Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow by Firouz Khodayari and Yashar Pourrahimian in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
Second hand ship purchase and selling is one of the important businesses of shipping company, especially for the company which is a asset playing shipping company. This the outcome of our group's research to find the factors which affect the S&P of second hand capesize vessel price.
Second hand ship purchase and selling is one of the important businesses of shipping company, especially for the company which is a asset playing shipping company. This the outcome of our group's research to find the factors which affect the S&P of second hand capesize vessel price.
Deswik-IPCC2013 Presentation-Scenario based analysis of IPCC trade-offsDeswik
This presentation was delivered by Deswik at the I-M Mining IPCC 2013 conference on 14th October 2013.
The presentation outlines a recommended approach for assessing the viability of In Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) for mining operations. The key point is that modelling MUST include both the proposed system as well as other conventional fleet areas of the mine, modelled as a single system. This allows identification of system interactions and fatal flaws that are evident only in a combined mine plan model.
In previous years multiple presentations called for development of mine planning software that is capable of effective IPCC planning. Deswik commenced work in February 2013 on addressing this need, and have formed a partnership with industry experts RWE to ensure the result is fit for purpose. This presentation illustrates techniques that use the first results of this endeavour.
Modelling Calendar Time Structure for Open Pit Mining Equipment Performance C...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The effective operating time (EOT) of the equipment in an open pit mine determines the capacity of the mine. Clearly, EOT is only a part of the total
calendar time, which also includes various down times or non-productive times, caused by different factors. Therefore, it is important to analyze the
components of calendar time. A logical prerequisite for such an analysis as well as for predicting the capacity of a projected mine is a plausible model of
calendar time structure and clear definitions of its components. We present here such a model, which is based on a comparative study of calendar time
structure models used by several mining companies. Furthermore, we discuss the proportionality of downtimes and non-productive times to the EOT.
This is fundamental for the prediction of the capacity of open-pit mines in projection, rationalization or expansion.
fjncdjbcxfknvswykbfdbkvcsibcxjvxjbcfjcfbvbcjvgbcbbcbPrediction in petroleum simulations refers to the process of forecasting and estimating various aspects of oil and gas reservoir behavior and production performance using simulation models. Petroleum simulations involve modeling and simulating the complex processes that occur in underground reservoirs, such as fluid flow, phase behavior, rock properties, and well interactions.
In the context of petroleum engineering, simulation models are used to predict and analyze key reservoir parameters and production behavior. These predictions can include:
1. Reservoir Performance: Simulation models can predict the behavior of fluids (oil, gas, and water) within the reservoir, including flow rates, pressure changes, and fluid movement. These predictions help engineers understand how the reservoir will perform over time, including factors such as production rates, recovery factors, and pressure depletion.
2. Well Performance: Simulations can predict the performance of individual wells, including productivity, pressure drawdown, and fluid compositions. This information is crucial for well planning, optimization, and decision-making related to drilling, completion, and production strategies.
3. Fluid Behavior: Simulation models can predict the behavior of hydrocarbon fluids under different reservoir conditions, such as phase behavior (vapor-liquid-gas equilibrium), fluid compositions, and fluid properties. This information is vital for understanding fluid flow, reservoir drive mechanisms, and the potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques.
4. Reservoir Management: Simulations help in predicting the effectiveness of reservoir management strategies, such as water flooding, gas injection, or steam injection for enhanced oil recovery. Engineers can simulate different scenarios and predict their impact on reservoir performance, production rates, and ultimate recovery.
5. Uncertainty Analysis: Simulations can also incorporate uncertainty analysis to assess the range of possible outcomes and quantify the associated risks. By considering uncertainties in parameters such as reservoir properties or production data, engineers can generate probabilistic predictions that provide insights into the range of potential outcomes.
