloodshed and devastated families, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and rebuilt his empire based on principles of peace and harmony, establishing the concept of Dhammavijaya or victory through Dharma.
Khushwant Singh was an Indian author, journalist, lawyer and diplomat born in 1915. He received education at schools in Delhi and colleges in Lahore and London. Singh had a long career as a journalist and writer, editing newspapers and founding journals. Some of his notable works include the novels Train to Pakistan (1956) and The Company of Women (1999), as well as a history of the Sikhs and short story collections. Singh received several honors over his career, including the Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards from the Indian government. He died in 2016 at the age of 100.
Kamala Das was an Indian poet and author from Kerala who wrote in Malayalam and English. She published her first book of poetry in English in 1965 which brought her international recognition. Das wrote poetry, short stories, novels and an autobiography where she was notable for her frank depictions of themes like feminism and sexuality. Later in life, she converted to Islam and remained a prolific writer publishing over 20 books until her death in 2009.
मन और बुद्धि किसी भी मनुष्य के लिए एक समान हो सकते हैं परंतु दोनों के काम करने का तरीका और कार्यक्षेत्र भिन्न होते हैं।
तो आइए जानते हैं मन और बुद्धि के फर्क के साथ ही मन की कार्यशैली और मन से उपजे भावों और उनसे संभालने के उपायों के बारे में।
लेखक मन और बुद्धि के बारे में परिचय करते हुए कहते हैं जबसे मनुष्य अस्तित्व में आया तबसे हर गुजरते वक्त के साथ उसमें विकास हुआ साथ ही मनुष्य बुद्धि का विकास हुआ, अपने जीवन को संवारने के लिए मनुष्य ने उसी बुद्धि का उपयोग करके हर चीज का आविष्कार किया, अपने लिए घर बनाने से लेकर आधुनिक युग की हर टेक्नोलॉजी के पीछे बुद्धि का इस्तेमाल ही तो है।
मनुष्य के आनंद, वैभव से लेकर चिकित्सा क्षेत्र में बहुत विकास किया। परंतु आपका ध्यान आकर्षित करने वाली बात यह है कि इतना सब कुछ पाने के बाद भी क्या मनुष्य के जीवन में सुख, शांति या आनंद या गए हैं? आज भी मनुष्य के जीवन में वही क्रोध, अहंकार, दुख, असफलता, चिंता, तनाव, हिंसा सभी कुछ है जैसा कि आदिकाल में था आखिर इसका कारण क्या है?
लेखक इस बारे में बताते हैं कि यह सब मनुष्य के भीतर उठने वाले भावों के कारण है और इन सब भावों का ताल्लुक मन से है।
The document discusses the relationship between economics, environment, and ethics. It summarizes that we are facing issues today because of ignoring the fundamental relationship between the three. The economy relies on ecosystem services provided by the environment, but the environment is being degraded by waste and emissions. Ethical practices also constitute an unseen force guiding economic behavior.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Scientific temper and attitude refer to traits like critical thinking, objectivity, open-mindedness, and respect for evidence. Developing a scientific attitude in students is the aim of science teaching. Some key aspects of scientific attitude are questioning beliefs, reasoning logically, honestly reporting observations, and accepting ideas that are supported by evidence. Fostering skills like curiosity, perseverance, and skepticism in students can help cultivate their scientific temper.
This document discusses the aims and objectives of teaching biological science. It begins by defining biological science as the study of life and living organisms. It then lists several objectives of teaching biological science, including developing students' scientific outlook, curiosity about their surroundings, and respect for nature. The document also discusses the values of teaching biological science, which include encouraging curiosity and knowledge, and keeping an open mind. It emphasizes that teaching biological science should help students become responsible democratic citizens and appreciate diverse perspectives. Overall, the document provides an overview of the goals and importance of teaching biological science.
