The document discusses the use of mechanical specific energy (MSE) as a tool to understand coring parameters and optimize core recovery. It introduces MSE and how it can be calculated and applied to coring operations, just as it is used in conventional drilling. Limited published data from laboratory coring experiments are re-analyzed to provide more insight. Field data from a coring operation in Oklahoma are also examined. Preliminary results suggest axial energy is proportional to rock hardness while rotational energy (MSE) is proportional to confined compressive strength.
2007 drilling drlg sym - optimizing bit performancefrancoiskdevos
This document discusses using mechanical specific energy (MSE) to optimize drilling performance. It defines MSE and provides the MSE equation. MSE can be used to determine optimal weight on bit and rotary speed through drill-off tests. Real-time MSE monitoring helps identify drilling inefficiencies and determine when to replace bits. Graphs of MSE trends over time help estimate bit wear and predict performance.
Reservoir rocks experience compaction when fluid is produced, causing a change in pore volume and effective stress. There are three types of compressibility - rock matrix (grain) compressibility measures change in grain volume, rock bulk compressibility measures change in total formation volume, and pore volume compressibility measures change in pore space. Accurately measuring and modeling compressibility is important for predicting changes in porosity and formation properties during production.
This document discusses drilling optimization by considering drilling problems and their solutions. It begins by describing different types of stuck pipe situations including bridging, pack off, wellbore geometry issues, and differential sticking. It then examines indicators and prevention methods for several specific causes of stuck pipe like unconsolidated formations, cement blocks, junk, key seating, ledges, undergauge holes, and mobile formations like salt. The document also reviews rate of penetration factors, well control methods, kick causes, and provides a case study example for calculating differential force, buoyant weight, hook load, and margin of overpull to free a stuck pipe.
This document discusses wellbore stability and identifies potential drilling problems. It defines wellbore stability as maintaining a balance between rock stress and rock strength to prevent failure or deformation of rocks near the wellbore. Several factors can impact stability, including pore pressure, rock strength, in-situ stresses, and mud weight. The objectives are to identify stability issues early, take corrective actions to avoid problems like lost circulation or stuck pipe, and provide background for preventative planning.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in drilling engineering related to pore pressure prediction and fracture gradient determination. It discusses how pore pressures are estimated based on geology, porosity logs, and seismic data. Formations can be normally or abnormally pressured depending on factors like compaction. Leak-off tests are used to directly measure fracture gradients and determine maximum safe mud weights. Understanding pore pressure and fracture gradients is essential for well planning activities like mud weight selection and casing design.
1. Hydraulics is important for drilling operations to remove cuttings, balance pore and fracture pressures, and prevent wellbore collapse. It becomes more critical for HPHT and extended reach wells with small pressure margins.
2. Key components of the circulating system include the drill pipe, annulus, casing, open hole, drill collars, mud pump, mud pit, and drill bit. Pressure losses occur through these components and must be calculated and balanced against pore and fracture pressures.
3. Proper mud weight and viscosity are needed to provide adequate hydrostatic pressure and hole cleaning while avoiding fracturing. The equivalent circulating density accounts for both mud weight and pressure losses.
Este documento describe los métodos teóricos y prácticos para determinar los gradientes de fractura en pozos de petróleo. Explica las ecuaciones de Hubert & Willis, Matthews & Kelly y Eaton para calcular gradientes de fractura teóricamente. También detalla cómo realizar pruebas de presión en campo, como pruebas de leak off, para medir gradientes de fractura empíricamente. Finalmente, resume las ocho funciones principales de un lodo de perforación según API, incluyendo el transporte de escombros, control de presiones, lubricación y
The extensive slide-pack starts with introducing physics and basics on geomechanics. A lot of stress and rock strength concepts are explored. Then it moves on to explain the importance of the discipline for drilling, injection, sanding. Apart from giving theory to understand more difficult content that follow, it throws in practical application and prepares good ground for further study of geomechanical literature.
2007 drilling drlg sym - optimizing bit performancefrancoiskdevos
This document discusses using mechanical specific energy (MSE) to optimize drilling performance. It defines MSE and provides the MSE equation. MSE can be used to determine optimal weight on bit and rotary speed through drill-off tests. Real-time MSE monitoring helps identify drilling inefficiencies and determine when to replace bits. Graphs of MSE trends over time help estimate bit wear and predict performance.
Reservoir rocks experience compaction when fluid is produced, causing a change in pore volume and effective stress. There are three types of compressibility - rock matrix (grain) compressibility measures change in grain volume, rock bulk compressibility measures change in total formation volume, and pore volume compressibility measures change in pore space. Accurately measuring and modeling compressibility is important for predicting changes in porosity and formation properties during production.
This document discusses drilling optimization by considering drilling problems and their solutions. It begins by describing different types of stuck pipe situations including bridging, pack off, wellbore geometry issues, and differential sticking. It then examines indicators and prevention methods for several specific causes of stuck pipe like unconsolidated formations, cement blocks, junk, key seating, ledges, undergauge holes, and mobile formations like salt. The document also reviews rate of penetration factors, well control methods, kick causes, and provides a case study example for calculating differential force, buoyant weight, hook load, and margin of overpull to free a stuck pipe.
This document discusses wellbore stability and identifies potential drilling problems. It defines wellbore stability as maintaining a balance between rock stress and rock strength to prevent failure or deformation of rocks near the wellbore. Several factors can impact stability, including pore pressure, rock strength, in-situ stresses, and mud weight. The objectives are to identify stability issues early, take corrective actions to avoid problems like lost circulation or stuck pipe, and provide background for preventative planning.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in drilling engineering related to pore pressure prediction and fracture gradient determination. It discusses how pore pressures are estimated based on geology, porosity logs, and seismic data. Formations can be normally or abnormally pressured depending on factors like compaction. Leak-off tests are used to directly measure fracture gradients and determine maximum safe mud weights. Understanding pore pressure and fracture gradients is essential for well planning activities like mud weight selection and casing design.
1. Hydraulics is important for drilling operations to remove cuttings, balance pore and fracture pressures, and prevent wellbore collapse. It becomes more critical for HPHT and extended reach wells with small pressure margins.
2. Key components of the circulating system include the drill pipe, annulus, casing, open hole, drill collars, mud pump, mud pit, and drill bit. Pressure losses occur through these components and must be calculated and balanced against pore and fracture pressures.
3. Proper mud weight and viscosity are needed to provide adequate hydrostatic pressure and hole cleaning while avoiding fracturing. The equivalent circulating density accounts for both mud weight and pressure losses.
