Basic of scientific research helps the beginners in choosing their research idea and doing the research

1. Basics of Scientific
Research
‫البحث‬ ‫اساسيات‬‫العلمى‬
Dr Marwa Zalat
Associate professor in Community,
Occupational and Environmental Medicine ,
Department

2. Course Objectives
By the end of this workshop you will be able to:
 Identify basic of scientific research (research
problem, questions………etc.)
 Know how to write a protocol or proposal
 Identify components of research
 Identify the different types of research study designs.
 Recognize the different types of samples.
 Identify tools of data collection
 Identify tips for results, discussion and references

3. Research
• Is a systematic collection, analysis, interpretation of data to
answer certain question or solve a problem.
Session One: Introduction and Course
Overview

4. Objectives of scientific research:
 1. Research is conducted to prove or disprove a
hypothesis.
 2. To gain a better understanding of something,
learn new facts about something or to provide a
solution to a problem
 3. Medical research is conducted to discover the
causes and risk factors of diseases, evaluate the
effectiveness of diagnostic tests, create treatments.
 4. Identify knowledge , attitude, awareness toward
certain problem or topic, measure customer
satisfaction toward service

5. Do you Find Difficulty in Developing
Your Research Question?
‫ْم‬‫تجد‬‫نفكزج‬ ‫انٕصٕل‬ ٗ‫ف‬ ّ‫صعٕت‬‫تحخٛح؟؟‬

6. Do you Find Difficulty in Developing Your Research
Question?
 Use the concept Map…
A concept map is a brainstorming tool ‫العصف‬‫الذهنى‬
 used to help you generate ideas and think about the relationships among these ideas.

7. Then start to search online

8. Protocol: A document that give the background, rational of the
research and describe objectives, design, methodology.
Proposal: is an initial sets of ideas for a research project,
which are supported by literature review, should be concise and
must address the question of what you plan to achieve, why you want
to and how you are going to do it. (grant, fund)
‫تعد‬ ‫ُٚفذ‬ ‫نى‬ ‫تحج‬ ‫يقتزح‬ َّ‫ال‬ ‫انًستقثم‬ ‫تصٛغح‬
What is the difference between research protocol and
proposal?

9. Contents of Protocol:
1. Title
2. Researchers with their
positions, affiliations
(authors)
3. Introduction
4. Aim, objectives
5. Subjects/Material and
methods
6. References
 The research protocol contains
all elements of research paper
except study results and their
discussion that will also provide
the backbone of the ultimate
research paper.
 The successful protocol is clear and
precise, is easy to read, has a
detailed methodological section,
and is free of typographical and other
errors.

10. Principal components of the research proposal:
1.Title
2.Introduction:
(Statement of the problem/justification/hypotheses of the study).
3.Aim, Objectives
4.Literature of review
5.Methodology, Ethical considerations
6.Results, tables
7.Timeline
8.Budget
9.References
10.Appendices

11. Types of Research Problems
 Basic Research ‫نظريه‬ /‫اساسية‬ ‫ابحاث‬
 essential for the development of
theory
 no immediate practical utility
 Applied Research ‫تطبيقية‬ ‫ابحاث‬
 answer an immediate practical
problem
 often apply the findings of basic
research

12. Types of Research
 ‫األتحاث‬‫انكًٛح‬ Quantitative
‫يجال‬ ٙ‫ف‬ ٍٛ‫انثاحخ‬ ‫قثم‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫شٕٛعا‬ ‫األكخز‬ ‫األتحاث‬ ْٙ‫انعهٕو‬
‫ٔانفٛزٚاء‬ ‫أنطثٛعٛح‬,‫ٔاالقتصاد‬ ‫االجتًاعٛح،انتعهٛى‬ ‫انعهٕو‬ٔ
‫األسثاب‬ ‫ٔكشف‬ ‫انتجزٚة‬ ٗ‫عه‬ ‫األتحاث‬ ِ‫ْذ‬ ‫تعتًد‬.
 ‫يخال‬:
‫تانجهطاخ‬ ‫اإلصاتح‬ ‫َسثح‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫ٚقهم‬ ٍٚ‫األسثز‬ ٙ‫تعاط‬ ‫ْم‬
ٍ‫انس‬ ‫كثار‬ ٖ‫ند‬ ‫انقهثٛح‬(ٍ‫ي‬ ‫اكثز‬60‫عاو‬)‫؟‬
 Qualitative ‫انُٕعٛح‬ ‫األتحاث‬:
ٌٕ‫ٚدرس‬ ٍٚ‫انذ‬ ٍٛ‫انثاحخ‬ ‫قثم‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫شٕٛعا‬ ‫األكخز‬ ‫األتحاث‬ ْٙ
٘‫انثشز‬ ‫انسهٕك‬,‫انعاداخ‬,‫األعالو‬ ٘‫ٔرأ‬ ‫انعايح‬ ‫انظٕاْز‬ ‫ٔصف‬ٌ‫أ‬ ٘‫أ‬
‫انُٓاٚح‬ ‫يفتٕح‬ ‫انثحج‬ ‫سؤال‬.
 ‫يخال‬:
‫انًكاٌ؟‬ ‫تجغزافٛح‬ ‫عالقح‬ ّ‫ن‬ ٍٛ‫يع‬ ‫يجتًع‬ ‫حقافح‬ ‫ْم‬