This presentation discusses using information and communication technologies (ICT) applications in biology learning. It introduces the topic, noting the presenter and institution. The document provides references on the advantages and limitations of ICT in education, using ICT to integrate science teaching and learning, and the impact of ICT in education.
The term isolation refers to the separation of a strain from a natural, mixed population of living microbes, as present in the environment. It becomes necessary to maintain the viability and purity of the microorganism by keeping the pure culture free from contamination.
1) The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and concepts related to solution concentrations. It defines oxidizing and reducing agents and gives examples of each.
2) A redox reaction involves the simultaneous oxidation and reduction of reactants. In redox reactions, the total increase in oxidation number equals the total decrease.
3) Disproportionation reactions involve the same element in a compound being both oxidized and reduced. The reverse is called a comproportionation reaction.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document discusses the concept of equilibrium in economics. It defines equilibrium as a state of balance where opposing forces neutralize each other. In microeconomics, market equilibrium occurs when supply equals demand. In macroeconomics, equilibrium is reached when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply. The document provides examples of economic disequilibrium and equilibrium, and examines how prices adjust via demand and supply mechanisms to reach equilibrium. Key terms in Hindi are also defined.
This document summarizes Crystal Field Theory, which considers the electrostatic interactions between metal ions and ligands. It describes ligands and metal ions as point charges that can have attractive or repulsive forces. This causes the d orbitals of the metal ion to split into two sets depending on if the field created by the ligands is weak or strong. The theory explains color in coordination compounds as being caused by d-d electron transitions under the influence of ligands. However, it has limitations like not accounting for other metal orbitals or the partial covalent nature of metal-ligand bonds.
Dr. Laxmi Verma teaches Microeconomics at the BA-1 level and her topic is on utility in Unit 1 of the course. She teaches at Shri Shankracharya Mahavidyalya in Junwani.
Dr. Laxmi Verma is teaching a class of B.A-1 students. The subject is Indian Economy and the topic being covered is New Economic Reform. The document provides basic context about an economics lecture being given to undergraduate students on recent reforms in the Indian economy.
An iso-product curve shows the different combinations of two factors of production, such as labor and capital, that result in the same level of output. It is represented graphically, with the two factors on the x and y axes and points of equal output connected to form an iso-product curve. Key properties are that iso-product curves slope downward to the right, are convex to the origin, and do not intersect, as each curve represents a different output level. Higher iso-product curves correspond to higher output levels. Iso-product curves allow producers to identify input combinations that achieve maximum output efficiently.
This document discusses demand theory and the relationship between supply and demand. It covers the following key points:
1) Demand theory explains how consumer demand for goods and services relates to their prices in the market. It forms the basis for the demand curve, which shows that as price increases, demand decreases.
2) Demand depends on the utility of goods in satisfying wants and needs as well as a consumer's ability to pay. Supply and demand determine market prices and reach equilibrium when supply equals demand.
3) The demand curve has a negative slope, showing an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. A change in non-price factors like income can shift the demand curve. The law of supply and
Land reform in India has involved abolishing intermediaries like rent collectors and establishing ceilings on land ownership to redistribute surplus land to the landless. The goals were to remove impediments to agricultural production from the previous feudal system and eliminate exploitation. Key reforms included abolishing rent collectors, regulating tenancy, imposing landholding ceilings, consolidating fragmented holdings, and promoting cooperative farming. Impacts included reducing disparities, giving ex-landlords other work, increasing revenue, and empowering small farmers and laborers. Land reform aimed to promote social justice and economic growth through a more equitable distribution of agricultural land.
This document discusses different types of structural isomerism that can occur in coordination compounds. It defines structural isomerism as compounds having the same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties due to different structures or orientations. The types of structural isomerism discussed include ionization isomerism, solvate/hydrate isomerism, linkage isomerism, coordination isomerism, ligand isomerism, polymerization isomerism, geometrical isomerism (cis/trans), and optical isomerism. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of isomerism.