Este documento describe los métodos teóricos y prácticos para determinar los gradientes de fractura en pozos de petróleo. Explica las ecuaciones de Hubert & Willis, Matthews & Kelly y Eaton para calcular gradientes de fractura teóricamente. También detalla cómo realizar pruebas de presión en campo, como pruebas de leak off, para medir gradientes de fractura empíricamente. Finalmente, resume las ocho funciones principales de un lodo de perforación según API, incluyendo el transporte de escombros, control de presiones, lubricación y
The extensive slide-pack starts with introducing physics and basics on geomechanics. A lot of stress and rock strength concepts are explored. Then it moves on to explain the importance of the discipline for drilling, injection, sanding. Apart from giving theory to understand more difficult content that follow, it throws in practical application and prepares good ground for further study of geomechanical literature.
Este documento describe los principios básicos de la hidráulica de la broca de perforación. Explica que la presión circulante óptima en la broca se encuentra entre el 50-65% de la presión superficial. También cubre cómo calcular la velocidad de las boquillas, la fuerza de impacto, y los pasos para optimizar la hidráulica de la broca para cada situación de perforación. El objetivo general es maximizar la eficiencia de la perforación al lograr una hidráulica adecuada en la broca.
1) Monitoring drilling parameters such as weight on bit, rotational speed, fluid flow rate, and penetration rate allows for optimization of drilling rates.
2) Drilling simulation software uses historical data to model the complex interaction between drill bits and rock formations and predict optimal drilling parameter combinations.
3) A case study analysis of a drill site in the Norwegian Continental Shelf demonstrated that increasing weight on bit, rotational speed, and fluid flow rate can increase penetration rates, while an overestimation of rock strength by 50% could decrease penetration rates by up to 82%.
El documento describe los diferentes tipos y métodos de pesca utilizados en la industria petrolera. La pesca es la técnica para recuperar objetos atascados en un pozo petrolero. Existen tres clasificaciones de pesca dependiendo de si hay o no tubería de revestimiento en el área del atascamiento. El documento también explica las causas comunes de atascamientos de tubería y las medidas preventivas y correctivas para resolver este problema.
Exposición de Rossio García, especialista en Geomecánica; fue transmitida en VIVO para la comunidad del Portal de Ingeniería. Para poder ver la charla, ingresa al siguiente enlace: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0Csw5ACwHI
Complete Casing Design with types of casing, casing properties, casing functions, design criteria and properties used for designing and one numerical problem
Stress analysis is the essence that is needed while planning exploration, drilling and development operations in oil and gas industries. Proper knowledge of Geomechanics will help us to reduce the risk of failure as well as provide a better picture of stresses inside the earth. From Hydrofracturing to directional drilling, stresses play their parts.
Analisis nodal para pozos verticales de gas y condensadoMaria Garcia
Este documento presenta un estudio de optimización de la producción de un pozo de gas y condensado a través del análisis de caídas de presión en el sistema de producción. Los objetivos incluyen estudiar las caídas de presión mediante el Análisis Nodal, determinar el caudal óptimo del pozo y modificar variables para encontrar un caudal productivo. Se describe el sistema de producción, métodos de análisis nodal, características del reservorio, determinación de caídas de presión y una aplicación práctica al pozo V
Extended-reach wells present difficult drilling challenges, which if inadequately understood and addressed can yield significant downside risks and extensive non-productive time (NPT). These challenges are mainly due to complex well designs that combine high-deviation and extended-reach wellbores with difficult geology and hostile environments. Understanding the challenges and developing solutions are important to deliver the well with the proper casing specifications for production purposes.
Geomechanically, due to their long reaches and high deviations, borehole instability and lost circulations are particularly dominant in the overburden shale sections of extended-reach and horizontal wells. However, a good understanding of the rock failure mechanisms and an innovative use of the wellbore strengthening techniques can mitigate these geomechanical challenges through integration with good drilling practices such as efficient equivalent circulating density (ECD) management and effective hole-cleaning strategies. In addition, the long open-hole exposure typically experienced in these wells can cause chemical, thermal and/or fluid penetration issues that can further complicate the difficult drilling conditions. These secondary influences further stress the importance of incorporating geomechanical understanding in drilling fluids formulation.
This presentation focuses on the geomechanical challenges of drilling extended-reach wells. It highlights the need to integrate geomechanical solutions with appropriate drilling practices, particularly solutions based on good understanding of the intricate relationship between borehole stability, lost circulation, ECD, hole cleaning and bottom-hole assembly (BHA) optimizations in overcoming the drilling performance limiters. A case history will be presented as an example.
Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
The document discusses the functions and types of casing strings used in oil and gas wells. It describes the different casing strings like conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It also covers casing design criteria like classifications based on outside diameter, length, connections, weight, and grade. The mechanical properties of casing are discussed in relation to withstanding tensile, burst, and collapse loads during drilling and production operations.
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
Curso de Problemas Operacionales en Perforación de Pozoskilber1990
Este curso ofrece técnicas para solucionar los problemas operacionales durante la Perforación de Pozos bien sea por causa de la formación es decir: Estabilidad del hoyo, Formaciones Ductiles, Formaciones Quebradizas, Lutitas que se derrumban. O a causa del Lodo (Mud): Perdida de Circulación, Pega o atascamiento, arremetida reventones, Operaciones de Pesca.
The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
This document provides an overview of geomechanics concepts for petroleum engineers. It discusses stress and strain theory, elasticity, homogeneous and heterogeneous stress fields, principal stresses, and the Mohr circle construction. It also covers rock deformation mechanisms including cataclasis and intracrystalline plasticity. Key concepts are defined such as normal and shear stress, elastic moduli like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, elastic stress-strain equations, and strain measures including conventional, quadratic, and natural strain.
This document provides an overview of drilling operations for oil wells. It discusses the key components and systems involved in rotary drilling, including the hoisting system (derrick, blocks, drawworks), rotating system (swivel, kelly, rotary table, drill pipe), and circulating system. The hoisting system is used to lift and lower the drill pipe. The rotating system transmits torque from the surface to turn the drill bit. Together these systems allow a drilling rig to drill holes miles deep into the earth to explore for oil and gas.
Este documento describe las herramientas utilizadas en la perforación direccional, incluyendo barrenas direccionales, top drive, tubería de perforación, lastrabarrenas, crossovers, estabilizadores y amortiguadores. Explica las funciones y características de cada herramienta para ayudar a dirigir y estabilizar el taladro durante la perforación.