13. Essential components of research
ًٗ‫انعه‬ ‫انثحج‬ ‫عُاصز‬
• 1- Title. ‫العنوان‬
• 2- Introduction. ‫الممدمة‬
• 3- Rationale and justification of problem ‫البحث‬ ‫مبرر‬
• 4-Research question(s). ‫البحث‬ ‫سؤال‬
• 5- Research hypothesis ‫البحث‬ ‫فرضية‬
• 6- Aim and objectives. ‫والخاصة‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫االهداف‬
• 7- Subjects and methods ‫البيانات‬ ‫وجمع‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫طرق‬
• 8- Results ‫النتائج‬
• 9- Discussion ‫البحث‬ ‫منالشات‬
• 10- Conclusions and recommendation ‫ا‬‫والتوصيات‬ ‫لخالصة‬
• 11- References ‫المراجع‬

14. 1-Title
Should be accurate , clear and concise
Not too short, or too long (less than 20 words)
Not include abbreviation, unnecessary words
Be formulated well
(the fewest possible words that can describe
the contents of the paper, thesis or report).
It must be specific, stating:
-What? -Where? -Who? -When?

15. Different types of research title
1(‫العهوان‬‫الدلالي‬eIndicativ
‫ولكن‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫موضوع‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬‫لايعطي‬‫على‬ ‫دلالة‬‫والاستهتاجات‬ ‫الهتائج‬
in controlling house flies atpesticideseffectiveness ofThe
different stages of their Development
2(‫العهوان‬‫بالمعلومات‬ ‫الغهي‬Informative
‫دلالة‬ ‫يعطي‬‫على‬‫والاستهتاجات‬ ‫الهتائج‬
house flies only when applied at larvalcontrolsPesticides
stage

16. Different types of research title
3(‫العهوان‬‫سؤال‬ ‫ويئة‬ ‫على‬Question
‫ويئة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يكون‬‫واضخ‬ ‫سؤال‬
How does pesticides affect house flies?
4(‫عهوان‬‫وفرعي‬ ‫رئيسي‬ngSeries or Hangi
‫الموضوع‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫تخص‬ ‫أدرى‬ ‫ابحاث‬ ‫يوجد‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫وذلك‬
The effect of pesticides on house flies: The effectiveness of
organophosphate at the Adult stage

17. Example of hanging title
1） when giving prominence to numbers of cases
----gastroscopic diagnosis of chronic gastritis: An analysis of 800 cases.
2）when emphasizing on research methods
-----Congruence between teaching and learning self-care: pilot study.
3）when giving prominence to key points
----- Primary care medicine in crisis: toward reconstruction and renewal.
4）when trying to explain
-----Family health: A theoretical approach to nursing care
5）when bringing forward question and choice
-------Chronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric symptom?

18. • Supply Statement of the problem,
sufficient background information1
• State briefly what others have found2
• Be referenced and state clearly
objectives of the paper, not more than
one page
3
2- A Good Introduction should

19. 3- RATIONAL= justification of the study
• Why this study is important?
• Why it is needed?
• What is the gap in the scientific knowledge is going to
fill?
• Why we cannot solve the problem without this study?