More from Shri Shankaracharya College, Bhilai,Junwani (20)
1. आधार पाठ्यक्रम - ह िंदी भाषा
पल्लवन
द्वारा
ड िं.अर्चना झा
ववभागाध्यक्ष
श्री शिंकरार्ायच म ाववद्यालय जुनवानी भभलाई
(छ.ग.)
2. ववर्ार-ववमशच Discussion Points
पल्लवन का
अर्थ
पल्लवन की
परिभाषा
पल्लवन का
अन्य िचना
रूपो में अंति
कु शल ववस्तािक
के गुण
पल्लवन के कु छ
सामान्य ननयम
पल्लवन के
ववभभन्न उदाहिण
4. पल्लवन का अर्च
पल्लव का अर्च : नया एविं कोमल पत्ता
पल्लवन का अर्च : ववकास करना, बढ़ाना
बीज से वृक्ष बनने की स ज प्रक्रक्रया ै।
पल्लवन का अर्च ै- 'क्रकसी भाव का ववस्तार करना'।
पल्लवन एक ऐसी लघु िचना को कहा जाता है जजसमें ककसी सूत्र, काव्य-पंजतत, कहावत
अर्वा लोकोजतत के मुख्य भाव को ववस्ताि रूप ददया जाता हैं।
5. पल्लवन की पररभाषा
ड वासुदेव निंदन प्रसाद
क्रकसी सुगहित एविं गुम्फित ववर्ार अर्वा भाव के ववस्तार को 'पल्लवन' क ते ै।
प्रोिे सर राजेंद्र प्रसाद भसिं
पल्लवन का अर्च ोता ै- पल्लव उत्पन्न करना अर्ाचत ववषय का ववस्तार करना ।
क्रकसी ननधाचररत ववषय जैसे सूत्र-वाक्य, उम्क्त या वववेच्य-बबन्दु को
उदा रण, तकच आहद से पुष्ट करते ुए प्रवा मयी, स ज अभभव्यम्क्त-शैली में मौभलक, सारगभभचत
ववस्तार देना पल्लवन क लाता ै। इसे ववस्तारण, भाव-ववस्तारण, भाव-पल्लवन आहद भी क ा जाता
ै।
7. स्पष्टीकिण पल्लवन
दोनों में ववस्ताि मूलाधाि है
स्पष्टीकरण मुख्य रूप से अवतरण में आई दुरू
पिंम्क्तयों का या म्क्लष्ट वाक्यों का क्रकया जाता ै।
पल्लवन मे अर्च की दुरु ता सुलझाने का उपक्रम
मुख्य न ीिं ोता अवपतु मुख्य ोता ै हदए गए
सिंदभच के कें द्र बबिंदु या भाव का प्रसार करना ै।
उनमें जो दुरू ता अग्मयता और दुबोधता ै, उसे
ववश्लेषण, व्याख्या उपमान, दृष्टािंतो द्वारा स्पष्ट
क्रकया जाता ै।
पल्लवन मे उसके सभी माभमचक प लुओिं का
उद्घाटन क्रकया जाता ै।
अंति
8. व्याख्या पल्लवन
इन दोनों का भी मूलाधाि ववस्ताि है
व्याख्या में क्रकसी गद्यािंश और पद्यािंश की पिंम्क्तयों
की सभी ववशेषताओिं को इस प्रकार उद्घाहटत क्रकया
जाता ै क्रक उस में अभभव्यक्त ववर्ार स्पष्ट और
प्रािंजल रूप में पािक के सामने उपम्स्र्त ो जाते ैं।
पल्लवन में म क्रकसी गद्यािंश पद्यािंश की
ववशेषताओिं या सौष्िव का उद्घाटन न ीिं करते अवपतु
वाक्य के मूल भाव का ी पल्लवन उसका ववषय क्षेत्र
ै।
व्याख्या का कायच क्रकसी गद्यािंश या पद्यािंश का