Overall, prediction in petroleum simulations plays a crucial role in reservoir characterization, field development planning, production optimization, and decision-making in the oil and gas industry. It helps engineers and decision-makers understand reservoir behavior, evaluate different strategies, and make informed decisions to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and optimize production.define about prediction in simulationsPrediction in simulations refers to the process of estimating or forecasting the future behavior or outcomes of a system based on its current state and known dynamics. Simulations are often used to model complex systems, such as physical phenomena, economic systems, or
Grindability Studies of Mineral Materials of Different MorphologyCrimsonPublishersAMMS
These studies have been carried out to compare the grinding characteristics of different morphological mineral matters. Coal, dolomite, manganese
and iron ores samples were ground using a ball mill in different grinding conditions (dry and wet) and at different critical speed (R45%, R70% and R90%)
during wet grinding. Results are compared considering the relative impact on particle size and shape. Materials were ground in a lab scale ball mill for
2hours with steel balls and size analysis of products were carried out using different size sieves (1, 0.5, 0.25, 0.15, 0.106 and 0.053mm). Microscopic
studies were carried out to know the effect of different grinding conditions on particle properties. Light, fine grain and soft dolomite shows only 8%
reduction in D80 whereas heavy, friable and hard manganese ore shows a 29% reduction in D80 for similar dry and wet grinding conditions. It was found
that light materials are less sensitive towards mill speed (R) during wet grinding. Energy calculations indicated that wet grinding is less efficient for
low density and soft materials than high density and hard materials. The relative increase in the fineness (D80) for coal, dolomite, manganese ores and
iron ores were 8.9, 6.5, 25, and 15.8%, respectively for wet and dry grinding. Variation in D/L indicates that abrasion is a prominent phenomenon in dry
grinding and chipping is more prominent in wet grinding especially for material with bedded structures.
The Physicochemical and Thermal Properties of Consciousness Energy Healing Tr...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Silver oxide possesses antimicrobial properties and also has numerous applications in space research, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.
It is not readily soluble in most of the solvents and highly sensitive to light. Thus, this study was executed to evaluate the impact of the Trivedi
Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the physicochemical and thermal properties of silver oxide using PSA, PXRD, and DSC analytical
techniques. The test sample was divided into two parts: one part was control sample and the other part was treated sample. The control sample did not
receive Biofield Energy Treatment; whereas the treated sample received the Biofield Energy Treatment remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer,
Gopal Nayak. The particle size values of the treated silver oxide powder were significantly decreased at d10, d50, d90, and D(4,3) by 9.507%, 4.957%,
3.463%, and 4.787% respectively, thus the specific surface area was significantly increased by 7.647% compared with the control sample. The peak
intensities and crystallite sizes were significantly altered from -91.53% to 26.92% and -69.76% to 8.83%, respectively; however, the average crystallite
size was significantly decreased by 35.62% in the treated sample compared with the control sample.
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Deswik-IPCC2013 Presentation-Scenario based analysis of IPCC trade-offsDeswik
This presentation was delivered by Deswik at the I-M Mining IPCC 2013 conference on 14th October 2013.
The presentation outlines a recommended approach for assessing the viability of In Pit Crushing and Conveying (IPCC) for mining operations. The key point is that modelling MUST include both the proposed system as well as other conventional fleet areas of the mine, modelled as a single system. This allows identification of system interactions and fatal flaws that are evident only in a combined mine plan model.
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Modelling Calendar Time Structure for Open Pit Mining Equipment Performance C...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
The effective operating time (EOT) of the equipment in an open pit mine determines the capacity of the mine. Clearly, EOT is only a part of the total
calendar time, which also includes various down times or non-productive times, caused by different factors. Therefore, it is important to analyze the
components of calendar time. A logical prerequisite for such an analysis as well as for predicting the capacity of a projected mine is a plausible model of
calendar time structure and clear definitions of its components. We present here such a model, which is based on a comparative study of calendar time
structure models used by several mining companies. Furthermore, we discuss the proportionality of downtimes and non-productive times to the EOT.