20. 4- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• A Research Question is a statement that identifies the phenomenon
to be studied.
• Research questions have to be:
-concise -narrow -One or two questions
• Its types will determine the type of study:
1-What is or are: Descriptive studies
2-What is the relationship: Descriptive studies
3-Why: Analytical
Experimental

21. 5- Research Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a statement about the expected
relationship between two or more variables:
Independent
(explanatory)
variables
Cause or
determine
Dependent
(outcome)
variables
 Null hypothesis (HO)‫الصفرى‬ ‫.…………الفرض‬Null effect (No difference,
association)
 Alternative hypothesis (HA) ‫البديل‬ ‫…الفرض‬An effect (that you
predict)/difference, association)

22. Example for research question,
hypothesis
Q: What is the effect of Measles vaccine on
post measles encephalitis?
H0: Null hypothesis ‫الصفرى‬ ‫:الفرض‬
There is no effect (No association)
HA: Alternative hypothesis ‫الفرض‬‫البديل‬
• Measles vaccine decrease rate of post measles
encephalitis, There is effect (association)

23. • The aim describes what is expected to arise from
the study, which is not necessary reached by the
end of the study
• The objectives describes:
– what will happen, more detailed descriptions
– it indicates the variables that will be examined
– what the researcher promise that will happen.
– It uses action verbs e.g. to recognize, to
identify, to determine, to clarify, to reduce
………etc.
6- Aim & Objectives
• must be
• SMART
– S: Specific
– M: Measurable
– A: Attainable
– R: Relevant
– T: Time bound

24. 7- Methodology
Methodology is important aspect of the research; describe how the
objectives are achieved :
 Its Components:
1- Study design. 2- Study setting (place).
3- Study population 4- Sample size.
5- Sampling method / technique.
6- Data collection/ Measures. 7-Instruments / tools.
8- Data management . 9- Ethical considerations.

25. ‫البحث‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫طرق‬ STUDY DESIGNS
Did the Investigator/Researcher
Assign exposure?
Yes No
Experimental Observational

26. Study Designs
Observational Experimental
Descriptive Analytical
Clinical Trial
Community Trial
Case control
Cohort
Case report &
Series
cross- sectional
Population based
(Ecological/
correlational)

27. I- Descriptive studies
• Just describe (knowing the situation)
*Answer questions: what, where, who, when
• There is no comparative group.
• Their types are:
1-Case report (single case)
2-Case series (more than one case)
3-Cross-sectional (Prevalence study)

28. The flow chart of cross-sectional study
Reference
Population
Sample
Exposure and disease
Exposure and no disease
No exposure and disease
No exposure and no
disease

29.  Cross sectional study gives
 Prevalence rate (old and
new cases)
 Assess exposure and
disease at the same point of
time

30. II-Analytical studies search for causes
• Find cause effect relationship
• Answer questions: why, how
1. Case control study
2. Cohort study

31. Had Exposure No Exposure
Study
Population
Cases Controls
No ExposureHad Exposure

32. Disease No Disease
Healthy
Population
Exposed Non-exposed
No DiseaseDisease
Follow through
time

33. = = =

35. Hierarchy of major study designs
Meta analysis
Systematic review
RCT
cohort
case control
Cross sectional
interventional
observational
validity

36. Sample ‫العينة‬
A Sample:
 is a group of individuals (or things)
selected from a larger population and
is used to get certain information
about this population.
(less effort, cost, time)
Sampling:
is a Process of selecting a sample
‫ار‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ل‬ ‫نا‬ ‫نام‬ ‫كأسا‬ ‫غرفت‬ ‫إذا‬(‫ثا‬ ‫ار‬ ‫عيظا‬)،‫ل‬ ‫ارطا‬ ‫كا‬ ‫اى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫عوا‬ ‫تثعاى‬ ‫تح‬ ‫ين‬ ‫تطاع‬ ،‫ا‬،‫لواا‬ ‫ووجدتا‬
‫ر‬ ‫ار‬ ‫في‬ ‫ارطاجاد‬(‫ث‬ ‫ار‬ ‫نجعطن‬.)
Sampling

37. Sampling unit: This is that element or set of elements
considered for selection, it could be individuals, or
individuals within the households e.g., schools, hospitals.
Sampling frame: This is the actual list of sampling units
from which the sample will be selected

38. Sampling
Non probability
Probability
Accessibility
Quota
Simple
random
Systematic
random
Stratified
Cluster
Multistage

39. I- Non probability Sampling
(1) Accessibility (convenient) sampling:
 The readily accessibly sample units are selected.
 They may be :
-Nearest neighbors or relatives.
-Friends, coworkers
 such samples are biased
Researcher approach some
kinds of respondents and
avoid others

