P L A N N I N G
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Planning involves determining future courses of action by considering why, what, how, and when actions should be taken. It bridges the gap between the present and desired future states. Planning is a process that allows organizations to anticipate, influence, and control the nature and direction of change. It is important for offsetting uncertainty, focusing on objectives, coordinating efforts, and increasing effectiveness. The planning process consists of several steps and elements but is limited by difficulties with prediction, rapid change, and flexibility within and outside the organization.
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P L A N N I N G
- 1. PLANNING
- 2. Concept of Planning Planning as a process involves the determination of future course of action, that is why an action, what action, how to take action, and when to take action. These why, what, how, and when are related with different aspects of planning process According to Koontz & O'Donnell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”. Def. given by McFarland “Planning may be broadly defined as a concept of executive action that embodies the skills of anticipating, influencing, and controlling the nature and direction of change’
- 3. FEATURES/CHARACTERISTICS Planning is a process Planning is primarily concerned with looking into future Planning involves selection of suitable course of action Planning is all pervasive Planning is flexible Planning is a continuous process Status Planning Required T2 Time Desired status Current status T1
- 4. Importance of Planning Primacy of Planning
- 6. ..cont. To offset Uncertainty and Change To focus attention on objectives To help in coordination To help in Control To increase Organizational Effectiveness
- 8. Steps in Planning/Planning Process
- 9. Limitations of Planning Difficulty of accurate premising Problems of rapid change Internal inflexibilities External inflexibilities Time and cost Factors Failure of people in planning
Editor's Notes
- Why action reveals that actions have some objectives that the organizations wants to achieveWhat actions specifies the activities to be undertakenHow and when generates various policies, programmes, procedures etc.