The research methodology outlines how research has been performed, addresses an unusual technique as well a description of whether a researcher has introduced a new method or substantially modified one that already occurs. This article takes the initiative in research education to help students develop and retain research skills in planning, preparing, and writing research methods as one of the K 12 learning skills among senior high school research courses. The research methodology comprises basic components including the design, sampling, tools, collection procedures, analysis, and ethical considerations. There are three types of study designs qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. One can explain the sampling procedure, size, subjects tested, and the location of the study in the sampling techniques. On the other hand, a researcher must mention the technical materials used in the study when writing the research instrument. The validity and reliability of the instruments should be tested before being used by the researcher. Since it involves gathering the information needed to resolve the research problem posed, data collection is considered to be the most important step of the research process. Data can be analyzed using a number of techniques, quantitative or qualitative. In addition, the study report should indicate whether and to what extent the studies comply with ethical standards. As a general rule, the research methods should be robust enough to reproduce the results. In this light, these overviews and exemplars help students demonstrate research writing skills and present research methodology throughout the research writing process. Almighty C. Tabuena | Yvon Mae C. Hilario | Mhelmafa P. Buenaflor "Overview and Exemplar Components of the Research Methodology on the Research Writing Process for Senior High School Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38693.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38693/overview-and-exemplar-components-of-the-research-methodology-on-the-research-writing-process-for-senior-high-school-students/almighty-c-tabuena
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research Historical research
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Emancipatory Research: A Synthesis of Quantitative Evidenceiosrjce
Emancipatory research challenges conventional ways in which knowledge is constructed within
educational research. Using the Johanna Briggs methods, the authors conducted a systematic critical appraisal
of the 45 quantitative emancipatory research articles published between 2000 and 2011 and provide a synthesis
of findings. Type of studies, participants, and outcomes measure served as criteria for considering studies. As
the results shown, 125 key findings were assigned into 26 groups, 12 thematic categories, five overarching
descriptions: agency in community health; instruction practice and student engagement; learning experience
impacts student performance; participation, student characteristic and programmatic opportunity; and
university support, international education, evaluation, and professor specialization. The findings suggested
that: systematic appraisal practice could be used for other syntheses; teaching emancipatory research methods
in graduate school is important; course design, teacher program preparation, and teaching activities should
closely represent societal needs, social culture, and demonstrate an awareness of students’ voice and cultural
backgrounds.
The Historical Method in Educational ResearchAJHSSR Journal
Historical research has become increasingly relevant from the perspective of nowadays
education sciences. Many outstanding scholars in the domain often considered that the main path to progress in
the science of education is through carrying out experimental research. Nonetheless, research in education
cannot be reduced to mere empirical observation and investigation based on which innovations are brought
about in education. We cannot afford ignoring, dismissing or placing the critical-reflective capitalization of
acquisitions acquired through the study of past works on a lower level in the field of research. On the contrary,
integrating the results of historical research into the existing, constantly growing scientific knowledge, is a
determinant factor in innovations, developments and improvements in the theory and practice of education.
Through the enhancement of historical research, one of our main goals is to recover ideas and meanings of the
past, which can influence and shape our present and future. Investigating the history of pedagogical thinking is
not just an act of reconstructing the past, but also an opportunity to reveal the valuable dimensions of a tradition
that can inspire and motivate us in all present and future endeavours. Innovative approaches also imply
capitalizing overall past experiences and research to enhance the valuable notions and concepts acquired over
time.
Evidence-based practice as it applies to the library and information sector and, in particular teacher-librarians, is the focus of this research investigation.
The presentation describes various typologies of experiments used to practiced in various fields of social science research. For determination of a sound research design knowledge of types of research design is very important to understand.
Case Study is a method to deeply observe the characteristics of individual unit such as a person, a group or a community, in order to analyse various phenomena in relation to that unit of study.
Ethnography is a method to explore the nature of a certain social phenomenon and it tends to use unstructured data.