This is fundamental for the prediction of the capacity of open-pit mines in projection, rationalization or expansion.
fjncdjbcxfknvswykbfdbkvcsibcxjvxjbcfjcfbvbcjvgbcbbcbPrediction in petroleum simulations refers to the process of forecasting and estimating various aspects of oil and gas reservoir behavior and production performance using simulation models. Petroleum simulations involve modeling and simulating the complex processes that occur in underground reservoirs, such as fluid flow, phase behavior, rock properties, and well interactions.
In the context of petroleum engineering, simulation models are used to predict and analyze key reservoir parameters and production behavior. These predictions can include:
1. Reservoir Performance: Simulation models can predict the behavior of fluids (oil, gas, and water) within the reservoir, including flow rates, pressure changes, and fluid movement. These predictions help engineers understand how the reservoir will perform over time, including factors such as production rates, recovery factors, and pressure depletion.
2. Well Performance: Simulations can predict the performance of individual wells, including productivity, pressure drawdown, and fluid compositions. This information is crucial for well planning, optimization, and decision-making related to drilling, completion, and production strategies.
3. Fluid Behavior: Simulation models can predict the behavior of hydrocarbon fluids under different reservoir conditions, such as phase behavior (vapor-liquid-gas equilibrium), fluid compositions, and fluid properties. This information is vital for understanding fluid flow, reservoir drive mechanisms, and the potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques.
4. Reservoir Management: Simulations help in predicting the effectiveness of reservoir management strategies, such as water flooding, gas injection, or steam injection for enhanced oil recovery. Engineers can simulate different scenarios and predict their impact on reservoir performance, production rates, and ultimate recovery.
5. Uncertainty Analysis: Simulations can also incorporate uncertainty analysis to assess the range of possible outcomes and quantify the associated risks. By considering uncertainties in parameters such as reservoir properties or production data, engineers can generate probabilistic predictions that provide insights into the range of potential outcomes.
Overall, prediction in petroleum simulations plays a crucial role in reservoir characterization, field development planning, production optimization, and decision-making in the oil and gas industry. It helps engineers and decision-makers understand reservoir behavior, evaluate different strategies, and make informed decisions to maximize hydrocarbon recovery and optimize production.define about prediction in simulationsPrediction in simulations refers to the process of estimating or forecasting the future behavior or outcomes of a system based on its current state and known dynamics. Simulations are often used to model complex systems, such as physical phenomena, economic systems, or
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These studies have been carried out to compare the grinding characteristics of different morphological mineral matters. Coal, dolomite, manganese
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studies were carried out to know the effect of different grinding conditions on particle properties. Light, fine grain and soft dolomite shows only 8%
reduction in D80 whereas heavy, friable and hard manganese ore shows a 29% reduction in D80 for similar dry and wet grinding conditions. It was found
that light materials are less sensitive towards mill speed (R) during wet grinding. Energy calculations indicated that wet grinding is less efficient for
low density and soft materials than high density and hard materials. The relative increase in the fineness (D80) for coal, dolomite, manganese ores and
iron ores were 8.9, 6.5, 25, and 15.8%, respectively for wet and dry grinding. Variation in D/L indicates that abrasion is a prominent phenomenon in dry
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Silver oxide possesses antimicrobial properties and also has numerous applications in space research, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
2. How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
AMMS.000501. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/AMMS.2017.01.000501
Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
2/8
Aspects Min Miner Sci
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
draw points to be opened/closed in each period, which slices to be
extracted, what the best direction for mining development is, and
what is the production rate and the production-grade during the
life of mine. A detailed literature review of production scheduling
in block-cave mining can be found in Khodayari & Pourrahimian [3].
Figure 1: Block cave mining [3].
Compare to open pit mining, production schedule in block-cave
mining is more complicated to be optimized, mainly because of the
material flow and its uncertainties. Researchers have been trying
to model the flow of material and how it can impact the production
in cave mining for almost three decades. Numerical models [1,4,5];
pilot tests [6,7] and full scale experiments [8-10] have been used to
study the flow of the material. Pilot models have many limitations
andinmostcasescannotdescribethebehavioroftheflow.Full-scale
methods are usually expensive to use. Numerical models can be
more efficient and less expensive if they are properly modeled [11].