Bullheading is a common non-circulating method for killing live wells prior to workovers. It involves pumping kill fluid into the tubing to displace produced fluids back into the formation. A bullheading schedule is generated using formation pressure, desired overbalance, fracture pressure, tubing specifications, and pump data to safely control pumping pressures within the initial and final maximum pressures. The schedule provides checkpoints to monitor pumping pressure and volume throughout the operation. Special attention should be paid to any increases in casing pressure which could indicate downhole issues.
This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
Casing is essential for safely drilling oil and gas wells. It must withstand forces during drilling and through the life of the well. Different casing strings are run to isolate formations with different pressures and seal off problematic zones to allow deeper drilling. Surface casing isolates fresh water and supports blowout preventers. Intermediate casing increases pressure integrity to drill deeper and protects progress. Production casing houses completion equipment and isolates the producing zone. Liners are shorter strings hung from intermediate casing to complete zones economically. Proper casing and cementing is crucial to isolate formations and prevent communication between zones.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
Este documento describe los principios básicos de la hidráulica de la broca de perforación. Explica que la presión circulante óptima en la broca se encuentra entre el 50-65% de la presión superficial. También cubre cómo calcular la velocidad de las boquillas, la fuerza de impacto, y los pasos para optimizar la hidráulica de la broca para cada situación de perforación. El objetivo general es maximizar la eficiencia de la perforación al lograr una hidráulica adecuada en la broca.
1) Monitoring drilling parameters such as weight on bit, rotational speed, fluid flow rate, and penetration rate allows for optimization of drilling rates.
2) Drilling simulation software uses historical data to model the complex interaction between drill bits and rock formations and predict optimal drilling parameter combinations.
3) A case study analysis of a drill site in the Norwegian Continental Shelf demonstrated that increasing weight on bit, rotational speed, and fluid flow rate can increase penetration rates, while an overestimation of rock strength by 50% could decrease penetration rates by up to 82%.
El documento describe los diferentes tipos y métodos de pesca utilizados en la industria petrolera. La pesca es la técnica para recuperar objetos atascados en un pozo petrolero. Existen tres clasificaciones de pesca dependiendo de si hay o no tubería de revestimiento en el área del atascamiento. El documento también explica las causas comunes de atascamientos de tubería y las medidas preventivas y correctivas para resolver este problema.
Exposición de Rossio García, especialista en Geomecánica; fue transmitida en VIVO para la comunidad del Portal de Ingeniería. Para poder ver la charla, ingresa al siguiente enlace: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0Csw5ACwHI
Complete Casing Design with types of casing, casing properties, casing functions, design criteria and properties used for designing and one numerical problem
Stress analysis is the essence that is needed while planning exploration, drilling and development operations in oil and gas industries. Proper knowledge of Geomechanics will help us to reduce the risk of failure as well as provide a better picture of stresses inside the earth. From Hydrofracturing to directional drilling, stresses play their parts.
Analisis nodal para pozos verticales de gas y condensadoMaria Garcia
Este documento presenta un estudio de optimización de la producción de un pozo de gas y condensado a través del análisis de caídas de presión en el sistema de producción. Los objetivos incluyen estudiar las caídas de presión mediante el Análisis Nodal, determinar el caudal óptimo del pozo y modificar variables para encontrar un caudal productivo. Se describe el sistema de producción, métodos de análisis nodal, características del reservorio, determinación de caídas de presión y una aplicación práctica al pozo V
Extended-reach wells present difficult drilling challenges, which if inadequately understood and addressed can yield significant downside risks and extensive non-productive time (NPT). These challenges are mainly due to complex well designs that combine high-deviation and extended-reach wellbores with difficult geology and hostile environments. Understanding the challenges and developing solutions are important to deliver the well with the proper casing specifications for production purposes.
Geomechanically, due to their long reaches and high deviations, borehole instability and lost circulations are particularly dominant in the overburden shale sections of extended-reach and horizontal wells. However, a good understanding of the rock failure mechanisms and an innovative use of the wellbore strengthening techniques can mitigate these geomechanical challenges through integration with good drilling practices such as efficient equivalent circulating density (ECD) management and effective hole-cleaning strategies. In addition, the long open-hole exposure typically experienced in these wells can cause chemical, thermal and/or fluid penetration issues that can further complicate the difficult drilling conditions. These secondary influences further stress the importance of incorporating geomechanical understanding in drilling fluids formulation.
This presentation focuses on the geomechanical challenges of drilling extended-reach wells. It highlights the need to integrate geomechanical solutions with appropriate drilling practices, particularly solutions based on good understanding of the intricate relationship between borehole stability, lost circulation, ECD, hole cleaning and bottom-hole assembly (BHA) optimizations in overcoming the drilling performance limiters. A case history will be presented as an example.
Wireline logging involves continuously recording geophysical measurements in a borehole and plotting them against depth. It provides precise information between cuttings and cores. Resistivity logs measure formation resistivity using focused and non-focused tools to profile resistivity at different depths. Resistivity indicates lithology, textures, and can identify hydrocarbons based on negative separation between measurements. Caliper logs measure borehole size and shape using mechanical or geometry tools. Together, resistivity and caliper logs are used for hydrocarbon identification, correlation, facies identification, and determining lithology, textures, and fluid saturation.
The document discusses the functions and types of casing strings used in oil and gas wells. It describes the different casing strings like conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, and production casing. It also covers casing design criteria like classifications based on outside diameter, length, connections, weight, and grade. The mechanical properties of casing are discussed in relation to withstanding tensile, burst, and collapse loads during drilling and production operations.
During a period of erosion and sedimentation, grains of sediment are continuously building up on top of each other, generally in a water filled environment. As the thickness of the layer of sediment increases, the grains of the sediment are packed closer together, and some of the water is expelled from the pore spaces. However, if the pore throats through the sediment are interconnecting all the way to surface the pressure of the fluid at any depth in the sediment will be same as that which would be found in a simple colom of fluid. The pressure in the fluid in the pores of the sediment will only be dependent on the density of the fluid in the pore space and the depth of the pressure measurement (equal to the height of the colom of liquid). it will be independent of the pore size or pore throat geometry.
Curso de Problemas Operacionales en Perforación de Pozoskilber1990
Este curso ofrece técnicas para solucionar los problemas operacionales durante la Perforación de Pozos bien sea por causa de la formación es decir: Estabilidad del hoyo, Formaciones Ductiles, Formaciones Quebradizas, Lutitas que se derrumban. O a causa del Lodo (Mud): Perdida de Circulación, Pega o atascamiento, arremetida reventones, Operaciones de Pesca.