40. I- Non probability Sampling
2- Snowball sampling
 The first respondent refers a friend. The
friend also refers a fried and so on

41. 3- Purposive sampling
 The researcher himself chooses the sample
which in his opinion are the best appropriate
for the study.
 This is used primarily when there are limited
numbers of people in the area being
researched.
‫عطدي‬ ‫عيظ‬

42. SamplingNon probability-I
‫لصصي‬ ‫عيظ‬4- Quota sampling
‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ف‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىف‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىفر‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫كان‬ ‫لو‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ل‬‫فع‬
12000‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ك‬‫ا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ع‬‫كا‬ ‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ىاوعلا‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ىس‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ن‬‫وعف‬ ،7
‫ىل‬‫ى‬‫ا‬5‫ىا‬‫ى‬ ‫ىت‬‫ى‬ ‫م‬ ‫ىز‬‫ى‬‫ت‬‫ل‬ ‫ىفر‬‫ى‬ ‫تا‬ ‫ىأ‬‫ى‬‫ح‬‫ف‬ ‫كا‬ ‫ك‬‫ر‬‫و‬ ،1000
‫ىز‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ا‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ت‬ ، ‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬ ‫ىاال‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ى‬‫ش‬‫ر‬ ‫ااا‬‫ا‬‫ارعي‬ ‫اااطم‬‫ا‬‫تعض‬7
‫ب‬ ‫نق‬ ‫نعزوجيم‬5‫يظ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫تكعط‬ ‫لع‬ ‫وهعذا‬ ،‫اب‬‫ز‬‫ع‬.

43. II- Probability Sampling
(1) Simple random sample : ‫عيظ‬‫ائي‬‫ا‬‫عش‬‫بطي‬
 Every individual in the population has an equal chance to
be selected.
 Process: - construct sample frame.
- decide sample size.
- select the sample no randomly
How to choose
randomly?

45. 2- Systematic random
sampling
 Sampling interval (K) = Interval
size
total population/sample size. (N/n)
 First number is selected randomly.
 Then add the sampling interval to the
random start to select subsequent
units.
Example:
We need 5 students from
15.
Sampling interval = N/n=
15/5= 3
We take every 3rd student,
starting from a random
number selected from the
first 3 no.
i.e. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15
‫نظعظط‬ ‫ائي‬‫ا‬‫عش‬ ‫عيظ‬

47. ‫قي‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ائي‬‫ا‬‫عش‬ ‫عيظ‬

49. Multistage sampling

50. SAMPLE SIZE
 Sample size: the number of individuals or things
to be included in the study.
Determinants of sample size :
 Type of study design
 Prevalence of the problem

51. Ethical Considerations
 One of the most important aspects of biomedical research, and Institutional
approval (ethical committee) for the research must be gained.
Information form should contain:
 Outline of study {ٍَِٛ‫ق‬ِ‫د‬‫ا‬َّ‫ص‬‫ان‬ َ‫ع‬َ‫ي‬ ‫ٕا‬َُُٕ‫ك‬َٔ َ َّ‫َّللا‬ ‫ٕا‬ُ‫ق‬َّ‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫ٕا‬َُُ‫ي‬َ‫آ‬ ٍَِٚ‫ذ‬َّ‫ن‬‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ََُّٓٚ‫أ‬ ‫ا‬َٚ}[‫انتٕتح‬:119]
 Responsibilities (Who??)
 Risks/Insurance
 Confidentiality (legal framework)
 Voluntary participation
 Incentives/ Rewards if any.
A separate consent form for
each participant is required.

52. WHAT ARE THE TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
QUESTIONNAIRE ‫االستبيانات‬
INTERVIEW ‫الشخصية‬ ‫الممابلة‬
OBSERVATION ‫المالحظة‬
CHECKLIST ‫المراجعة‬ ‫لائمة‬
FOCUS GROUP ‫بؤرية‬ ‫منالشات‬‫مجمعة‬

53. Types of questionnaire
 Based upon design:
Structured (tailored)
 Non-structured (standardized)
 Semi-structured
Based upon type of questions
Closed end questionnaire ‫المغلك‬-‫المميد‬
Open end questionnaire ‫المفتوح‬
Closed and open end questionnaire ‫المزدوج‬
Photographer questionnaire ‫المصور‬
Based upon method of administering
Face to face
Mail

54. The steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
1. Planning and deciding the information required.
2. Define the target or study population
3. Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
4. Introduce the questionnaire : (Covering letter)
5. Develop the question wording (content of the questions)
6. Put questions into a meaningful order and format,
7. Revise, check the length of the questionnaire, form draft.
8. Pre-test the questionnaire (pilot study).
9. Develop the final questionnaire form.