Used Pascal cone to understand the probabilities of blocks moving
down as the production occurs in caving operations. Although this
model was dependent on the cell size and the probabilities, it was
shown that stochastic models could be used to present the behavior
of material flow.
This research proposes a stochastic optimization model
in which, the uncertainty of the material flow which results in
production-grade uncertainty, is implemented in the production
scheduling optimization. This optimum production schedule
will not only maximize the NPV of the project but also minimize
the deviation of the production-grade from a target grade in all
scenarios.
Modeling
The proposed model maximizes the NPV of the mining project
during the life of mine while trying to minimize the deviations of
production grade from a defined target grade. To be able to capture
the uncertainty of production in block-cave mining, the model
is a stochastic optimization in which different scenarios of grade
mixing are considered. The formulation of the objective function
was inspired by a stochastic optimization model which was used by
MacNeil & Dimitrakopoulos [12] for determining the optimal depth
of transition from open pit to underground mining. The scenarios
are defined based on the grade distribution in the mine reserve.
Each scenario represents one circumstance that can happen during
the production based on the flow of the material. Figure 2 shows
the flow of the material and how it can impact the production.
Figure 2: Flow of the material and its impact on the
production grade.
3. Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
AMMS.000501. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/AMMS.2017.01.000501
3/8
Aspects Min Miner Sci
Volume 1 - Issue - 1
While extracting from a draw point, the material can move
not only from the column above (DC8) but also from the columns
in its neighborhood (DC1… DC7) into the intended draw point.
The unpredicted material movements during the caving are the
main source of the uncertainties in the operations. A production
schedule would be more realistic if the uncertainties are captured.
As it was mentioned, the decision units for the production schedule
are the slices; the slice model is built based on the resource block
model, the column above each draw point is divided into slices. In
this section, the mathematical programming model is presented in
details.
Notation
Indices:
∈{1,..., }t T Index for scheduling periods
∈{1,..., }sl Sl Index for individual slices
∈{1,..., }dp Dp Index for individual draw points
∈{1,..., }s S Index for individual scenarios
∈{1,..., }a A Index for the adjacent draw points
Variables:
∈[0,1]t
slX Binary decision variable that determines if slices l is
extracted in period t[ =1t
slX ]or not [ = 0t
slX ]
∈{0,1}t
dpY Binary decision variable which determines whether
draw point dp in period t is active [ =1t
dpY ] or not [ = 0t
dpY ]
∈{0,1}t
dpZ Binary decision variable which determines whether
draw point dpat period t (periods 1, 2,..,t) has started its extraction [
=1t
dpZ ] or not [ = 0t
dpZ ]
∈ ∞{0, }t
usd Excessive amount from the target grade (the metal
content)
∈ ∞{0, }t
lsd Deficient amount from the target grade (the metal
content)
Model parameters:
slg Copper (Cu) grade of slice sl
Eg Expected copper grade based on all scenarios
slton Ore tonnage of slice sl
ct Current period
dpsl Number of slices associated with draw point dp
Input parameters:
TarGrade The target grade of production which is defined
based on the production goals and processing plant’s requirements
minM Minimum mining capacity based on the capacity of the
plant and mining equipment
maxM Maximum mining capacity based on the capacity of the
plant and mining equipment
ActMin Minimum number of active draw points in each period
ActMax Maximum number of active draw points in each
period
M An arbitrary big number
MinDrawLife Minimum draw point life
MaxDrawLife Maximum draw point life
MinDR Minimum draw rate
MaxDR Maximum draw rate
IntRate Discount rate
RampUp Ramp up
ScenNum Number of scenarios
ct
dpDP Draw point depletion percentage which is the portion of
draw column dp which has been extractedfromdrawpointdp till
period tc
Price Copper price ($/ tonne)
Cost Operating costs ($/tonne)
uC Cost (penalty) for excessive amount ($)
lC Cost (penalty) for deficient amount ($)
Objective function
The objective function is defined as follows:
= = = =
−∑∑ ∑∑1 1 1 1
{( )} { }
T Sl T S
t t t
sl sl s
t sl t s
Maximize E NPV X Grade deviations
= =
= =
× × × − ×
= ×
+
× + ×
−
+
∑∑
∑∑
1 1
1 1
( ( /100)) ( os )
(1 )
1
( )
(1 )
T Sl
tEsl sl sl
slt
t sl
t tT S
ls l us u
t
t s
Price Rec g ton C t ton
X
IntRate
d c d c
S IntRate
(1)
The first part of the objective function maximizes the NPV of
the project during the life of mine by finding the optimum sequence
of extraction for the slices in the mine reserve. The second part
minimizes deviations of the production-grade from the target
grade in different scenarios during the life of mine; thisis done by
allocating penalties to the deviations that might happen in different
scenarios.