The document discusses the concept of skin factor in wellbore flow, which is a dimensionless quantity that describes flow efficiency. A positive skin factor indicates damage that restricts flow, while a negative skin indicates flow enhancement. Skin can result from various factors like partial completion, damage near the wellbore, hydraulic fracturing, or deviation of the well from vertical. Equations are provided to calculate the pressure drop and flow efficiency based on the skin factor. The total skin is the sum of individual skin components from different sources like damage, completion, deviation etc.
This document provides an overview of geomechanics concepts for petroleum engineers. It discusses stress and strain theory, elasticity, homogeneous and heterogeneous stress fields, principal stresses, and the Mohr circle construction. It also covers rock deformation mechanisms including cataclasis and intracrystalline plasticity. Key concepts are defined such as normal and shear stress, elastic moduli like Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, elastic stress-strain equations, and strain measures including conventional, quadratic, and natural strain.
This document provides an overview of drilling operations for oil wells. It discusses the key components and systems involved in rotary drilling, including the hoisting system (derrick, blocks, drawworks), rotating system (swivel, kelly, rotary table, drill pipe), and circulating system. The hoisting system is used to lift and lower the drill pipe. The rotating system transmits torque from the surface to turn the drill bit. Together these systems allow a drilling rig to drill holes miles deep into the earth to explore for oil and gas.
Este documento describe las herramientas utilizadas en la perforación direccional, incluyendo barrenas direccionales, top drive, tubería de perforación, lastrabarrenas, crossovers, estabilizadores y amortiguadores. Explica las funciones y características de cada herramienta para ayudar a dirigir y estabilizar el taladro durante la perforación.
Bullheading is a common non-circulating method for killing live wells prior to workovers. It involves pumping kill fluid into the tubing to displace produced fluids back into the formation. A bullheading schedule is generated using formation pressure, desired overbalance, fracture pressure, tubing specifications, and pump data to safely control pumping pressures within the initial and final maximum pressures. The schedule provides checkpoints to monitor pumping pressure and volume throughout the operation. Special attention should be paid to any increases in casing pressure which could indicate downhole issues.
This document discusses caliper logs, which measure the size and shape of a borehole. It describes different types of caliper tools, including multi-finger, dual caliper, and ultrasonic caliper tools. The document explains that caliper logs provide information about borehole shape and volume, mud cake buildup, lithology, and cement volume. More arms on a caliper tool provide more accurate measurements of borehole cross-section and shape. Caliper logs are often run with acoustic or neutron-density logs.
production engineering 2 topic.
which includes the production logging tools, its application, categories of application and also some uses of the log with example in the practical life and physics.
Casing is essential for safely drilling oil and gas wells. It must withstand forces during drilling and through the life of the well. Different casing strings are run to isolate formations with different pressures and seal off problematic zones to allow deeper drilling. Surface casing isolates fresh water and supports blowout preventers. Intermediate casing increases pressure integrity to drill deeper and protects progress. Production casing houses completion equipment and isolates the producing zone. Liners are shorter strings hung from intermediate casing to complete zones economically. Proper casing and cementing is crucial to isolate formations and prevent communication between zones.
Experimental and Analytical Investigation of Drilling of Sandwich Composites:...IOSR Journals
A composite material is made out of a mixture or a combination of two or more distinctly differing
materials which are insoluble in each other and differ in form or chemical composition. The technological and
commercial interest in composite material lies in their superior properties of strength-to-weight, stiffness-toweight,
fatigue and thermal expansion compared to metals. Extensive use of composite in application such as
rockets, satellites, missiles, light combat aircraft, advanced light helicopter and trainer air craft has shown that
India is on par with the advanced countries in the development and use of composites in this area.
Drilling is probably the most important conventional mechanical process and it is the most widely used
machining operation. Prediction of cutting forces for any set of cutting parameters is essential in optimal design
and manufacturing of products. It has been predicted that most of the problem associated with hole making
operation, such as drilling, can be attributed to the force generated during cutting operation. Many
developments and experiments are going on drilling of Sandwich composite for damage free drilling along with
the quality of the hole and the effect of tool geometry and tool material.
This paper aims at the comprehensive analytical and experimental investigation work done on the
composites material. The conclusion of the paper discusses the development and outlines the trends for the
research in this field.
This document summarizes an experimental study on optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate during turning of AISI D2 steel. 27 experiments were conducted using a full factorial design varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Cutting speed had the greatest effect on surface roughness, while feed rate and depth of cut most influenced material removal rate. Analysis of variance found cutting speed contributed 79.8% to surface roughness. Grey relational analysis identified the optimal condition for low surface roughness as low feed rate, low depth of cut, and high cutting speed.
This document analyzes drill bit performance data from four oil wells in Upper Assam, India to determine the most suitable bits for different formations using the specific energy method of bit selection. It studies drill bit data from wells drilling through sand/clay and sand/clay/coal/shale formations. For 8.5" bits in sand/clay, PDC bits had the lowest specific energy. For 12.25" bits in sand/clay/coal/shale, bit types showed increasing specific energy with Bit Type 1 having the lowest. The specific energy method allows comparison of bit performance to select the most efficient bit for a given formation.
This document summarizes improvements in cutter technology that have led to faster drilling in hard, abrasive formations in the East Texas Basin. New cutter manufacturing processes using tighter diamond packing and synthesis under extreme high pressure/high temperature have yielded a highly abrasion resistant cutter. Field testing found the new cutter achieved around a 15% increase in rate of penetration while improving the condition of dull bits. Further refinements to the manufacturing process, including reducing residual stress through post-processing, have addressed challenges and produced a cutter that laboratory tests show has around a 10% reduction in diamond volume loss compared to previous cutters.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that evaluated the effects of drill geometry and machining parameters on drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites. The study used high-speed steel, solid carbide, and polycrystalline diamond drills to drill holes in CFRP laminates at various spindle speeds and feed rates. The results showed that drill point geometry, material, speed, and feed rate influence delamination, surface roughness, cutting forces, and chip formation. In particular, a combination of high speed and low feed rate with a drill geometry having a high point angle was found to reduce delamination.