55. Pre-test the questionnaire (pilot study)
ٙ‫انتجزٚث‬ ‫االستقصاء‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ‫استطالعٛح‬ ‫دراسح‬
•‫ال‬‫االستبيان‬ ‫بطباعة‬ ‫نتعجل‬‫يتم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫من‬ ‫بد‬ ‫ال‬‫على‬ ‫االستبيان‬ ‫جتربة‬‫اد‬‫ر‬‫األف‬ ‫من‬ ‫بسيطة‬ ‫عينة‬‫تكون‬ ‫حبيث‬‫خواصها‬ ‫يف‬ ‫متفقة‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫هذه‬‫مع‬
‫البحث‬ ‫اد‬‫ر‬‫أف‬.
‫وه‬‫نواحي‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫من‬ ‫للباحث‬ ‫مفيدة‬ ‫التجربة‬ ‫ذه‬:
-‫حتديد‬‫املبحوثني‬ ‫استجابة‬ ‫درجة‬‫لالستبيان‬.
-‫على‬ ‫تساعد‬‫الغامضة‬ ‫األسئلة‬ ‫على‬ ‫التعرف‬.
-‫املتعلقة‬ ‫املشكالت‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫توضح‬‫واملنهجية‬ ‫ابلتصميم‬.
‫و‬‫ل‬‫لتأكد‬‫من‬‫صدق‬‫احملتوي‬:
‫علي‬‫الباحث‬‫أن‬‫يتأكد‬‫من‬‫صدق‬‫أداة‬‫التحليل‬‫وصحة‬‫حتديد‬‫الفئات‬‫والوحدات‬‫؛‬‫وذلك‬‫بعرضها‬‫علي‬‫جمموعة‬‫من‬‫اء‬‫رب‬‫اخل‬.

56. Coding the questionnaire ‫االستبيان‬ ‫تكويد‬
Coding allow the researcher to reduce large quantities of information
into a form that can be more easily handled, especially by computer
programs.
This is useful during data entry, particularly when more than one person
is involved in the data entry process and helps ensure accurate
tabulation of the results.
The coding of the answers is made easy by use of the same coding for
all questions in the acceptability questionnaire
56

57. Examples for coding
Questions Coding
Gender 1- Male 2- Female
Marital status 1- Single 2- Married 3- Divorced 4- Widowed
Age …….years
Do you hear about rheumatic fever? 0- No 1- yes
Is the smoking increase the cancer lung? 0- no 1- yes 2- I don’t know
What is your occupation? 1- Not working 2- employee 3- worker 3- professional
4- others
What is your favorite sports?
1- Football 2- Basketball 3- tennis 4- Volleyball
Football 1- no 2- yes
Basketball 1- no 2- yes
tennis 1- no 2- yes
Volleyball 1- no 2- yes
57

58. Tips for writing results section, discussion ‫ومنالشتها‬ ‫النتائج‬ ‫عرض‬
‫نسبة‬ ‫أشارت‬59‫الطالب‬ ‫من‬ ٪‫استجوابهم‬ ‫تم‬ ‫الذين‬
‫قسم‬ ‫في‬ ‫العاملين‬ ‫تجاوب‬ ‫يلقون‬ ‫بأنهم‬‫الدوريات‬‫لألسئلة‬
‫تحديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫المساعدة‬ ‫طلب‬ ‫في‬ ‫وكذلك‬ ‫عليهم‬ ‫تطرح‬ ‫التي‬
‫األعداد‬ ‫بشأن‬ ‫اإلجابات‬ ‫توفير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الدوريات‬ ‫مواقع‬
،‫األرفف‬ ‫على‬ ‫أماكنها‬ ‫في‬ ‫الموجودة‬ ‫غير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المفقودة‬‫ولد‬
‫ذلن‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫يكون‬‫المكتبة‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫إليه‬ ‫عمدت‬ ‫ما‬ ‫هو‬
‫منطقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫للدوام‬ ‫الموظفين‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫تخصيص‬ ‫من‬ ‫المركزية‬
‫لهم‬ ‫ويقدم‬ ،‫المستفيدين‬ ‫من‬ ً‫ا‬‫قريب‬ ‫ليكون‬ ‫الدوريات‬
‫التي‬ ‫المساعدة‬.‫يحتاجونها‬
58
 Result section include both text and illustrative
(tables and graphs)
 The results section is not for interpreting the
results in any way;
 It is very easy to put too much information into
the results section
 If you make a table of your findings, you do not
need to insert a graph highlighting the same data
(no duplication)
 Show the most relevant information in the
graphs, figures and tables.
 Interpretation of your results includes discussing
how your results modify and fit in with what we
previously understood about the problem
 It has been found that male mice react to
estrogen treatment by a reduction in phase
three of courtship behavior (Gumwad
1952:209; Bugjuice 1970)

