Friends, you may like to see the presentation on the above topic, starts with the examples showing conventional models of ore bodies being biased representations of reality – so why do we hope conventional mine planning optimizers should work well. Then the presentation moves on to stochastic optimization and our recent research outcomes and real applications in mining complexes and major improvements in strategic mine planning. Hope you will have a look and questions are most welcome. Roussos
EXSA S.A. es una empresa peruana que fabrica y provee explosivos y accesorios de voladura para la industria minera y de construcción civil. La empresa opera plantas industriales en Lurín, Tacna y Trujillo y ofrece capacitación a operadores en centros tecnológicos ubicados en Lima, Arequipa y Trujillo. El documento presenta el manual de voladura de EXSA, el cual incluye capítulos sobre explosivos, rocas, geología, perforación, métodos de iniciación y voladura para
Analysing shovel dumper productivity for coal mineSafdar Ali
The document discusses estimating and analyzing the productivity of shovel-dumper combinations in coal mines. It provides norms for calculating productivity based on material properties, equipment types, and cycle times. The study compares approved productivity projections to actual productivity data from a mine. Reasons for variations include management issues, external stoppages, blasting challenges, and maintenance problems. Suggestions are given to improve productivity such as separate equipment for coal and overburden, better maintenance, and resolving issues like land disputes.
Sampling and analysis for feasibility studies and mineral processingBasdew Rooplal
This is an overview of some aspects of sampling involved in feasibility studies for mining and mineral processing. Some small scale bench test work is also covered.
This document discusses legislation and duties related to blasting in mines in India. It provides an overview of key Indian laws that govern mining such as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. It describes the definition of a blaster and their duties according to the Mines Rules, 1961, which include being present for charging and firing shots. The document also summarizes regulations around the safe storage, transport, and use of explosives, including the requirements for drilling, charging, stemming and firing shot holes.
Reverse circulation (RC) drilling was introduced over 15 years ago as a faster and cheaper alternative to core drilling. RC drilling returns continuous, uncontaminated samples for easy logging while being over 5 times faster and half the cost of traditional core drilling. During RC drilling, air enters the drill string and operates the hammer before exhausting through the center of the bit and drill rods, carrying debris back to the surface in a closed loop for collection and analysis. This process allows for fast, continuous sampling in hard rock formations.
This document discusses the process of prospecting for and proving a mineral deposit. It begins by defining prospecting and mining. Prospecting aims to initially find deposits, while proving works to establish the deposit's parameters, quality, and reserves. The process involves three stages - prospecting, exploration, and proving. Exploration methods discussed include remote sensing, mapping, geophysics, geochemistry, and drilling. Proving then further defines the deposit through deeper drilling, sampling, determining reserves and establishing a mining plan. Developing accurate ore deposit models is also an important part of effectively exploring for and proving deposits.
Mining engineering involves the extraction of minerals from the earth. The major stages of mining activity are prospecting, exploration, development, exploitation, and reclamation. Prospecting involves looking for mineral deposits through direct examination of outcrops and geology or indirect methods like geophysics, aerial photography, and satellite mapping. Exploration defines the extent and value of the ore body through drilling, laboratory tests, surveying, and producing a feasibility report. Development opens up the ore deposit for production through constructing access roads and facilities, excavating the deposit, and locating surface plants if needed for ore processing.
EXSA S.A. es una empresa peruana que fabrica y provee explosivos y accesorios de voladura para la industria minera y de construcción civil. La empresa opera plantas industriales en Lurín, Tacna y Trujillo y ofrece capacitación a operadores en centros tecnológicos ubicados en Lima, Arequipa y Trujillo. El documento presenta el manual de voladura de EXSA, el cual incluye capítulos sobre explosivos, rocas, geología, perforación, métodos de iniciación y voladura para
Analysing shovel dumper productivity for coal mineSafdar Ali
The document discusses estimating and analyzing the productivity of shovel-dumper combinations in coal mines. It provides norms for calculating productivity based on material properties, equipment types, and cycle times. The study compares approved productivity projections to actual productivity data from a mine. Reasons for variations include management issues, external stoppages, blasting challenges, and maintenance problems. Suggestions are given to improve productivity such as separate equipment for coal and overburden, better maintenance, and resolving issues like land disputes.
Sampling and analysis for feasibility studies and mineral processingBasdew Rooplal
This is an overview of some aspects of sampling involved in feasibility studies for mining and mineral processing. Some small scale bench test work is also covered.
This document discusses legislation and duties related to blasting in mines in India. It provides an overview of key Indian laws that govern mining such as the Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act, 1957. It describes the definition of a blaster and their duties according to the Mines Rules, 1961, which include being present for charging and firing shots. The document also summarizes regulations around the safe storage, transport, and use of explosives, including the requirements for drilling, charging, stemming and firing shot holes.
Reverse circulation (RC) drilling was introduced over 15 years ago as a faster and cheaper alternative to core drilling. RC drilling returns continuous, uncontaminated samples for easy logging while being over 5 times faster and half the cost of traditional core drilling. During RC drilling, air enters the drill string and operates the hammer before exhausting through the center of the bit and drill rods, carrying debris back to the surface in a closed loop for collection and analysis. This process allows for fast, continuous sampling in hard rock formations.
This document discusses the process of prospecting for and proving a mineral deposit. It begins by defining prospecting and mining. Prospecting aims to initially find deposits, while proving works to establish the deposit's parameters, quality, and reserves. The process involves three stages - prospecting, exploration, and proving. Exploration methods discussed include remote sensing, mapping, geophysics, geochemistry, and drilling. Proving then further defines the deposit through deeper drilling, sampling, determining reserves and establishing a mining plan. Developing accurate ore deposit models is also an important part of effectively exploring for and proving deposits.