A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ELECTRO DISCHARGE MACHINE USING ROTARY TO...IRJET Journal
The document presents a comparative experimental study on performance of rotary tool electro discharge machining (EDM) and die sinking stationary tool EDM when machining an AL 6061 alloy. Experiments were conducted to compare key performance measures of the two EDM processes like material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness, inner overcut and roundness. Results showed that rotary EDM achieved higher material removal rates and lower tool wear rates than die sinking EDM. Rotary EDM also produced thinner recast layers and better surface finish compared to die sinking EDM. Process parameters like peak current, pulse on-off times and speed significantly impacted the performance measures.
Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: Case studyIRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles of varying diameters from 450mm to 600mm and 10m length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is safe as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
IRJET-Design of Pile Foundation for site in Sangli district of Maharashtra: C...IRJET Journal
This document presents a case study of designing a pile foundation for an OPD building in Sangli District, Maharashtra, India.
The soil at the site was found to be clayey based on tests. Piles were chosen as the foundation type due to the very low bearing capacity of the soil. Piles ranging from 600mm to 450mm in diameter and 10m in length were designed. Reinforcement details are provided in a table. The paper concludes that the pile foundation design is suitable as the load on each pile is less than the working load.
Experimental Study on Tuned Liquid Damper and Column Tuned Liquid Damper on a...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on using tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) and column tuned liquid dampers (CTLDs) to reduce vibrations in a 3-story framed structural model subjected to seismic excitation. A scaled physical model was constructed and various damper configurations were tested on a shake table. Test results showed that both TLDs and CTLDs significantly reduced the maximum displacement of the structure compared to no damper. Optimal mass ratios were identified, with TLD mass ratios of 30-75% and CTLD mass ratios of 45-55% providing vibration reductions over 65% for different input frequencies. TLDs and CTLDs harness the movement of liquid in a rigid container to dissipate
1. The document describes an experimental study that aims to determine the effect of varying load, sliding velocity, and number of cycles on the depth of wear of CuPb24Sn4 metal-lined bush bearings used in automobile engines.
2. Tests were conducted using a single cylinder engine mounted on a dynamometer test bed, with bush samples subjected to varying load and speed cycles over time periods ranging from 300-1000 minutes.
3. Preliminary results found that depth of wear in the bush lining increases with time, followed by effects from velocity and load. Further analysis of test data aimed to establish relationships between depth of wear and changing operational parameters.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Implementation of Response Surface Methodology for Analysis of Plain Turning ...IJERD Editor
This paper investigates the effect of cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness of mild steel material with turning process. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed in the experiment. The investigated turning parameters were cutting speed (CS) (1150, 850m/min), feed rate (FR) (1 and 0.5 mm/rev) and depth of cut (DOC) (1.0 and 0.5 mm) and no. of cuts(NOC) (2 and 1). The results showed that the interaction between the feed rate and depth of cut, was the primary factor controlling surface roughness. The responses of various factors were plotted using a three-dimensional surface graph. The optimum condition required for minimum surface roughness(SR) include cutting speed of 1150 m/min, feed rate of 1 mm/rev, axial depth of cut of 0.5 mm and no. of cut 1. With this optimum condition, a surface roughness of 0.280μm was obtained. The methodology for above experimentation is presented in this paper along with results and interpretation.
Gray Relational Basedanalysis of Tool SteelIRJET Journal
This document presents research on optimizing the electro discharge machining (EDM) process for tool steel using Taguchi methods and grey relational analysis. The researchers conducted experiments with tool steel as the workpiece material and copper as the electrode. Response variables included material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (Ra). Taguchi methods were used to design the experiments and orthogonal arrays. Grey relational analysis was then used to analyze the multiple responses and determine the optimal process parameters. The analysis involved normalizing the experimental data, calculating grey relational coefficients and grades, and analyzing the results using ANOVA to select parameters that maximize MRR and minimize Ra.
A Review on Dressing and Grinding OperationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on dressing and grinding operations. Dressing conditions the grinding wheel to increase efficiency and productivity. Grinding is an abrasive machining process used to improve surface finish. The paper reviews how process parameters like dressing orientation, feed rate, depth of cut, and number of passes affect surface roughness, wheel performance, and wear. Recent developments in dressing and grinding are also reviewed. Different studies investigated the effects of dressing on forces, surface roughness, and wheel wear. Optimization of dressing parameters can decrease surface roughness and grinding forces.
Assignment of weights method for the optimization of ti n coated carbide reamingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research study that investigated using TiN coated carbide reaming instead of WEDM to machine cylindrical bores in electro hydraulic servo valves (EHSV). The study used an L9 orthogonal array experimental design to test the effects of reaming speed, feed rate, and allowance on surface finish and cylindricity. Assignment of weights method was used to analyze the multi-response data and identify optimal parameter combinations. The results supported selecting production parameters that meet quality and cost targets while improving process performance compared to WEDM.
IRJET - Optimization of Crankshaft by Modification in Design and MaterialIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an analysis and optimization of a crankshaft design for a 4-cylinder inline gasoline engine. A 3D model of the crankshaft was created in Siemens NX software based on engine specifications. Finite element analysis was performed in ANSYS to evaluate stresses and deformation. The analysis showed maximum von Mises stress of 223.76 MPa and shear stress of 127.31 MPa, both at joints between the crankshaft spindle and web. Total deformation was a minimal 0.14091 mm. The safety factor of 1.5195 indicated the design would withstand fatigue loading over an infinite lifespan. Modifications like added fillets helped reduce stresses by distributing loads more evenly. The optimized
Effectiveness of multilayer coated tool in turning of aisi 430 f steeleSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents minimization of surface roughness in dry turning of AISI 430F steel using TiN-TiCN-Al2O3-ZrCN multilayer coated cemented carbide & cryo-treated inserts. Effect of cutting velocity, feed rate, depth of cut & machining duration is studied on the surface roughness. Taguchi’s design of experiment is used to find the optimum factor levels. It is found that the feed rate has much effect in producing lower surface roughness followed by speed. The depth of cut has lesser role on surface roughness. The result of Taguchi method shows that cutting velocity of 250m/min, feed rate of 0.25 mm/rev and depth of cut of 0.3mm should be maintained as optimal parameter settings for both coated and cryo-treated tools. Cryo-treated tools perform better. Keywords: Cryo-treatment, Dry Turning, Surface roughness, Taguchi Method
Field Failure Analysis of DTH Hammer BitIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a field failure analysis of a down-the-hole (DTH) hammer bit used in drilling operations. It discusses common failure modes of drilling tools like drill strings and drill bits, including fatigue failure, tooth loss/fracture, and vibrations. It analyzes how factors like borehole geometry, drilling conditions, fluid properties, and bit design can negatively impact drilling tools and cause premature failure. The document aims to identify reasons for failure in order to improve drilling efficiency and wellbore stability.