भाव पल्लवन करना ै।
पल्लवन का कायच क्रकसी गद्यािंश या पद्यािंश का
भाव पल्लवन करना न ीिं ै ।
व्याख्या में प्रसिंग ननदेश और वववेचर्त ववषय की
अनुकू ल- प्रनतकू ल समीक्षा भी ो सकती ै।
पर पल्लवन में इसका प्रश्न ी न ीिं उिता।
अंति
9. भावार्थ पल्लवन
इन दोनों के आकार -प्रकार के सिंबिंध में कोई सीमा रेखा ननम्श्र्त न ीिं की जा सकती
भावार्च के भलए क्रकसी अवतरण या अपेक्षा बडी रर्ना
की आवश्यकता ै
पल्लवन के भलए वाक्य मात्र यर्ेष्ट ै
भावार्च में समस्त अवतरण के भाव को स्पष्ट करना
उद्देश र ता ै
जबक्रक पल्लवन में मूल भाव का सिंयुम्क्तक ववस्तार
अपेक्षक्षत ै ।
अंति
10. आश्य पल्लवन
आश्य में लेखक का ध्यान स्पष्टता पर र ता ै। पल्लवन का उद्देश्य मूल भाव को स्पष्ट करना ोता
ै।
यहद मूल छोटा ै तो आशय उस से बडा ो सकता
ै। यहद मूल बडा ै तो आश्य छोटा ो सकता ै
आश्य की आधार सीमा ननम्श्र्त न ीिं ो सकती।
पल्लवन तो र म्स्र्नत में मूल से बडा ी ोता ै।
अंति
अनुच्छेद लेखन पल्लवन
अनुच्छेद क्रकसी भी रर्ना का एक भाग ोता ै जबक्रक पल्लवन प्राय: प्रभसद्ध सूत्र,मु ावरे,लोकोम्क्त,
काव्य पिंम्क्त आहद का क्रकया जाता ै
11. कु शल
ववस्तारक
के गुण
मेधावी ोना
व्याख्या शम्क्तसिंपन्न
ोना
भाषाचधकार
ग न अध्ययनशीलता
सूक्ष्म ननरीक्षण दृम्ष्ट
ताक्रकच कता
तटस्र्ता
12. पल्लवन के कु छ सामान्य ननयम
(1) पल्लवन के भलए मूल अवतरण के वाक्य, सूम्क्त, लोकोम्क्त अर्वा क ावत को ध्यानपूवचक पहढ़ए,
ताक्रक मूल के सफपूणच भाव अच्छी तर समझ में आ जायँ।
(2) मूल ववर्ार अर्वा भाव के नीर्े दबे अन्य स ायक ववर्ारों को समझने की र्ेष्टा कीम्जए।
3) मूल और गौण ववर्ारों को समझ लेने के बाद एक-एक कर सभी ननह त ववर्ारों को एक-एक
अनुच्छेद में भलखना आरफभ कीम्जए, ताक्रक कोई भी भाव अर्वा ववर्ार छू टने न पाय।
(4) अर्च अर्वा ववर्ार का ववस्तार करते समय उसकी पुम्ष्ट में ज ाँ-त ाँ ऊपर से कु छ उदा रण और
तथ्य भी हदये जा सकते ैं।
13. 5) भाव और भाषा की अभभव्यम्क्त में पूरी स्पष्टता, मौभलकता और सरलता ोनी र्ाह ए। वाक्य छोटे-छोटे
और भाषा अत्यन्त सरल ोनी र्ाह ए। अलिंकृ त भाषा भलखने की र्ेष्टा न करना ी श्रेयस्कर ै।
(6) पल्लवन के लेखन में अप्रासिंचगक बातों का अनावश्यक ववस्तार या उल्लेख बबलकु ल न ीिं ोना र्ाह ए।
(7) पल्लवन में लेखक को मूल तर्ा गौण भाव या ववर्ार की टीका-हटप्पणी और आलोर्ना न ीिं करनी