Mining engineering involves the extraction of minerals from the earth. The major stages of mining activity are prospecting, exploration, development, exploitation, and reclamation. Prospecting involves looking for mineral deposits through direct examination of outcrops and geology or indirect methods like geophysics, aerial photography, and satellite mapping. Exploration defines the extent and value of the ore body through drilling, laboratory tests, surveying, and producing a feasibility report. Development opens up the ore deposit for production through constructing access roads and facilities, excavating the deposit, and locating surface plants if needed for ore processing.
mineral economics its about the surface mine planning
its also inform about the mineral inventory, mineral ore reserve, classification of ore reserve, basic difference cut of grade, market limiting cut of grade etc.
Interceptive guidance of occlusion with emphasis on diagnosisNC Kolyaei
Serial extraction is an interceptive procedure used to correct hereditary tooth and jaw size discrepancies by extracting primary teeth. It is most effective for Class I malocclusions where the permanent teeth are in a favorable relationship. Careful monitoring of the eruption sequence is important during mixed dentition to identify issues and reduce future crowding through early intervention.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Elemental Economics Introduction to Valuing Mining AssetsNeal Brewster
Neal Brewster is the founder of Elemental Economics, which provides valuation and market analysis to investors in the natural resources sector. He has nearly 25 years of experience in government, corporate, and consulting roles related to valuation. This document discusses various aspects of valuing mining assets, including the mining lifecycle, alternative valuation approaches such as income and cost approaches, and common valuation metrics used in the mining industry. It also provides an example discounted cash flow model for valuing a mining project.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
The document discusses key concepts in structural geology including primary and secondary rock structures, outcrops, dip, strike, true and apparent dip, folds, and faults. It defines structural geology as dealing with rock structures, their classification, development mechanisms and causes. Folds are described as undulations in rock layers caused by forces. The main parts of folds are defined as the limbs, hinge, axis, plunge, crest and trough. Common fold types including anticlines and synclines are also outlined. Finally, the document categorizes faults based on the relative movement of the disrupted rock blocks.
This document provides an overview of explosives awareness for small mines. It covers explosives legislation, transportation and storage, firing of shots, post-blast inspections, misfires, and responsibilities. Key points include that only licensed personnel can handle explosives, explosives must be transported and stored properly, exclusion zones must be established for safety during blasting, post-blast inspections are required before entry, and procedures for handling misfires are important for safety. Graphic examples of explosives incidents emphasize the need for proper handling and safety precautions when using explosives.
Directional drilling (DD) involves planning and drilling a wellbore along a planned path to a subsurface target location that is laterally and vertically offset from the surface entry point. DD is used in applications like reaching inaccessible locations, drilling around salt domes or faults, drilling relief wells, and creating multi-lateral wellbores. The evolution of DD technology over the decades has included early magnetic surveying tools, the introduction of mud motors in the 1960s for kick-offs, the development of steering tools in the 1970s, and more recent rotary steerable systems. Modern DD methods include using rotary assemblies, jetting, whipstocks, mud motors, and rotary steerable systems.
Geological ground prospecting method and indicationsPramoda Raj
This document discusses geological ground prospecting methods and indications. It describes prospecting as the search for outcrops or fragments of ore deposits on the ground. Key stages of prospecting include analyzing sediments, examining mechanical aureoles of fragments, and locating deposit outcrops. Indicator minerals and features like gossans directly show the presence of mineralization. Prospecting methods employ studying natural features to search for deposits. The document outlines prospecting criteria to determine where to look and various prospecting techniques like analyzing colluvium and alluvium or tracing erratic boulders to determine how to look for deposits.
Sukari gold mine is a joint venture located 15 km west of the Red Sea coast in Egypt. It contains estimated reserves of 8.56 million ounces of gold within four primary ore zones. The open pit mining operation is based on the Amun and Ra/Gazelle zones, which contain high-grade gold. Underground development at Sukari began in 2009. Ore is processed through crushing, grinding, flotation, filtration, and cyanidation to extract gold, with residuals stored afterwards. Assays to determine gold content involve dissolving samples in nitric acid and sulfuric acid, then titrating with standard solutions.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
The author proposes modifications to the existing Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system used in India to calculate rock load and design support systems in underground coal mines. The current system does not satisfy key assumptions regarding the relationship between rock load and RMR values. The author derives new constants for the rock load formula so that the minimum rock load occurs at the maximum RMR of 100, as assumed originally. Compared to the original system, the modified system calculates higher rock loads for a given RMR, requiring stronger support designs to improve strata control. Graphs and calculations demonstrate the shortcomings of the original system and advantages of the proposed modified approach.
Core orientation in drilling of ROCKS for Site Investigation WorksKYI KHIN
This document discusses core orientation techniques for measuring structures in oriented drill core samples. It provides examples of qualitative examination needed to identify key structures before measurement. Details are given on recording gravitational roll or magnetic tool face readings for inclined or vertical drill holes. The process of aligning an orientation block, attaching it to the core, and using a survey camera to obtain orientation readings is described. Methods are outlined for drawing a reference line on the core and measuring alpha and beta angles to structures relative to this line. Finally, examples are given of logging formats and explanatory notes for recording discontinuity data from oriented drill core.
Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE) in CoringAlanJurez11
The document discusses the use of mechanical specific energy (MSE) as a tool to understand coring parameters and optimize core recovery. It introduces MSE and how it can be calculated and applied to coring operations, just as it is used in conventional drilling. Limited published data from laboratory coring experiments are re-analyzed to provide more insight. Field data from a coring operation in Oklahoma are also examined. Preliminary results suggest axial energy is proportional to rock hardness while rotational energy (MSE) is proportional to confined compressive strength.
01 4 introduction of geological modelingSerdar Kaya
This document discusses 3D reservoir modeling and data integration. It provides definitions and outlines general workflows for modeling. Automated processes are emphasized to allow for more frequent model updates using all available data, including well logs, seismic, and production data. Integrating data from different sources and disciplines provides benefits like reduced uncertainty and a more realistic description of the reservoir. Various tools can be used to create 3D geological models and populate them with properties for dynamic simulation and reservoir performance analysis.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
Short course discussing a practical approach to Sequence Stratigraphy and attempting to clarify some of the terminological muddle that has accumulated over the past few decades.
