Downloaded 27 times
Uploaded bybhartigupta63
PPTX, PDF1,060 views
Planning
Planning is setting objectives and targets and formulating an action plan to achieve them. It bridges the gap between the present position and the future desired position. Planning involves deciding in advance what is to be done in the future and selecting objectives, policies, and programs. Effective planning has well-defined objectives, is simple, comprehensive, flexible, achieves objectives at minimum cost, and involves participation of all concerned. Management by objectives is a process where managers set goals with their superiors to be achieved in the upcoming period and is evaluated periodically. It aims to clarify job expectations and relate individual performance to organizational goals.
