Introduction to Research

2. REMINDERS FOR THE PRELIM EXAM ...
a. You will be given 2 attempts to answer the
exam.
b. You are only be given 90 minutes to answer.
So make sure you have good and stable
internet connection when you take the exam.
c. You can ONLY access the exam from the
start of your class time up to 12 midnight.
d. Read the instructions carefully before
answering the test.
e. DON'T CHEAT! DON'T EVER TRY TO
CHEAT!

3. Exam schedules:
MTH (SEPTEMBER 21, 2020)
10:30-12:00 TE 32
4:30-6:00 MM 21
TF (SEPTEMBER 22, 2020)
7:30-9:00 CRIM 2A & HM 31
9:00-10:30 CRIM 2B
3:00-4:30 TE 31
4:30-6:00 TE 30
W (SEPTEMBER 23, 2020)
1:30-4:30 A 31

5. D
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CHAPTER 1

6. D
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7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Syste
matic
Object
ive
Feasi
ble
Empiri
cal
Clear
Macro system ( the
composition of chapters in
an organized, logical, &
scientific manner).
Micro system (formulation
of the detailed content of
each chapter).
A researcher looks at the
bases on which the work is
founded. The results after
being determined should be
verified & validated. No
biases.
In settings like community,
school, or workplace,
unusual phenomena happen
and turn into potential
problems.
The researcher must
present evidence for details.
Referencing of facts &
information. All sources
should be properly cited.
The choice of variables
used should be explained by
enriching the RRL or by
discussing different theories.

8. ROLES OF
RESEARC
HER
(Nieswiadom
y, 2004)
1
. Principal investigator
2
. Member of a research team
3
. Identifier of researchable problems
4
. Evaluator of research findings
5
. User of research findings
6
. Patient/client advocate during study
7
. Subject/respondent/participant

9. Research provides a scientific basis for
any practice or methodology in any field or
discipline.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Research is undertaken for continuous
development of and for further productivity
in any field like education, management,
business, engineering, and other areas of
endeavor.
Research develops tools for assessing the
effectiveness of any practice and
operation.
Research provides solutions to problems
concerning almost all issues encountered
in the different areas of work.
Research advances the personal and
professional qualifications of a practitioner.

10. TYPES OF RESEARCH
concerned with
generating new
knowledge
(Kerlinger, 1986,
as cited in Wilson,
1990). It is
synonymous to
the creation of a
theory which is the
result of basic
research. Any
newfound
knowledge
reflected in the
conclusions can
be considered a
BASIC OR PURE
RESEARCH
It is concerned
with using
knowledge to give
immediate
solutions to a
problem. A
proposed
intervention is a
usual contribution
of this type of
research.
APPLIED
RESEARCH
Characteristics:
1. Based on the
belief
knowledge for
knowledge’s
sake
2. Involves
collection and
analysis of data
to develop or
enhance theory
3. Leads to
advancement of
knowledge
4. Explanatory in
nature
Examples:
How did the
universe begin?
What are protons,
neutron, and
electrons
composed of?
How do slime
moulds
reproduce?
What is the
specific generic
code of the fruit
fly?
Characteristics:
1. Solution-specific
and addresses
practical questions
2. Involves collection
and analysis of
data to examine
the usefulness of
theory in solving
practical
educational
problems
3. Explanatory but
usually descriptive
Examples:
Improve agricultural
crop production.
Treat or cure a specific
disease.
Improve the energy
efficiency of homes,
offices, or modes of
transportation.
To diagnose the very
low use of a certain
collection in a library.

11. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC AND APPLIED
RESEARCH
BASIS BASIC RESEARCH APPLIED
RESEARCH
1 Proble
m
selecti
on by
Individual researcher Employer or
sponsor
2 Motivat
ion for
resear
cher
Intellectual curiosity
and satisfaction in
advancing knowledge
Commitment to
promote public
welfare
3 Goal Generated theoretical
understanding tools,
Cost-effective
reduction of

12. GOALS IN CONDUCTING
RESEARCH
√ To produce evidence-based practice.
√ To establish credibility in the profession.
√ To observe accountability for the profess
√ To promote cost-effectiveness through d
Effective and efficient practices or
operations are products of
research.
Research is essential for a
profession to produce new
procedures, programs, and
practices.
All tasks must be carried out with
circumspect care an awareness
that everything has to be done
efficiently.
The findings of research must be
shared with and utilized by the
individuals, group, or community

13. IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN
RESEARCH
• Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge
and truth and avoidance of error. It also
fosters values that are essential to
collaborative work. Research often
involves a great deal of cooperation and
coordination among many people in
different fields or disciplines. Important
values are trust, accountability, mutual
respect, and fairness.
• Many of ethical norms help ensure that
researchers are held accountable to the
public.

14. ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES
FOR RESEARCH
Hone
sty
Object
ivity
Integ
rity
Care
Openn
ess
Lega
lity
Respect for
intellectual property
Responsible
publication
Responsible
mentoring
Social
responsibility
Non-
discrimination
Human’s
subject

15. • Honesty. Maintain honesty in all communications, e.g.,
when reporting data, results, and procedures.
• Objectivity. Avoid biases in the experimental design,
data analysis, interpretation, expert testimony, and other
aspects.
• Care. Avoid careless errors and negligence.
• Openness. Share data, results, ideas, and resources. Be
open to criticism.
• Respect for intellectual property. Honor patents and
copyrights.
• Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications or
documents.
• Responsible publication. Publish to advance research
and scholarship.
• Responsible mentoring. Help educate, mentor, and
advise students.
• Respect for colleagues. Treat peers fairly.
• Social responsibility. Strive to promote social good and
prevent social harm.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES
FOR RESEARCH

16. 1. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
2. INFORMED CONSENT
3. RISK OF HARM
4. CONFIDENTIALITY
5. ANONYMITY
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
(Trochim, 2006; Smith, 2003; and Polit,
2006)

17. UNETHICAL
ACTIVITIES
X Publishing the same paper in two different journals
X Failing to inform a collaborator of one’s intent to fil
the sole inventor.
X Including a colleague as an author of a paper in ret
He/she did not contribute to it.
X Trimming outlines from a data set without providin
X Using inappropriate statistical techniques in order
enhance the significance of one’s research.
X Making the results of the study publicly known with
opportunity to review the work.
X Failing to acknowledge the contributions of other p
Relevant prior work in the review of RRL and studie
X Making derogatory comments and personal
attacks in your review of author’s
submitted work.

18. The Research Title, Sources and
Considerations

19. The Research Title
Generally, the title:
1. should summarize the main idea of
the paper;
2. should be a concise statement of
the main topic;
3. must include the major variable/s;
4. Should show the relationship of the
main variables under study; and,
5. must be self-explanatory.

20. Reminders to Researchers
• Avoid using words that serve no useful
purpose and mislead indexers
• The general problem or the specific
question that the researcher intends to
answer, when re-written in statement form,
cans serve as title
• The title must have 10-15 words

21. Sources of Research Problems
Research problems are commonly found in places
where there is/are:
1. A feeling of discomfort;
2. Perceived difficulties in the management and
leadership system;
3. Gap between the theory and practice;
4. Daily experiences of a person that require further
inquiry, especially if improvements are required;
and/or
5. A procedure that requires technologically
advanced equipment which need to function
properly.