Note: Originally presented as in-house short course for Pioneer Natural Resources Company. All material is public domain and/or original sketches/figures by author.
This document provides an introduction to the principles of engineering rock mechanics. It discusses key topics in rock mechanics including stress, strain, intact rock properties, discontinuities, rock masses, permeability, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, testing techniques, rock mass classification systems, rock dynamics, interactions in rock mechanics, excavation principles, stabilization principles, surface excavation instability mechanisms, and design and analysis of surface excavations. The document is intended to serve as a textbook on rock mechanics for engineering students and professionals.
Crimson Publishers-Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration o...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow by Firouz Khodayari and Yashar Pourrahimian in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Investor presentation delivered by Evolution Mining's Executive Chairman Jacob Klein at the Gold Investment Symposium held in Sydney 8th and 9th October 2014
mineral economics its about the surface mine planning
its also inform about the mineral inventory, mineral ore reserve, classification of ore reserve, basic difference cut of grade, market limiting cut of grade etc.
Interceptive guidance of occlusion with emphasis on diagnosisNC Kolyaei
Serial extraction is an interceptive procedure used to correct hereditary tooth and jaw size discrepancies by extracting primary teeth. It is most effective for Class I malocclusions where the permanent teeth are in a favorable relationship. Careful monitoring of the eruption sequence is important during mixed dentition to identify issues and reduce future crowding through early intervention.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Elemental Economics Introduction to Valuing Mining AssetsNeal Brewster
Neal Brewster is the founder of Elemental Economics, which provides valuation and market analysis to investors in the natural resources sector. He has nearly 25 years of experience in government, corporate, and consulting roles related to valuation. This document discusses various aspects of valuing mining assets, including the mining lifecycle, alternative valuation approaches such as income and cost approaches, and common valuation metrics used in the mining industry. It also provides an example discounted cash flow model for valuing a mining project.
Sedimentology application in petroleum industryAndi Anriansyah
This document provides an overview of sedimentology and its applications in the petroleum industry. It discusses key concepts in sedimentology including sedimentary rocks, depositional environments, sediment transport processes, and sedimentary structures. These concepts are important for understanding reservoir heterogeneity, predicting texture, and informing exploration and production strategies. The document cautions against oversimplifying depositional environments and stresses the importance of analyzing sediment transport and depositional processes to avoid misinterpretation.
The document discusses key concepts in structural geology including primary and secondary rock structures, outcrops, dip, strike, true and apparent dip, folds, and faults. It defines structural geology as dealing with rock structures, their classification, development mechanisms and causes. Folds are described as undulations in rock layers caused by forces. The main parts of folds are defined as the limbs, hinge, axis, plunge, crest and trough. Common fold types including anticlines and synclines are also outlined. Finally, the document categorizes faults based on the relative movement of the disrupted rock blocks.
This document provides an overview of explosives awareness for small mines. It covers explosives legislation, transportation and storage, firing of shots, post-blast inspections, misfires, and responsibilities. Key points include that only licensed personnel can handle explosives, explosives must be transported and stored properly, exclusion zones must be established for safety during blasting, post-blast inspections are required before entry, and procedures for handling misfires are important for safety. Graphic examples of explosives incidents emphasize the need for proper handling and safety precautions when using explosives.
Directional drilling (DD) involves planning and drilling a wellbore along a planned path to a subsurface target location that is laterally and vertically offset from the surface entry point. DD is used in applications like reaching inaccessible locations, drilling around salt domes or faults, drilling relief wells, and creating multi-lateral wellbores. The evolution of DD technology over the decades has included early magnetic surveying tools, the introduction of mud motors in the 1960s for kick-offs, the development of steering tools in the 1970s, and more recent rotary steerable systems. Modern DD methods include using rotary assemblies, jetting, whipstocks, mud motors, and rotary steerable systems.
Geological ground prospecting method and indicationsPramoda Raj
This document discusses geological ground prospecting methods and indications. It describes prospecting as the search for outcrops or fragments of ore deposits on the ground. Key stages of prospecting include analyzing sediments, examining mechanical aureoles of fragments, and locating deposit outcrops. Indicator minerals and features like gossans directly show the presence of mineralization. Prospecting methods employ studying natural features to search for deposits. The document outlines prospecting criteria to determine where to look and various prospecting techniques like analyzing colluvium and alluvium or tracing erratic boulders to determine how to look for deposits.
Sukari gold mine is a joint venture located 15 km west of the Red Sea coast in Egypt. It contains estimated reserves of 8.56 million ounces of gold within four primary ore zones. The open pit mining operation is based on the Amun and Ra/Gazelle zones, which contain high-grade gold. Underground development at Sukari began in 2009. Ore is processed through crushing, grinding, flotation, filtration, and cyanidation to extract gold, with residuals stored afterwards. Assays to determine gold content involve dissolving samples in nitric acid and sulfuric acid, then titrating with standard solutions.
In mining operations, blasting has become a routine work. With proper understanding of the rocks and blasting methods, the mining work can be done effectively. This module explains the rock blasting methods adopted in mining industries.
The author proposes modifications to the existing Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system used in India to calculate rock load and design support systems in underground coal mines. The current system does not satisfy key assumptions regarding the relationship between rock load and RMR values. The author derives new constants for the rock load formula so that the minimum rock load occurs at the maximum RMR of 100, as assumed originally. Compared to the original system, the modified system calculates higher rock loads for a given RMR, requiring stronger support designs to improve strata control. Graphs and calculations demonstrate the shortcomings of the original system and advantages of the proposed modified approach.
Core orientation in drilling of ROCKS for Site Investigation WorksKYI KHIN
This document discusses core orientation techniques for measuring structures in oriented drill core samples. It provides examples of qualitative examination needed to identify key structures before measurement. Details are given on recording gravitational roll or magnetic tool face readings for inclined or vertical drill holes. The process of aligning an orientation block, attaching it to the core, and using a survey camera to obtain orientation readings is described. Methods are outlined for drawing a reference line on the core and measuring alpha and beta angles to structures relative to this line. Finally, examples are given of logging formats and explanatory notes for recording discontinuity data from oriented drill core.
Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE) in CoringAlanJurez11
The document discusses the use of mechanical specific energy (MSE) as a tool to understand coring parameters and optimize core recovery. It introduces MSE and how it can be calculated and applied to coring operations, just as it is used in conventional drilling. Limited published data from laboratory coring experiments are re-analyzed to provide more insight. Field data from a coring operation in Oklahoma are also examined. Preliminary results suggest axial energy is proportional to rock hardness while rotational energy (MSE) is proportional to confined compressive strength.
01 4 introduction of geological modelingSerdar Kaya
This document discusses 3D reservoir modeling and data integration. It provides definitions and outlines general workflows for modeling. Automated processes are emphasized to allow for more frequent model updates using all available data, including well logs, seismic, and production data. Integrating data from different sources and disciplines provides benefits like reduced uncertainty and a more realistic description of the reservoir. Various tools can be used to create 3D geological models and populate them with properties for dynamic simulation and reservoir performance analysis.
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA Shivam Jain
PROSPECTING TECHNIQUES AND EXPLORATION FOR COAL AT GSI CAMP AMARWARA, CHINDWARA
for download...click on this https://dlsharefile.com/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
https://khabarbabal.online/file/NzA2YTI2YTYt
Short course discussing a practical approach to Sequence Stratigraphy and attempting to clarify some of the terminological muddle that has accumulated over the past few decades.
Note: Originally presented as in-house short course for Pioneer Natural Resources Company. All material is public domain and/or original sketches/figures by author.
This document provides an introduction to the principles of engineering rock mechanics. It discusses key topics in rock mechanics including stress, strain, intact rock properties, discontinuities, rock masses, permeability, anisotropy, inhomogeneity, testing techniques, rock mass classification systems, rock dynamics, interactions in rock mechanics, excavation principles, stabilization principles, surface excavation instability mechanisms, and design and analysis of surface excavations. The document is intended to serve as a textbook on rock mechanics for engineering students and professionals.
Crimson Publishers-Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration o...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow by Firouz Khodayari and Yashar Pourrahimian in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Investor presentation delivered by Evolution Mining's Executive Chairman Jacob Klein at the Gold Investment Symposium held in Sydney 8th and 9th October 2014
This presentation discusses using stochastic modeling in mine planning to account for uncertainties in material type and grade. Traditional direct block scheduling is compared to a stochastic approach. A case study of a copper deposit with oxide and sulphide zones shows that considering geological uncertainties through 20 simulated models improved the net present value by 4% compared to the average case, reducing risk from 9% to 8% probability. Moving forward, more robust algorithms and multistage approaches could further improve mine planning under uncertainty.
The document discusses the agenda of the Center for Mining Operations Research for the Mining Industry (CIOMIN) at the University of Chile. It outlines CIOMIN's research areas including logistics, optimization models, information technology, and long-term mine planning. It also discusses CIOMIN's team members, international collaborations, seminars, and funding for student theses.
This document details multivariate estimation and simulation studies conducted on an epithermal gold deposit in Peru, including ordinary kriging of gold grades, indicator kriging using 25 gold cut-offs, and cokriging of gold and gold cyanide values. Variography was performed on declustered data and using logarithmic and Gaussian transformations. Conditional simulation was also used to model gold grades and residuals from gold-gold cyanide regression models.
Deswik-IPCC2013 Presentation-Scenario based analysis of IPCC trade-offsDeswik
This presentation was delivered by Deswik at the I-M Mining IPCC 2013 conference on 14th October 2013.
The presentation outlines a recommended approach for assessing the viability of In Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) for mining operations. The key point is that modelling MUST include both the proposed system as well as other conventional fleet areas of the mine, modelled as a single system. This allows identification of system interactions and fatal flaws that are evident only in a combined mine plan model.
In previous years multiple presentations called for development of mine planning software that is capable of effective IPCC planning. Deswik commenced work in February 2013 on addressing this need, and have formed a partnership with industry experts RWE to ensure the result is fit for purpose. This presentation illustrates techniques that use the first results of this endeavour.
Investor presentation "Low-cost, High
Margin, Gold Copper & Silver Production in WA" delivered by Mutiny Gold's Managing Director Tony James, at the Gold Investment Symposium, held in Sydney, 8th and 9th October 2014
14 aneu applications of technological & engineering solutions edit Juan Carlos Bonapace
The document summarizes the application of technological solutions to stimulate an old vertical well (drilled in 1974) targeting the Vaca Muerta Formation in Neuquén Basin, Argentina. The objectives were to recondition the well using a swell packer and stimulate the entire Vaca Muerta section with 12 fracturing stages using pinpoint stimulation technique. Key steps included logging the well, setting a swell packer, and performing 12-stage fracturing of the Vaca Muerta formation using coiled tubing and a pinpoint technique to optimize stimulation of the target zone.
Reservoir engineering functions include estimating oil and gas reserves, developing field development plans, and optimizing production operations. Key activities are reserves estimation using volumetric and material balance methods, developing static and dynamic reservoir models for planning, and history matching production data to simulate and predict future performance. Reservoir traps that contain hydrocarbons include structural traps from folding and faulting of rock layers, stratigraphic traps due to permeability changes within layers, and combination traps involving salt dome intrusions.
- Kerry Mining is exploring the Bayan Airag gold project in Mongolia, which was originally acquired from Canadian company QGX.
- The project's main target is the Central Valley Zone, which contains a defined oxide gold resource as well as underlying sulphide resources.
- Kerry Mining is conducting feasibility studies on developing the CVZ oxide resource using either a carbon-in-leach plant or heap leach approach. The heap leach option shows potential to be lower cost.
- Further exploration is also targeting the sulphide resource and near mine targets to potentially expand the project resources and life.
Apresentação de Victor Manuel Salazar Araque, da Computer Modelling Group, durante o evento promovido pelo Sistema FIEB, Fundamentos da Exploração e Produção de Não Convencionais: a Experiência Canadense.