IRJET - Design and Analysis of Connecting Rod using Different MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of a connecting rod using different materials through finite element analysis. The connecting rod was modeled in NX 10 software and analyzed in ANSYS Workbench. Materials analyzed included titanium alloy, beryllium alloy, magnesium alloy, and aluminum 360. ANSYS was used to analyze von mises stress, strain, deformation, factor of safety, and weight reduction for each material. Aluminum alloy was found to have a higher factor of safety, lower weight, lower stress, and was stiffer than forged steel. Fatigue analysis can also determine the lifetime of the connecting rod. The connecting rod was designed, modeled, and analyzed to compare the performance of different materials.
Similar to Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE) in Coring (20)
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
2. results in detail. The role of axial and rotational energy will be analyzed and their influence on rock properties will be discussed.
The efficient coring zone of linear weight-on-bit with DOC and torque with DOC will be presented and anomaly due to balling
or undue vibrations will be discussed. Finally, the preliminary results show that the axial energy is proportional to hardness and
rotational energy (nearly equal to MSE) is proportional to confined compressive strength.
References Cited
Armenta, M., 2008, Identifying Inefficient Drilling Conditions Using Drilling-Specific Energy: in SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, SPE paper # 116667: Denver, Colorado, USA.
Boghdady, G.Y., 2010, Mechanical and Geological Influences on Drilling Limestone Rock at Low Rotary Speed: J. of
Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, v. 38/1, p 259-270, January 2010.
Curry, D., et al., 2005, Technical Limit Specific Energy-An Index to Facilitate Drilling Performance Evaluation: Paper
SPE/IADC 92318 presented at the 2005 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 23-25 February.
Dupriest, F.E. and W.L. Koederitz, 2005, Maximizing Drill Rates with Real-Time Surveillance of Mechanical Specific Energy:
in SPE/IADC Drilling Conference. SPE/IADC 92194: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
El- Biblawi, M.M. et al., 2007, Some Drilling Parameters as a Tool to Predict Different Categories of Rocks: J. of Engineering
Sciences, Assiut University, v. 35/4, p. 995-1008, July 2007.
Sayed M.A. and G.Y. Boghdady, 2010, Optimization of Diamond Core Bit Performance Utilizing High Rotary Speed in Drilling
Limestone Rocks: J. of Engineering Sciences, v. 38/6, p. 1531-1543, Nov 2010.
Sinor et al., 1992, Development of Ant Whirl Core Bit: SPE paper # 24587 presented at SPE ATCE Washington DC.
Pessier, R.C., and M.J. Fear, 1992, Quantifying Common Drilling Problems with Mechanical Specific Energy and a Bit-Specific
Coefficient of Sliding Friction: SPE 24584 presented at the 1992 SPE 67th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
Washington, DC, 4-7 October.
3. Pessier et al., 2012, Drilling Performance is a Function of Power at the Bit and Drilling Efficiency: SPE/IADC paper # 151389-
MS.
Teale R., 1965, The Concept of Specific Energy in Rock Drilling: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
& Geomechanics Abstracts 2, no. 1 (March 1965), p. 57–73.
Waughman, R.J., et al., 2002, Real-Time Specific Energy Monitoring Reveals Drilling Inefficiency and Enhances the
Understanding of When to Pull Worn PDC Bits: SPE/IADC Paper # 74520.
5. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
OUTLINE
Background on Coring Technology
Introduction to Mechanical Specific Energy
Glossary of Key Terms & Equations
Drilling or Coring as Two-step Process
Data obtained in Coring (Lab)
Data obtained in Coring (Field)
Discussions & Conclusions
Acknowledgements
6. Presenter’s notes: Traditionally, RC bit has very low durability due to limited load bearing capacity of the bearings in cones; the
aggressiveness Mu is very low; it does not generate high Torque, thus rotating rotational power needed to drill is never a limiting
factor; it utilizes a small component of installed capacity. It uses mostly crushing (Presenter’s notes continued on next slide)
~CE20l8
~CE20l8
~CE20l8
7. (Presenter’s notes continued from previous slide)
mechanism. On the other hand, PDC generates very high torque, ROP is far more than tri-cone, and it draws more power from the
installed capacity and at faster rates. However, variation in torsional oscillation is significantly higher, tubulars are always in fatigue
limits, and thus controlled drilling mitigating dynamics issue is always the priority. This becomes more problematic in tortuous path
where energy transfer is problem. Just as the PDC replaced the roller cone bits, PDC core bits also replaced both the rollercone or
Impreg diamond core bits. The limitations of full PDC bits also apply to core bits. Mitigating vibrations in GOM coring operations
resulted smooth drilling, RPM was increased, wall of the cores obtained was smooth, uninterrupted coring with breaks up to 3 ft
straight, core was gauged with no evidence of vibrations (Sinor et al 1992, SPE 24587). Further anti balling features of additional fluid
passage and higher flow rate also increased the ROP by three times, core run got doubled, and recovery increased from 80% to 93%.
8. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE)
1. 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦, 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = +
. . .
.
where, W = weight on bit, A = cross section area of drilling, RPM = revolutions per minute, T = torque, ROP = rate of penetration
1. 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐾𝑒𝑟𝑓 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = . (𝑂𝐷 −𝐼𝐷 )
where OD = outer-diameter of core bit, ID = inner diameter of core bit
3. 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝐷𝑂𝐶 =
DOC is a normalized parameter for speed of drilling when RPM is also changing in addition to W
4. 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
. .
.
This is due to rotational energy; 99% of work while drilling.
9. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Key Terms & Equations
5. 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡, 𝐷𝑂𝐶 =
. .
.
6. 𝐵𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠, µ =
.
.
7. Bit Efficiency = = 0.125 – 0.35
8. 𝑅𝑂𝑃 ∗ 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
. .
= k * Power
10. Presenter’s notes: At very low DOC, it is in a grinding mode, Stage 1, bit may also be buried in cuttings-bed. On the other hand,
beyond “flounder or founder” point, Stage 2, bit balling, vibrations makes ROP-WOB non-linear. Bit translates only 30-40 % of input
energy to useful ROP. In-between drilling is efficient, more the WOB there is a (Presenter’s notes continued on next slide)
~CE20l8
Efficient
inefficient
• •
.:
MSE would
be very high
Increased
founder point
•
Increased
WOB
-~
~
, , ,,,,
Bit design, vibration
mitigat ion and
efficient cuttings
removal enhances
efficient drilling
.:
Efficient drilling is within the linear WOB & ROP stage
It gives lowest MSE before the founder point.