Constraints
Operational and technical constraints of block-cave mining
operationsareconsideredtocontroltheoutputsoftheoptimizations
model.Some decision variables depend on the number of draw
points and the number of slices in each draw point.
Logical constraints: There are two sets of binary decision
variables in the proposed model which will be required for defining
different constraints. Logical constraints connect the continuous
decision variables to the binary ones, each set contains two
inequality equations.
4. How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
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∈
∈
∈
Set 1: {0,1},t
dp
dp Dp
Y
t T
=
− × ≤∀ ∈ ∈ → ∑1
0&
dpsl
t t
dp sl
sl
Y M Xt T dp Dp (2)
=
− × ≤∀ ∈ ∈ → ∑1
0&
dpsl
t t
sl dp
sl
X M Yt T dp Dp (3)
∈
∈
∈
Set 2: {0,1},t
dp
dp Dp
Z
t T
=
=∀ ∈ → ∑1
c
c
t
t t
dp dp
t
DP Ydp Dp (4)
− × ≤∀ ∈ ∈ → 0& ct t
dp dpDP M Zt T dp Dp (5)
− × ≤∀ ∈ ∈ → 0& ctt
dp dpZ M DPt T dp Dp (6)
Mining Capacity: Mining capacity is limited based on the
production goals and the availability of equipment.
=
×∀ ∈ → ≤ ≤∑min max
1
Sl
t
sl sl
sl
t T M ton X M (7)
Production-grade: This constraint ensures that the production
gradeisascloseaspossibletothetargetgradeindifferentscenarios.
The deviations from the target grade for all scenarios in different
periods of production during the life of mine are considered for this
constraint.
=
− + − =∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ → × ×∑1
) 0& ( l u
Sl
t
sl tar sl sl
sl
d dt T s S g G ton X (8)
Reserve: This constraint makes sure that not more than the
mining resources can be extracted, the output of the model would
be the mining reserve.
=
∀ ∈ → ≤∑1
1
T
t
sl
t
sl Sl X
(9)
Active draw points: A limited number of draw points can be in
operation at each period; the mining layout, equipment availability,
and geotechnical parameters can define this constraint.
=
∀ ∈ → ≤ ≤∑1
Dp
t
dp
dp
t T ActMin Y ActMax (10)
Mining precedence (horizontal): The precedence is defined
based on the mining direction in the layout. Production from each
draw point can be started if the draw points in its neighbourhood
which are located ahead (based on the mining direction) has already
started their production. Equation (11) presents this constraint.
=
∀ ∈ ∈ → × ≤ ∑1
&
A
t t
dp a
a
dp Dp t T A Z Z (11)
Where A is the number of draw points in the neighbourhood
of draw point dp which are located ahead (based on the defined
advancement direction), and Z is the second set of binary variables.
Mining precedence (vertical): This constraint defines the
sequence of extraction between the slices within the draw columns
during the life of mine.
−
=
∀ ∈ ∀ ∈ ∈ → ≤ ∑ 1
1
& &
ct
t t
sl sl
t
dp Dp sl Sl t T X X (12)
This equation ensures that in each period of t, slicesl(in the
draw column associated with draw point dp)is extracted if slice sl-1
beneath it is already extracted in the periods before or during the
same period(tic
).