The objective of this tool was to give a measure of the Value at Risk of the given asset class using techniques like Historical simulation and Monte Carlo simulation. I was involved in the design of a package for estimating the Initial Margin requirement for OTC Derivatives like FX Forward Contracts and Interest Rate Swaps using Historical Value at Risk. I also designed a prototype for running a Monte Carlo simulation on a given stock using Geometric Brownian Motion.
The document discusses project optimization in the mining industry. It notes that the industry has become more challenging with tighter profit margins. Project optimization can mean the difference between success and failure. A systems approach across the entire mining process from data collection to engineering design is now considered best practice. Sophisticated data collection and geometallurgical modelling is key to optimize different parts of the mining process together.
CIM 2015 (Michael Spleit, New Millennium Iron)Michael Spleit
This document summarizes work to optimize the mine production schedule and reduce risk at the LabMag magnetite deposit. It discusses:
1. Using a mathematical optimization model to generate a schedule that considers haul cycle times, minimizing equipment needs and costs.
2. Developing a strategy to create in-pit space for waste disposal over the mine life.
3. How the optimized scheduling approach reduced the risk profile for concentrate tonnages and sales by 14.9% compared to the conventional schedule.
This document discusses several projects related to optimizing shale production through oriented perforation based on rock type identification. It proposes analyzing drilling and completion data over time to identify pressure differential issues and potential production compartments. Other projects discussed include evaluating new technologies for offshore developments by analyzing how they may impact development plans and reservoir types, justifying investments in isolated control zones to address reservoir issues, and building physical models of reservoirs to aid in instrumentation and dynamic simulation. The document also discusses regional environmental authorities' visions and a proposed methodology for evaluating production technologies under different environmental regulations.
This document discusses ball mills and related topics. It includes presentations on ball mill operation and design, ball mill motor sizing, standard operating procedures for ball mills, and applications of ball mills in cement production and other industries. Links are provided to websites on ball mill suppliers and related information.
This document summarizes an upcoming presentation on innovative ideas for light modules for FPSO and FLNG projects. The presentation will be given by Mukes Gupta of Canadoil Engineering on March 24th, 2010. It will discuss the current status and challenges of FPSO and FLNG projects, as well as innovative modularization approaches that can help address challenges and reduce costs. Specific topics to be covered include modularization benefits and pitfalls, case studies of different modularization projects, and innovative cost-saving methods for modularization.
This document provides an overview of an industrial attachment presentation on the material flows and challenges at a mining process plant. It includes sections on the flow of material through various parts of the plant like primary crushing, milling, DMS processing, and thickening. Challenges like corrosion and equipment issues are discussed. Potential solutions like cathodic protection and desalination are proposed. The presentation also includes suggestions for the company and a discussion of a project to develop a geometallurgical model to better predict metallurgical performance and production planning.
Similar to Overview presentation of our simultaneous stochastic optimization of mining complexes/mineral value chains - Kinross Gold internal meeting (20)
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Overview presentation of our simultaneous stochastic optimization of mining complexes/mineral value chains - Kinross Gold internal meeting
1. Simultaneous Stochastic Optimization of
Mining Complexes and Mineral Value Chains
Roussos Dimitrakopoulos
New digital technologies for the
smart(er) management of technical risk
COSMO Stochastic Mine Planning Laboratory - http://cosmo.mcgill.ca/
Technical Conference, April 4-7, 2017
2. Content
2
• Introduction
• Modelling mining complexes with risk management
• Stochastic optimization and formulations (concepts)
• Applications
• Comparisons to reality
• Conclusions
3. Production Forecast
1 5 10Year
Estimated Orebody Model Deterministic Design
Is this design the
optimal / ‘best’?
Can a single estimated
model represent a mineral
deposit?
(Grade variability,
uncertainty)
Are we able to meet
expected forecasts?
Orebody Modelling
Mine Design &
Production Scheduling
Financial &
Production Forecasts
3
Introduction – Deterministic workflow
4. Periods (years)
Million$
Production Forecast
1 5 10Year
Estimated Orebody Model Deterministic Design
Is this design the
optimal / ‘best’?
Can a single estimated
model represent a mineral
deposit?
(Grade variability,
uncertainty)
Are we able to meet
expected forecasts?
Will production forecasts on ore,
metal, FCF … be reached?
Are we really maximizing NPV?
What is the risk of deviating from
the LOM forecasts?
Orebody Modelling
Mine Design &
Production Scheduling
Financial &
Production Forecasts
4
Introduction – Deterministic workflow
5. Periods (years)
Million$
Production Forecast
1 5 10Year
Estimated Orebody Model Deterministic Design
Is this design the
optimal / ‘best’?
Can a single estimated
model represent a mineral
deposit?
(Grade variability,
uncertainty)
Are we able to meet
expected forecasts?
Will production forecasts on ore,
metal, FCF … be reached?
Are we really maximizing NPV?
What is the risk of deviating from
the LOM forecasts?
Accounting for uncertainty (and variability)
• A group of simulated orebody models can describe the variability and
uncertainty in a mineral deposit, which can be incorporated through new
stochastic optimization of mine designs and production schedules.
• Stochastic optimizers use a group of simulated orebody realizations and
capture/capitalize on spatial grade variability and uncertainty to manage
uncertainty and INCREASE value.
Orebody Modelling
Mine Design &
Production Scheduling
Financial &
Production Forecasts
5
Introduction – Deterministic workflow
6. Introduction - Estimation vs Simulation
• Estimated Orebody Model
Model characteristics:
o Large number of blocks
o Multiple domains
o 20 simulations: 557 million nodes
27 million mining blocks
Quantifying Uncertainty
3 simulated scenarios of the same
section (SMU grade)
A mature, well
drilled and
understood
gold deposit
• Simulated Orebody Models. This is a
Monte Carlo simulation …
7. 7
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
Grade(g/t)
OreTonnage(Mt*10)
Cutoff grade (g/t)
Grade-tonnage Curves – Gold Deposit
The representation of a mineral deposit and related attributes –
estimated vs simulated - MATTERS … see next slide…
Traditional Orebody Models - Limits & Shortcomings
Simulated grades
Estimated ( - - -, - - - ) vs simulated models ( , ) as inputs to …
SMU Size Blocks
8. Prob.
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Pit Shells
NPVA$*106
(i=8%)
Simulated
Realizations – Risk Analysis
Forecast from
Estimated Deposit
Most probable NPV is A$16.5M, 25 % less
than the conventional (deterministic)
estimate
0
A recall:
The expected project NPV has only 2-4% probability to
be realized
Introduction - Estimation vs Simulation does it Matter?