22. Considerations in Formulating a
Research Problem
External Criteria
1. Novelty
2. Availability of Subjects
3. Administrative Support
4. Availability and Adequacy of facilities
(libraries) and equipment (devices such as
computers, printers, internet)
5. Ethical Considerations

23. Internal Criteria
1. Experience, training and professional
qualifications of researcher
2. Motivation, interest, intellectual curiosity, and
perceptiveness of the researcher
3. Time factor
4. Cost and returns
5. Hazards, penalties and handicaps

24. The Introduction

25. Its purpose is to introduce the problem, clarify
important variables and its delimitations, and its
significance to the field of study.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
A. Introduction
B. Statement of the Problem
C. Scope and Limitation
D. Significance of the Study
E. Notes in Chapter I
THE PROBLEM

26. Example:
This chapter presents the different essential
elements: the introduction which contains the
rationale (an explanation of the reasons for the conduct
of the research), the literature review and statistical
foundation; the statement of the general and specific
problems; the scope and limitation, which identify
the major variables, sub-variables and indicators; the
significance of the study which enumerates the
beneficiaries of the study and the corresponding
benefits each will receive; and lastly, the notations.

27. TH
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Importance of the Introduction
1. Rationalize why there is a need to
research the problem
2. Clarify the important terminologies for
the reader to easily understand what
the research is all about
3. Establishing the degree of seriousness
of the problem

28. The ff. questions aid the researcher in
formulating the introduction:
1. What is the rationale of the problem?
2. What is the setting of the problem?
3. What is the basic literature foundation of the
study?
4. How serious is the chosen research problem?
5. What is the general objective of the problem?
6. What is the overall purpose of the problem?
TH
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29. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH WRITING SKILLS OF THIRD YEAR
STUDENTS OF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PROGRAM,
FATHER SATURNINO URIOS UNIVERSITY
Labadan, S. (2017)

30. Chapter 1
The Problem and Review of Literature
Background of the Study
Communication is essential in life. Through it, people
learn to interact with others by means of written or spoken
words and gestures. They are able to express their feelings
and share information with others. Writing is one form of
communication. Written communication is an application
of knowledge obtained from learning a language as stated
by (Go and Posecion, 2011). In school, students writing
ability is crucial to their academic performance since a
greater part of school activities such as examinations,
assignments, reports, compositions, and researches are
written (Petajen, 2014). Moreover, in academia,
the skill of writing is visible in conference presentations,
journals and book publication through which the
transmission of new ideas and concepts are affected
according to (Cabansag, 2013).

31. It is important to college students to engage writing
activities and to know the rules of writing to prepare
them in the future career. The companies and
industrial finance are not only looking for grades; they
care more about what abilities and skills the applicant
has and how he/she can contribute to the company.
Moreover, writing well means conveying thoughts,
ideas, and facts in simple and clear language. It is sad
to note that the art of writing is not learned seriously in
school because of the difficulties encountered by
students in developing their writing skills. But to learn
it is essential in order to excel at both academic and
professional levels. However, writing is regarded as a
difficult skill and a complex task (Jahin and Wafa,
2012).

32. In the light of this concern, the researcher opted to
venture this study as per observation and experienced
in her classes at Father Saturnino Urios University,
there are 75% of AB-English and AB-Communication
students that have difficulty in writing. This alarms the
researcher as an English teacher because students’
written communication proficiency is very important
for them to be prepared in the field of work and besides
their performance will give an impact to the school’s
reputation. The researcher found out that there were
three most common problems encountered by the
students in their writing activities, namely: tenses of
verbs, subject-verb agreement and diction or word
choice. There are number of students who can write
sentences but do not have sufficient knowledge in
using the correct tenses of verbs, subject-verb
agreement and diction or word choice.

33. It is an indication that they have difficulty in
producing satisfactory written work; they do not care
much about the basic rules of grammar which are
common as long as they can write sentences and
words. The researcher feels that there is something to
be done and be given much attention regarding the
development of students’ writing skill communication
and encouragement to develop their writing skill
proficiently as part of their daily activities and routine.
Once this writing skill is developed and enhanced,
students will be able to communicate correctly and
intelligibly and with ease, whatever writing activities
they may have inside or outside the classroom, thus
this study.

34. Cristobal, A., Jr. (2013). Research Made
Easier A Step-by Step Process.
Quezon City. C & E Publishing, Inc.
REFERENCE