Continuous mining: This constraint guarantees continuous
production for each of the draw points during the life of mine. In
other words, if a draw point is opened, it is active in consecutive
years (with at least the minimum draw rate of DRMin)till it is closed.
−
∀ ∈ ∈ → ≤ + −1
& (1 )t t t
dp dp dpdp Dp t T Y Y Z (13)
Draw rate: The total production of each draw point in each
period of t is limited to a minimum and maximum amount of draw
rate.
=
∀ ∈ ∈ → × ≤ × ≤∑1
&
dpsl
t t
Min dp sl sl Max
sl
dp Dp t T DR Y ton X DR (14)
Draw life: Draw points can be in production during a certain
time which is called draw life. The draw life is limited to the
minimum and maximum years of operations by the following
equation:
=
∀ ∈ → ≤ ≤∑1
T
t
dp
t
dp Dp MinDrawLife Y MaxDrawLife (15)
Solving the optimization problem
The proposed stochastic model has been developed in MATLAB
[13] and solved in the IBM ILOG CPLEX environment [14]. CPLEX
uses branch-and-cut search for solving the problem to achieve a
solution within the defined mip gap (or the closest lower gap). The
case study in this research was solved by a gap of 3% (a feasible
integer solution proved to be within three percent of the optimal).
Case Study
Figure 3: Draw points layout (circles represent draw points).
The proposed model was tested on a block-cave mining
operation with 102 draw points. It was a copper-gold deposit with
the total ore of 22.5 million tones and the weighted average grade
of 0.85% copper. The draw column heights vary from 320 to 351
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meters. Figure 3 & Figure 4 show the draw points layout (2D) and
a conceptual view of the draw columns (3D).Each draw column
consists of slices with the height of 10 meters (33 to 36 slices for
each draw column). In total, the model was built on 3,470 slices.
The goal is to produce a maximum of 2 million tones of ore per year
during the ten years of mine life. The details of the input parameters
for the case study are presented in Table 1.
Figure 4: A conceptual view of the draw columns.
Table 1: Scheduling parameters for the case study.
Parameter Value Unit Description
T 10 Year Number of periods (life of the mine)
Gmin 0.5 %
Minimum production average grade
for Cu per each period
Gmax 1.6 %
Maximum production average grade
for Cu per each period
GTar 1.3 % Target production grade (Cu)
Mmin 0 Mt Minimum mining capacity per period
Mst 0.5 Mt
Mining capacity at the first year of
production
Mmax 2 Mt Maximum mining capacity per period
Ramp-up 3 Year
The time in which the production is
increased from starting amount to the
full capacity
ActMin 0 -
Minimum number of active draw
points per period
ActMax 70 -
Maximum number of active draw
points per period
MIPgap 5 %
Relative tolerance on the gap between
the best integer objective and the
objective of the best node remaining
Radius 8.2 m The average radius of the draw points
Density 2.7 t/m3 The average density of the material
M 100 - An arbitrary big number
Min Draw
Life
0 Year Minimum life of draw points
Max Draw
Life
4 Year Maximum life of draw points
DRMin 13,000
Tonne/
year
Minimum draw rate
DRMax 75,000
Tonne/
year
Maximum draw rate
Recovery 85 % Recovery of the processing plant
Price 5,000
$/
tonne
Copper price per tonne of copper
Cost 15
$/
tonne
Operating costsper tonne of ore
(Mining+Processing)
Int Rate 10 % Discount rate
S 50 - Number of scenarios
In this case study, different scenarios were defined by
generating random numbers in MATLAB; a linear function was
defined based on the original grades of the slices to produce
different scenarios. The model was built in MATLAB (R2017a)
and solved using IBM/CPLEX (Version 12.7.1.0). Also, the model
was solved as a deterministic model in which there was no penalty
for deviation from defined target grade. The production-grade in
different scenarios (stochastic model) and deterministicmodel is
shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Average production grade based on the stochastic
and deterministic models.