Why this? As per the previous grade-tonnage graph, estimation
misrepresents volumes of different grade ranges … and more …
9. Introduction - Cross Disciplinary Learning ?
Other fields of Engineering: Industry practice in
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering has moved away from
estimation models since the late 1980’s (stemming from
the Stanford University related research - Prof. A. Journel)
Oil recovery
forecasting
(EOR) –
Production
forecasts:
Examples
Forecasts come
from multiphase
flow simulation
Estimation does no longer exists in reservoir forecasting
Average in ≠ Average out …. P90 in ≠ P90 out ……
A Chevron
example-1990
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
HB
Injected Pore Volume
NormalizedOilRecovery
Estimated
reservoir
properties
Simulated
reservoir
properties
Intevep 1992
10. Simulated Orebody Models
Sim. 1
s=1
Sim. 2
s=2
Sim. S
s=S 1 5 10Year
Stochastic Design & Production Schedule
10
Probabilistic Reporting
A set of simulations describe
geological uncertainty and
grade variability
A “single” mine design and
production schedule
accounting for and managing
uncertainty
A better NPV is always
obtained through the use of
stochastic mine planning in
comparison with conventional
methods
……
Stochastic
Orebody Modelling
Stochastic Mine Design &
Production Scheduling
Financial & Production
Forecasts
Introduction – Stochastic workflow
11. Simulated Orebody Models
Sim. 1
s=1
Sim. 2
s=2
Sim. S
s=S 1 5 10Year
Stochastic Design & Production Schedule
11
Probabilistic Reporting
A set of simulations describe
geological uncertainty and
grade variability
A “single” mine design and
production schedule
accounting for and managing
uncertainty
A better NPV is always
obtained through the use of
stochastic mine planning in
comparison with conventional
methods
……
If we can optimize mine designs with the established deterministic
tools, we can also develop and optimize with stochastic optimizers:
Stochastic Mine Planning
1. Lower risk in meeting financial and production forecasts.
2. Higher value for less risk.
3. Larger pit limits.
4. More metal.
Stochastic
Orebody Modelling
Stochastic Mine Design &
Production Scheduling
Financial & Production
Forecasts
Introduction – Stochastic workflow
12. Approaches to Uncertainty
Using estimated (expected value) models as inputs to
an optimizer will give somehow misleading results
• A known probability property: 𝐸 𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 𝑓 𝐸 𝑥
• This becomes even more significant in the context of a mining
complex with compound non-linearities
• Any framework that considers uncertainty is better than one
that ignores it
• An example follows
13. Approaches to Uncertainty
• An Example:
Calculating the economic value of a block using a
marginal cut-off grade
14. Deterministic Approach to Uncertainty
Copper price: $4410/t ($2/lb Cu)
Recovery: 90%
Processing cost: $6/t
Mining cost: $2/t
Block tonnage: 14465 t
$ 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
$4410 ⋅ 0.9 ⋅
0.118
100
⋅ 14465 − $2 + $6 ⋅ 14465 = $ − 47974 if processed as ore
−$2 ⋅ 14465 = $ − 28930 if processed as waste
This block’s estimated grade lies below the marginal cut-off grade.
A deterministic optimizer will only mine this block as waste, with a
value of $-28930.
A block’s economic value, according to a
deterministic optimizer
Estimated
(expected) grade:
0.118% Cu
15. Stochastic Approach to Uncertainty
$ 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 =
$4410 ⋅ 0.9 ⋅
𝑔
100
⋅ 14465 − $2 + $6 ⋅ 14465 if processed as ore
−$2 ⋅ 14465 if processed as waste
A stochastic optimizer may choose to mine this block with an expected value of
$21457. However, this is a risky block if we wish to feed a mill up to its capacity
Stochastic optimizers account for this risk, in addition to its potential value
Simulation #1
0% Cu
Simulation #2
0% Cu
Simulation #3
0% Cu
Simulation #4
0% Cu
Simulation #5
0.59% Cu
Average grade is
0.118% Cu
$-28930 $-28930 $-28930 $-28930 $223008
Expected Block Value:
𝟒 ⋅ $𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟑𝟎 + $𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟖
= $𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟓𝟕
A block’s economic value, according to a
stochastic optimizer
16. Some Questions:
• why should we still think that conventional mine
planning can provide “optimal” mine plans and
production schedules?
• why should we still think Life-of-Mine plans will
materialize?
• why should we still think we do the best
assessments, valuations or forecasts possible?
• do we really provide the best possible
decision support information?
17. The objective function now is …..
Maximize (s11x1
1+s21x2
1+….
s12x1
1+s22x2
1+….) … …
Subject to
s11x1
1+s21x2
1+…. = b1
s11x1
p+s21x2
p+…. = b1
s12x1
p+s22x2
p+…. = b1
s1rx1
p+s2rx2
p+…. = b1
Stochastic Integer Programming
Simulated model 1
Simulated model 2
Simulated model r
Period 1
Period p
s4
1
s1
1 s2
1 s3
1
s4
1
s1
1 s2
1 s3
1
s4
1
s1
1 s2
1 s3
1
s4
n
s1
n s2
n s3
n
Stochastic Mine Planning (start)
18. Economic Mining Block Value, when optimizing,
is driven by the economic values of the blocks
mined rather than the products produced.
$ VALUE for A MINING BLOCK
=
(METAL*RECOVERY*PRICE - ORE*COSTP)
- ROCK*COSTM
Stochastic Mine Planning (later on)
CHANGE CONTEXT and USE ONLY
geological attributes: Material Types, Grades ….