59. 59
Plagiarism ‫وشروط‬ ‫العلمى‬ ‫االنتحال‬
‫االقتباس‬
Organization ‫ت‬‫البحث‬ ‫صفحات‬ ‫نسيق‬
Tables, figures ‫واالشكال‬ ‫الجداول‬ ‫تنسيق‬
‫وترقيمها‬
Citations ‫االستشهاد‬
References ‫المراجع‬
General rules

60.  Harvard System (alphabetical by author name /date):
Berridge, MJ 1998, Neuronal calcium signaling, Neuron vol. 21: pp. 13-26
 APA (American Psychological Association) System (alphabetical)
Berridge, M.J. (1998). Neuronal calcium signaling. Neuron 21, 13-26.
‫األلطدي‬ ‫ح‬ ‫لظ‬(2006‫م‬)،"‫ادي‬ ‫ارط‬ ‫ربي‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ارططوك‬ ‫في‬ ‫األوري‬ ‫ارصثي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ع‬‫ارر‬ ‫في‬ ‫نويم‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ارعظظيطي‬ ‫الل‬‫ا‬‫ار‬‫و‬ ‫اراظيفي‬ ‫اررض‬"،‫ربي‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ارطجو‬
‫اإلداري‬ ‫وام‬ ‫رو‬‫نج‬ ،13‫ص‬ ،306.
 Vancouver System (numbered in order or citation)
1. Berridge MJ. Neuronal calcium signaling. Neuron. 1998;21:13-26
 Names of all authors,
 The title of the publication,
 The name of journal, year, volume, page numbers.
‫كتابة‬ ‫نظام‬‫المراجع‬ 8- REFERENCES

61. 9- Appendices ‫يهحقاخ‬
Contents could be:
 - Data collection instrument
 - Letters of approval
 - Ethics Consent forms
 - Map
 - Extra photograph
 - Explanation of formulas, mathematical procedures for data analysis
Appendix I,Appendix II, etc.
N.B.

62. Types of Abstracts
Informative abstracts ‫توضيحي‬ : summarize the article based on the paper
structure (problem, methods, case studies, conclusions), (but without
section headings.
Indicative abstracts ‫دلالي‬ often used in (review articles, conference
reports. ): made up of three parts:
• Scope • Arguments Used • Conclusion
Structured abstracts follow headings required by the journal . Often used
in Medical journals (background-objectives-methods-results-conclusion)

63. Content of Abstract
 Introduction (background)
 Objectives
 Methodology
 Results
 Conclusion
 No discussion in abstract
The Abstract SHOULD NOT
contain:
 References to other
literature,
 Abbreviations, any sort of
illustration, figure, or
table, or references to
them.

64. Key words: Medical Subject Headings 2017
https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/#/fieldSearch

65. Last steps
Publication process
 Prepare manuscript, revise your paper
 Journal submission
 Follow steps of submission

66. References
 Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York:
Modern Languages Association of America, 2003.
Link Level 3 R 808.02 GIB 2003
 Michael Derntl. Basics of research paper writing and publishing. Int. J. Technology
Enhanced Learning, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2014.
‫حافظ‬‫العزيز‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫بن‬ ‫الرشيد‬ ‫عبد‬ ،‫العلمي‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫أساسيات‬‫جامعة‬‫العزيز‬ ‫عبد‬ ‫الملك‬1433‫هـ‬(2012‫م‬.)137،‫ص‬
24‫سم‬
‫صالحا‬ ‫كله‬ ‫عملنا‬ ‫اجعل‬ ‫اللهم‬