It can be observed that in all scenarios the production grade
is as close as possible to the defined target grade during the life
of mine. The deterministic model tries to maximize the NPV and
the higher-grade ore is extracted at the first years of production
and then the lower grades at the latter years. The mining capacity
constraint regulates ore production, and the ramp-up and ramp-
down are almost achieved in both stochastic and deterministic
models (Figure 6 & Figure 7).
6. How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
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Figure 6: Ore production during the life of mine (stochastic
model).
Figure 7: Ore production during the life of mine
(deterministic model).
Horizontal precedence, which is the sequence of extraction
between draw points, was achieved for both of models based on the
defined V-shaped precedence (Figure 8 & Figure 9).
Figure 8: Ore production during the life of mine
(deterministic model).
Figure 9: Sequence of extraction for draw points based on
the deterministic model (2D precedence).
Figure 10: Sequence of extraction for slices in draw column
associated with draw point 75 (numbers represent ID of
slices within the draw column).
Vertical precedence determines the sequence of extraction
between slices in each of draw columns. Figure 10 shows the
sequence of extraction in draw column number 75. Extraction
from this draw point starts from year 5 and ends at year 8; the
sequence of extraction is from bottom to top, and the production
is continuous which means that both the vertical precedence and
continuous mining constraints were satisfied. The original height
of draw column number 75 is 330.1 meters with the total ore of
212,397 tonnes which contains 34 slices. Based on the optimization
results (Figure 10), the optimum height of draw or BHD (Best
Height of Draw) was 260 meters with the optimum draw tonnage
of 168,650; this means that 26 out of 34 slices are extracted during
the life of mine.
Number of active draw points and number of new draw points
which are opened in each year for both models are presented in
Figure 11 & Figure 12. Comparing the new draw points to be opened
in each year for two models, the stochastic model does not suggest
big changes from one year to another while the deterministic model
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How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
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shows such a pattern. In other words, the results of the stochastic
model are more practical than the deterministic model. A brief
comparison among the original ore resource model, the results of
the deterministic model, and the results of the stochastic model is
presented in Table 2. For this case study, the mining reserve and
the NPV of the project for both models are almost the same (-2%
in ore reserve and 0.7% for NPV). The stochastic model takes
longer to solve because of the number of decision variables and the
number of constraints, more decision variables for the defining the
deviations and more constraints for of the scenarios.
Figure 11: Active and new opened draw points for the
stochastic model.
Figure 12: Active and new opened draw points for the
deterministic model.
Table 2: Comparing the original model with the deterministic and
stochastic models results
Comparison
item
Original Model
(Mine Resource)
Mine Reserve
Deterministic
Model
Stochastic
Model
Ore tonnage
(Mt)
22.5 14 13.7
Number of slices 3,470 2,160 2,106
Average
weighted grade
(%)
0.85 1.28 1.3
Height of draw
in individual
draw columns
320-351 30-320 30-310
Number of slices
in individual
draw columns
33-36 Mar-32 Mar-31
NPV (M$) - 357.1 359.7
Discussion
Production scheduling for block-cave mining operations
could be challenging because of the material flow uncertainties.
In this research, a stochastic optimization model was proposed to
maximize the NPV of the project while minimizing the production-
grade deviations from the target grade. Results show that stochastic
models are effective for block-cave production scheduling.
Consequently, the production goals are achieved, the constraints
of the mining project are satisfied, the uncertainty of the material
flowis captured,the optimum height of draw (best height of draw)
is calculated as part of the optimization, and the net present value
of the project is maximized. Unlike deterministic models which do
not consider the uncertainty of the material flow, stochastic models
can maximize the profitability of the project while minimizing the
unexpected events. The future work will be on consideration of
both grade and tonnage uncertainties in the production schedule
as well as generating more realistic scenarios.
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8. How to cite this article: Firouz K, Yashar P. Production Scheduling in Block Caving with Consideration of Material Flow. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 1(1).
AMMS.000501. 2017. DOI: 10.31031/AMMS.2017.01.000501
Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
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Volume 1 - Issue - 1
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