Sinor et ai, 1992 [SPE 24587] have shown by mitigating vibrations and balling
issues, the core was gauged, recovery to 93%, ROP thrice and core run twice.
~CE20l8
Efficient
I inefficient
MSE would
be very high
Increased
founder point
Increased
WOB
, , ,,,,
Bit design, vibration
mitigation and
efficient cuttings
removal enhances
efficient drilling
~CE20l8
I
I
I
I
I
I -,,__~
Efficient
I inefficient
MSE would
be very high
Increased
fau nder point
Increased
WOB
, , ,,,,
Bit design, vibration
mitigation and
efficient cuttings
removal enhances
efficient drilling
11. (Presenter’s notes continued from previous slide)
proportionate increase in ROP; increase in HYDRAULICS will hardly change in ROP. Slope is nearly constant for the given bit, given
rock and at GIVEN RPM. Lower SLOPE is for roller cone; higher slope is for PDC bits; its reflection of Aggressiveness, Mu. At
founder point, its maximum ROP achievable using current system. The founder point is due to a) bit balling, b) bottom hole balling,
and c) vibrations. If there is no founder then other parameter may limit the energy applications including solids handling capacity.
12. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Key Terms & Equations
MSE & ROP are inversely related for a given rig-power (Eq. 8).
Two-examples of efficient and in-efficient cores (Sinor et al ‘ 1992)
Example 1
Example 2
13. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Drilling or Coring as 2-Step Process
An example comparing performance of
Impregnated and Roller cone bits. Both have
~ same ROP vs WOB trend (above).
However, Figure above-right (STEP 1) shows
Impreg bit highly aggressive. But figure-right
(STEP 2) shows less aggressive bit gives
more ROP thus roller cone more efficient.
STEP 1
STEP 2
14. Presenter’s notes: Very limited data sets exist in literature elaborating coring process be it in lab environment or field. One such lab
data (Imbaby, Boghdady & Biblawi, from Egypt) is re-analyzed. Igneous (pink and black granite), Sedimentary (five kinds of
limestone) and metamorphic (white and black marble) from Assiut region of Egypt (Presenter’s notes continued on next slide)
I CE20l8
30
28 'I M"'lJot-_ ....
LimesloDe •
marbk •
Sa.dSIODe ~
0.0 SO 100 ISO
, ,
..
I CE20l8
)0
28 'I Mor'YlI-t-_ ....
LimesloDf: •
marble •
Sa.dSlODf: •
~O SO 100 ISO
, ,
..
I CE20l8
)0
28 'I Mor'YlI-t-_ ....
LimesloDC!: •
marble •
Sa.duoDI!: •
~O SO 100 ISO
, ,
15. (Presenter’s notes continued from previous slide)
were selected and cored. Rock types were in the form of 20 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm brick shaped. The limestone ranged from 6.8-12.9%
porosity, density 2.1-2.4 g/cc, UCS 138-259 MPa, and Tensile strength 17.1-27.4 MPa. The coring machine is a fixed laboratory type
with core bit of thin walled impregnated diamond type with ID 40 m and OD 45 mm. Coring was carried out using various weights on
bit of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 300, 390, and 480 kg force. Rotation speeds (RPM) were 300, 400 and 1000. At other
series of tests, even RPM of 1200. Although, drilling fluid with a range mud-weight (9-12 ppg) with viscosity in a wide range (30-50
sec/qrt) were used this decreased the ROP and increased the MSE but were not discussed in this work.
16. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Lab)
Step 1 of coring process: linear zone in
WOB-Torque, its efficient drilling zone.
Step 1 of coring process: Stronger
rocks allow less aggressiveness (µ).
At very low WOB, coring or drilling is in
friction mode and thus in-efficient. The
WOD-Torque may be non-linear.
At very high WOB, coring or drilling is
also in-efficient as it Founders, stalls,
generates vibrations and making rig
unstable, WOB-Torque is non-linear.
Excess WOB may over-crush the
rocks and cuttings removal may be in-
efficient causing non-linear zone.
Granite
Limestone
Marble
17. Presenter’s notes: WOB-vs.-ROP, RPM-vs.-ROP, or WOB-vs.-Torque explains the coring process but often mixing several things.
Depth of cut (DOC) appeared better indicator of ROP when RPM changes. If all the torque available is used to produce more ROP,
the drilling or coring is considered most efficient. The increase in ROP due to increase in WOB is widely discussed in the literatures
but it complicates the analysis of drilling process. The slope of Torque with DOC is an indication of Mechanical Specific Energy
(MSE), stronger rocks (granite) need more torque than weak rocks (marble) for unit DOC. An in-efficiency in cuttings removal, bit
wear, or poor hydraulics hampers the drilling or coring efficiency.
18. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Lab)
MSE)is found to be best indicator of
coring efficiency.
The minimum MSE obtained appeared
to be proportional to the strength or even
the porosity.
The minimum MSE is higher for stronger
rocks (granite) and lower for weak rocks
(marble & limestone).
The dimensionless index (UCS/MSE) is
found to have limited use in coring when
all the data is combined.
Mineral content, grain size, and
anisotropy due to fracture or drilling
orientation affected coring severely.
Granite
Limestone
Marble
19. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Field)
Geological settings, logs, coring bit and cores are shown
20. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Field)
Coring data defines Step 1 & 2 coring process Key rock properties
Mu (µ) & MSE
21. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Field)
Step 1 process of coring seen
only in granite.
Step 1 process of coring is not
seen in weaker rocks due to pool
of crushed bed, poor cuttings
removal, worn bit, or vibrations.
Stronger rocks (only granite in
this case) allowed high
aggressiveness than in weak or
porous rocks.
There is an opportunity to
understand the coring
mechanism including diamond
and matrix used, extent of wear
and hydraulics used.
Higher weight on bit (WOB)
producing higher Torque is only
seen in hard rocks, granite.
?
22. Presenter’s notes: Depth of cut (DOC) appeared better indicator of ROP when RPM changes. Torque vs. ROP was also used to
analyze coring but is not shown here. If all the torque available is used to produce ROP, the drilling or coring is considered most
efficient. This was true for granite. The same is also true for sandy shale and sandstone but only at low DOC. At high DOC, the
efficiency decreased. The slope of Torque with DOC is an indication of Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE), stronger rocks (granite)
need more torque than weak rocks (shale and sandstone) for unit DOC. An in-efficiency in cuttings removal, bit wear, poor hydraulics,
or vibrations hampers the drilling or coring efficiency, which needs to be examined.