र्ाह ए। इसमें मूल लेखक के मनोभावों का ी ववस्तार और ववश्लेषण ोना र्ाह ए।
(8) पल्लवन की रर्ना र ालत में अन्यपुरुष में ोनी र्ाह ए।
(9) पल्लवन व्यासशैली की ोनी र्ाह ए, समासशैली की न ीिं। अतः इसमें बातों को ववस्तार से भलखने का
अभ्यास क्रकया जाना र्ाह ए।
14. पल्लवन का शम्ददक अर्च ै-ववस्तार, िै लावा
पल्लवन वाक्यों के उस समू को क ते ैं, म्जसमें क्रकसी एक ववषय के मुख्य
ववर्ार या भसद्धािंत को तकच एिंव उदा रण द्वारा ववस्तृत रूप हदया जाता ै और
तको का प्रयोग करते ुए कथ्य को स्पष्ट क्रकया जाता ै।
पल्लवन प्रायः क्रकसी सूत्र, मु ावरे, लोकोम्क्त, काव्य पिंम्क्त आहद का ी क्रकया जाता
ैं। क्रकसी ववर्ार को भाव को अपनी बौद्चधक क्षमता और ज्ञान से पल्लववत क्रकया
जाना ी पल्लवन ैं।
ननष्कषच
15. पल्लवन के ववभभन्न उदाहिण
1 प्रकृ नत पररवतचनशील ै / सबै हदन ोत न एक समान
2 साह त्य समाज का दपचण ै / कवव अपने युग का प्रनतननचध ोता ै
3 एक एक दो ग्यार / सिंगिन ी शम्क्त ै
4 पर उपदेश कु शल ब ुतेरे
5 आत्मननभचरता ी देश की सच्र्ी स्वाधीनता ै
6 आत्मववश्वास सिलता का प ला र स्य ै
7 मन के ारे ार ै मन के जीते जीत
8 क्रकसान देश की रीढ़
9 ववपवत्तयािं मनुष्य की सवचश्रेष्ि गुरु ै
10 अधजल गगरी छलकत जाए
16. 11 का वषाच जब कृ वष सुखानी
12 तेते पािंव पसाररए जेती लािंबी सौर
13 र्िंदन ववष व्यापत न ीिं भलपटे र त भुजिंग
14 ननिंदक ननयरे राखखए आिंगन कु टी छवाय
15 ज ािं सुमनत त ािं सिंपवत्त नाना
16 जैसी ब ै बयार पीि तब तैसी दीजे
17 तरुण भववष्य को वतचमान में लाना र्ा ते ैं और वृद्ध अतीत को खीिंर्कर
वतचमान में देखना र्ा ते ैं
18 स्वावलिंबन की झलक पर न्योछावर कु बेर का कोष
19 वृद्ध मनुष्य के अनुभव जीवन की खुली पुस्तक के समान ै
20 पुरुषार्च ी जीवन ै
17. 21 बैर क्रोध का अर्ार या मुरदबा ै / क्रोध एक तर का पागलपन ै
22 तुच्छ मनुष्य के वल अतीत का स्वामी ै
23 अज्ञान र्ा े अपना ो, र्ा े पराया सब हदन रक्षा न ीिं कर सकता / अज्ञान
अिंधकार स्वरूप ै
24 वीर ह्रदय युद्ध का नाम सुनकर नार् उिता ै
25 गािंधी टोपी की उमिंग और ै, गािंधीत्व की गिंध और।
18. संदभथ ग्रंर्
1 भारतीयता के अमर स्वर- प्रोिे सर धनिंजय वमाच
2 ह िंदी व्याकरण: कामता प्रसाद गुरु
3 आधुननक ह न्दी व्याकरण और रर्ना:ड वासुदेव निंदन प्रसाद
4 सामान्य ह िंदी: ड रदेव बा री
5 http://hindigrammar.in/pllvan.html
6