20. Mine A
Mine B
Mine C
Mining Complexes & Mineral Value Chains
A mining complex may be seen as an integrated business starting from the
extraction of materials to a set of sellable products delivered to various customers
and/or spot market
Simultaneous optimization of the mining complex/value chain
21. Mine A
Mine B
Mine C
Mining Complexes & Mineral Value Chains
A mining complex may be seen as an integrated business starting from the
extraction of materials to a set of sellable products delivered to various customers
and/or spot market
Simultaneous optimization focuses on
the
$ value of products sold
rather than the
$ value of individual blocks
22. Simultaneous Optimization
*Tmax is the maximum plant feed tonnage
Objectives:
1. Maximize NPV
2. Satisfy SiO2:MgO blend
3. Minimize deviations from
plant capacity target
A
B
Example:
Nickel laterite mineral value chain - Blending policy optimization
23. Nickel Laterite Complex – Risk Analysis of Deterministic Design
Deterministic model
Simulation 1
…
Simulation N
…
Orebody simulations quantify:
• Volumetric uncertainty
• Multi-element uncertainty
Simultaneous Optimization
29. • Adaptable two-stage stochastic integer programming model
with CAPEXs:
max
1
𝕊
𝑡∈𝕋 𝑠∈𝕊 𝑎∈𝔸
𝑝 𝑎,𝑡 ⋅ 𝑣 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠 −
1
𝕊
𝑡∈𝕋 𝑠∈𝕊 𝑎∈𝔸
𝑐 𝑎,𝑡
+
⋅ 𝑢 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠 + 𝑐 𝑎,𝑡
−
⋅ 𝑙 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠
Attributes of interest
• Revenues from
metal sale
• Mining, processing &
stockpiling costs
Penalties for deviations from targets
• Mining, stockpile, processing
capacities
• Blending constraints
• Deleterious elements
Simultaneous Stochastic Optimization Formulation
−
𝑡∈𝕋 𝑘∈𝕂
𝑝 𝑘,𝑡 ⋅ 𝑤 𝑘,𝑡
Change of capacities depends on:
• Quantity purchased (𝑤 𝑘,𝑡′)
• Constraint increase (𝜅 𝑎,𝑘)
• Life of equipment (𝜆 𝑘)
• Lead time (𝜏 𝑘)CAPEX
30. • Adaptable two-stage stochastic integer programming model
with CAPEXs:
max
1
𝕊
𝑡∈𝕋 𝑠∈𝕊 𝑎∈𝔸
𝑝 𝑎,𝑡 ⋅ 𝑣 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠 −
1
𝕊
𝑡∈𝕋 𝑠∈𝕊 𝑎∈𝔸
𝑐 𝑎,𝑡
+
⋅ 𝑢 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠 + 𝑐 𝑎,𝑡
−
⋅ 𝑙 𝑎,𝑡,𝑠
Attributes of interest
• Revenues from
metal sale
• Mining, processing &
stockpiling costs
Penalties for deviations from targets
• Mining, stockpile, processing
capacities
• Blending constraints
• Deleterious elements
Simultaneous Stochastic Optimization Formulation
1. Risk reduction.
2. Risk deferral (geological risk discounting).
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
0 10 20 30 40
Tonnage(%Capacity)
Period
Plant Feed Tonnage
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0 10 20 30 40
SiO2:MgO
Period
Plant Silica-to-Magnesia Ratio
31. Modelling Mining Complexes with Risk Management
Sulfides - Mine 1
• Metal tonnes
• Total tonnes
Sulfides - Mine 2
• Metal tonnes
• Total tonnes
Processing Stream A
1. Total metal
2. Total tonnes
3. Head grade
4. Recovery
5. Throughput
6. Metal recovered
Customer #1 (Contract)
1. Metal
2. Metal value
Customer #2
(Exchange)
1. Metal
2. Metal value
Destination policies
Processing streams
Production schedule
𝜉𝑠
Decisions,
GEOMET…
All move here
No Economic
Values for
Mining Blocks
Used
Uncertainty can be
quantified at any
stage
Product Value
37. Base Case long-term production schedule
37
• Long-term plan (from 2013) provided by TC
• Based on the estimated orebody model:
• Autoclave is used at full capacity during LOM
• Blending requirements are satisfied
• Evaluated with a set of stochastic orebody model
scenarios
• Will the forecasts from the Bass Case be met
in the presence of geological (supply) uncertainty
38. Base Case - Sources of supply uncertainty
38
Mega Pit
Sulphide Stockpiles
TRJV
Stochastic simulations
Historical data
Sage Autoclave
Mill 5 Mag
Other Sources
Vista Pit
Juniper Mill
Oxide Leach
Stochastic simulations
39. Simulations of stockpile SM-F2
39
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
SM-F SH-F, SL-F or SS-F No F-Material
Percentageoftotalblocks(204)
Material type
In all simulations of stockpile SM-F2
less than 25% of blocks can be
classified as SM-F material
40. Base Case forecast P10 P50 P90
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
MillionOz
Year
Cumulative gold recovered – First 6 years
6%
Base Case - Gold recovery & Risk analysis
41. Base Case - DCF & Risk analysis
41
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
CDCF(%)
Year
Cumulative DCF – First 6 years
9%
Base Case forecast P10 P50 P90
42. Base Case - Blending: SS and Acid
• Sulfide sulfur is not a major problem
• Carbonate materials demand excessive amounts
of acid and above legal limits
42
3.5
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
%
Year
Sulfide sulfur
Estimation Scenarios Limits
0
20
40
60
80
100
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
ThousandTons
Year
Acid consumption
44. 44
• Fit to the existing pit designs and accessibility
constraints; guarantee a minimum mining width for
accessibility of mining equipment and so on
• Reduce unnecessary displacement of equipment
by connecting cluster of blocks on a bench within
the same period
• Ensure slope and mining capacity constraints are
respected
• Blending, stockpiling and processing decisions are
re-optimized to satisfy requirements
Modified (practical) stochastic schedule
45. 45
Modified (practical) stochastic schedule
Raw Schedule
Select Pit
Select top
bench
Does it need
correction?