23. Presenter’s notes: Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE) is found to be best indicator of coring efficiency. The MSE decreasing with
increase in DOC is expected and is consistent. The minimum MSE is higher for stronger rocks (granite) and lower for weaker shale
and sandstone. At low DOC (may be in the beginning of coring); perhaps rubbing or friction grinding increased the MSE. Rock
mechanical properties including compressive strength (unconfined compressive strength, UCS; Young’s modulus, YM, tensile
strength (TS) and mineralogy were examined to explain the drilling process (next slide).
~CE20l8
25 10000
• 9000 'in
• c.
'. '"
20 8000
]'
7000
'"
i!!
15 6000
I!)
'"
• u
0
5000 ~
"C
~
10 4000 <II
.t:
3000 ~
"
5 2000
c:
w
u
<;:
1000 'u
-----.J "
c.
0 0 VI
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
~CE20l8
25 10000
• 9000 ...
• c.
'. ""
20 8000
]'
7000
'"
i!!
15 6000 I!l
'"
• u
0
5000 ~
• '"
~
10 4000 ..
£
3000 ~
"
5 2000
c:
w
u
1000
<;:
'u
-----.J "
c.
0 0 '"
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
~CE20l8
25 10000
• 9000 'in
• c.
'. ""
20 8000 Qj'
.
..
7000 c:
i!!
15 6000
C)
""
• u
0
5000 ~
• "C
~
10 4000 ..
=-
3000 [0
"
5 2000
c:
w
u
1000
<;:
'u
-----.J "
c.
0 0 '"
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
24. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Field)
Step 1 process of coring data compared with UCS &
Young’s modulus of elasticity for all the rock types
Granite
Sandstone
Shale
Cement
Granite
Sandstone
Shale Cement
Stronger rocks have
lower bit coefficient
of friction or Mu (µ)
Stiffer rocks have
lower bit coefficient
of friction or Mu (µ)
25. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
MSE Data analysis in Coring (Field)
* Depth of cut (DOC) indicates hardness or stiffness.
* Stronger or stiffer the rocks, lower is the DOC.
* Not enough data for granite and Sand
Granite
Sandstone
Shale
Cement
Granite
Sandstone
Shale Cement
Stiffer rocks give
much lower DOC
Stronger rocks give
much lower DOC
26. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Discussions & Conclusions
Coring bits as compared to conventional drill bits are almost the same.
Both the coring and conventional bits could be of roller-cone (RC),
Polycrystalline diamond cutter (PDC) bit and Impregnated diamond
(Impreg) bits.
Proper choice of bits depends on rock types, the cutting mechanism
used, the drilling environments given, and the drillability of the rock
type.
A large body of works has been done on suitable drill bit selection data
analysis for conventional drill bits; the same should apply to core bits.
However, not much work has been done in core bit selection or coring
data analysis. Present work attempts to compile and analyze coring.
27. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Discussions & Conclusions
Core bit data (in the lab environment) appeared to follow the
conventional drilling of 2-step process.
1) WOB applied is used to generate Torque depending upon bit design and the
environmental conditions, and it defines Aggressiveness (or µ)
2) Torque is used to produce rate of penetration (ROP); the ratio is ~ Mechanical
Specific Energy (MSE) and it defines the efficiency of coring.
Role of rock mechanical properties (UCS and Young’s modulus) were
found to affect both Aggressiveness (µ) and MSE.
Present work of coring cement, shale, sandstone and granite indicated
few anomalies in coring parameters; more work is needed for clarity.
Future work along the same direction would help mature data capture,
data analysis and bit design which would lead to better core recovery,
core quality, drilling efficiency, and reduce NPT.
28. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
Acknowledgements
• U.Prasad, D. Moronkeji, R. Shouse & R. Villegas would like to thank
Baker Hughes, a GE company for allowing to present at the AAPG.
• Authors would like to thank AAPG - ICE 2018 Team for selecting the
abstract and further for the presentation .
• Authors would like to thank various colleagues of Baker Hughes also
for valuable discussion and suggestions.
• Finally, previous work by authors and co-workers are duly recognized
as references:
29. Click to edit Master
title style
Click to edit Master subtitle style
References Cited
1. Teale R., 1965. The Concept of Specific Energy in Rock Drilling. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining
Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 2, no. 1 (March 1965): 57–73.
2. Pessier, R.C. and Fear, M.J., 1992. Quantifying Common Drilling Problems with Mechanical Specific Energy and a Bit-
Specific Coefficient of Sliding Friction. SPE 24584 presented at the 1992 SPE 67th Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Washington, DC, 4-7 October.
3. Pessier et al., 2012. Drilling Performance is a Function of Power at the Bit and Drilling Efficiency. SPE/IADC paper #
151389-MS.
4. Curry, D., et al., 2005. Technical Limit Specific Energy-An Index to Facilitate Drilling Performance Evaluation. Paper
SPE/IADC 92318 presented at the 2005 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 23-25 February.
5. Dupriest, F.E. and W.L. Koederitz, 2005. Maximizing Drill Rates with Real-Time Surveillance of Mechanical Specific Energy.
in SPE/IADC Drilling Conference. SPE/IADC 92194: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
6. Armenta, M., 2008. Identifying Inefficient Drilling Conditions Using Drilling-Specific Energy, in SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition. SPE paper # 116667: Denver, Colorado, USA.
7. Waughman, R.J., et al.; 2002. Real-Time Specific Energy Monitoring Reveals Drilling Inefficiency and Enhances the
Understanding of When to Pull Worn PDC Bits., SPE/IADC Paper # 74520.
8. Sinor et al.; 1992. Development of Ant Whirl Core Bit. SPE paper # 24587 presented at SPE ATCE Washington DC.
9. El- Biblawi, M.M. et al., 2007. Some Drilling Parameters as a Tool to Predict Different Categories of Rocks. J. of
Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol 35, No 4, pp 995-1008, July 2007.
10. Boghdady, G. Y., 2010. Mechanical and Geological Influences on Drilling Limestone Rock at Low Rotary Speed. J. of
Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol 38, No 1, pp 259-270, January 2010.
11. Sayed M. A. and Boghdady, G.Y.; 2010. Optimization of Diamond Core Bit Performance Utilizing High Rotary Speed in
Drilling Limestone Rocks. J. of Engineering Sciences, Assiut University, Vol 38, No 6, pp 1531-1543, Nov 2010.