Connect cluster of blocks
guaranteeing mining width
and respecting mining rates
Re-optimize blending,
stockpiling and processing
decisions
Mark bench as
corrected
Is there a
lower bench?
Yes
No
Select higher bench
without correction
Is there
another pit?
No
Yes
Yes
Modified Schedule No
46. Modified stochastic schedule – Mega Pit
Full View
Modified
(practical)
Stochastic
plan
Base case
plan
Bench 3400 Bench 2460
Stochastic vs conventional schedules:
Substantially different parts of the pit are mined at the same year
Colours represent production years
46
47. 47
Modified stochastic schedule – Vista Pit
Full View
Modified
(practical)
Stochastic
plan
Base case
plan
Bench 0500 Bench 0360
Colours represent production years
Stochastic vs conventional schedules:
Substantially different parts of the pit are mined at the same year
49. • Sulfide sulfur is well controlled
• Acid requirement is below the maximum
consumption allowed in the long-term plan
49
P50 Base Case (mine’s) Scenarios Limits
Modified (practical) stochastic schedule
52. • Stochastic optimization of the TC mining complex leads to
solutions with increased cashflows, more metal, grade risk
management and blending control
• The stochastic solution shows significant improvement
after been modified for equipment mobility and
accessibility to fit pre existing mine designs:
• Increases expected recovered gold by 7% (9% by
2018)
• Does not exceed the acid consumption at the autoclave
• Increases expected NPV by 7% (9% by 2018)
TC Mining Complex Comments
52
53. Please note:
The Base Case assessments do not account for the
costs of not meeting requirements, such as acid
consumption and others, thus differences in
comparisons and assessments are even larger …
Again: The stochastic schedule presented is fully
practical and in all its aspects, as required by the long
producing Mega and Vista pits.
• What if the stochastic LOM plan was done earlier in
the life of the TC mining complex?
TC Mining Complex Comments
53
54. What if the stochastic scheduler
finds a
different and larger ultimate pit?
Twin Creeks Gold Mining Complex, Nevada
55. Stochastic schedule - More ore, larger pit
55
1 extra year of ore to the
autoclave
0
1
2
3
4
5
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027
MillionTons
Year
Sage autoclave processed tons
P50 Base Case Scenarios
Mega Pit – Bench 3940
Conventional Stochastic
56. Stochastic schedule - More ore, larger pit
56
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027
MillionOz
Year
Cumulative gold recovered - LOM
12%
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3.6
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
MillionOz
Year
Cumulative gold recovered – First 6 years
14%
P50 Base Case P10 P50 P90
57. If the technologies presented here were
applied at the early(er) parts of the life of
this mining complex,
even more more Au would be recovered
and even higher cashflows generated
Twin Creeks Gold Mining Complex, Nevada
59. Integrating Geometallurgy at Escondida
Escondida
Norte
Escondida
Leach pad
Bio-Leach
LC - 120Ktpd
LS - 130Ktpd
OGP1 - 160Ktpd
C1
C4
C3
Copper
Cathodes
Concentra
te to Port
C5
C2
Grades
- Cu
- Fe
- As
- Au
UNCERTAINTY
Geology
Geometallurgy
Hardness
- SPi
- BWI
Recovery
Throughput
Material Type
- Oxides
- Mixed
- Sulphides
Energy
consumption
Mining Mode
60. • Effect on the mines: Change to a denser blast net to increase crushability
• Effect on the processing stream:
• 5 primary compression crushers receive material from the two mines and send it
through conveyor belts to the plants.
• The smaller the input rock, the faster the material will pass through the
crusher higher throughput
+ blast
holes
16bh
18bh
Idea: increase blasting in hard rock zones to reduce
negative effects on the processing stream.
Mining Costs
Crusher’s
Capacity
Mining Operation Modes
65. 1 2 34
Spot
Market
Contracts & Value Chain Optimizers
• Objective function
Maximize 𝑆𝑥𝑆′ 𝑡
1
1+𝛾 𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒𝑡,𝑠 − 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑡,𝑠 −
Joint metal (S) and commodity price (S’) uncertainty
66. Contract Design: Numerical Results
66
Profit
Price
Expected with contract
Expected without contract
Worst-case (with contract)
Worst-case (without contract)
Contract demand = 0
Optimal contract price – for a given mining complex under
joint metal and commodity price uncertainty
of
the new contract
Range of new contract prices that add value
given supply and remand uncertainty
67. Conclusions
• Stochastic optimization in mine planning starts with
realistic representations of mineral deposits and
their related uncertainties.
• Simultaneous stochastic optimization coordinates
LOM production schedules, destination policies and
processing streams.
• Focus on value of products sold rather than
materials mined.
• Decentralized approach for evaluating processing
streams permits detailed modelling, including
geometallurgical responses.
68. Conclusions
• Nickel laterite example shows ability to create multi-
element blending policies while considering
uncertainty and variability of material properties.
• Gold mining complex demonstrates ability to
simultaneously optimize production with
less risk and higher NPV.
• Copper reconciliation study – Feasibility study vs
stochastic schedule compared to blast holes over 13
years demonstrates major improvements in
forecasting through stochastic mine planning.
69. Conclusions
• Escondida study shows new ongoing developments
in dealing with geomet in simultaneous stochastic
optimization of mining complexes.
• Joint supply and demand uncertainty adds new
dimensions to mine planning.
• The basis of and future needs for all presented is a
natural part of digital technologies and big data …
as it has always been.
70. Conclusions
• Ongoing research not presented includes:
• Extending further the framework for the simultaneous
stochastic optimization of mining complexes.
• Smarter self-learning decision support systems
integrating incoming sensor data, and link to both short
and long term production planning.
• Hyper-heuristic methods for solving much larger
mathematical optimization formulations faster.
• High-order stochastic simulation methods for mineral
deposits (focus on the spatial connectivity of extreme
values that drive production sequencing).