Contextualizing Scientific Research Methodologiesiosrjce
This article dissects the various research instruments currently employed, against the backdrop of
the research design, methodology, population, sampling, and sample size. It highlights quantitative and
qualitative research, data collection methods, as well as the validity and reliability of the investigations. The
article adopted a qualitative research design that utilized documentation analyses to evaluate conventional
approaches to research methods. The study concludes by recommending both qualitative and quantitative
analyses in adding depth to an empirical scientific study
Emancipatory Research: A Synthesis of Quantitative Evidenceiosrjce
Emancipatory research challenges conventional ways in which knowledge is constructed within
educational research. Using the Johanna Briggs methods, the authors conducted a systematic critical appraisal
of the 45 quantitative emancipatory research articles published between 2000 and 2011 and provide a synthesis
of findings. Type of studies, participants, and outcomes measure served as criteria for considering studies. As
the results shown, 125 key findings were assigned into 26 groups, 12 thematic categories, five overarching
descriptions: agency in community health; instruction practice and student engagement; learning experience
impacts student performance; participation, student characteristic and programmatic opportunity; and
university support, international education, evaluation, and professor specialization. The findings suggested
that: systematic appraisal practice could be used for other syntheses; teaching emancipatory research methods
in graduate school is important; course design, teacher program preparation, and teaching activities should
closely represent societal needs, social culture, and demonstrate an awareness of students’ voice and cultural
backgrounds.
The Historical Method in Educational ResearchAJHSSR Journal
Historical research has become increasingly relevant from the perspective of nowadays
education sciences. Many outstanding scholars in the domain often considered that the main path to progress in
the science of education is through carrying out experimental research. Nonetheless, research in education
cannot be reduced to mere empirical observation and investigation based on which innovations are brought
about in education. We cannot afford ignoring, dismissing or placing the critical-reflective capitalization of
acquisitions acquired through the study of past works on a lower level in the field of research. On the contrary,
integrating the results of historical research into the existing, constantly growing scientific knowledge, is a
determinant factor in innovations, developments and improvements in the theory and practice of education.
Through the enhancement of historical research, one of our main goals is to recover ideas and meanings of the
past, which can influence and shape our present and future. Investigating the history of pedagogical thinking is
not just an act of reconstructing the past, but also an opportunity to reveal the valuable dimensions of a tradition
that can inspire and motivate us in all present and future endeavours. Innovative approaches also imply
capitalizing overall past experiences and research to enhance the valuable notions and concepts acquired over
time.
Evidence-based practice as it applies to the library and information sector and, in particular teacher-librarians, is the focus of this research investigation.
The presentation describes various typologies of experiments used to practiced in various fields of social science research. For determination of a sound research design knowledge of types of research design is very important to understand.
Case Study is a method to deeply observe the characteristics of individual unit such as a person, a group or a community, in order to analyse various phenomena in relation to that unit of study.
Ethnography is a method to explore the nature of a certain social phenomenon and it tends to use unstructured data.
Objectives:
1. Distinguish the different Types of Research
2. Differentiate quantitative and qualitative data
3. Identify the approaches to Research
4. Cite examples of different Kinds of Research Across Fields
You can watch here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_IZXxN58ag&t=24s
In this paper various approaches, steps and objectives of research are listed and briefly discussed.
This paper discusses four common research approaches, Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed methods and
Advocacy/participatory research, which were commonly used when conducting research. Research is indeed
civilization and determines the economic, social and political development of a nation. Research is Systematic
investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. All research
Approaches Examine and explore the different claims to knowledge and are designed to address a specific type
of research question.
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
The word research is derived from the Middle French “recherché”, which means “to go about seeking”, the term itself being derived from the Old French term “recherché” a compound word from “re-“, again, + “cerchier”, or “searcher”, meaning “search”.
The Western Sydney University online research (2020) defines research is defined as the creation of new knowledge and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcome.
It’s based on descriptive data that does not make (regular) use of statistical procedures.
Study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them and associated with the quality of a thing or phenomenon, such as feel, taste, expertise, image, leadership, reputation.
− Qualitative aspects are abstract; they either do not require measurement or cannot be measured.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Rich description
Research questions
Few participants
Natural and holistic representation
Ernie perspectives
Cyclical and open-ended processes
Possible ideological orientations
6.2. GATHERING QUALITATIVE DATA
Ethnographies
Interviews
Diaries/journals
Case studies
Observational techniques
6.2.1. Ethnographies: Focuses on the group rather than on the individual, stresses the importance of situating the study within the larger sociocultural context
Cosmetics are defined as “items with mild action on the human body for the purpose of cleaning, beautifying, adding to the attractiveness, altering the appearance, or keeping or promoting the skin or hair in good condition- while functional cosmetics, even if falling under the cosmetic definition, are designated as “items fulfilling specific actions like skin whitening, minimizing the appearance of lines in the face and body, protecting from the sun and sun tanning-. Ahiya Noor | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Cosmetic Science: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45135.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45135/cosmetic-science-an-overview/ahiya-noor
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This research study is geared on determining the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators. Included on the aim is to know their experiences and story being considered as teacher by accident. A qualitative research design was applied in this study. Researchers conducted a personal interview with the respondents with the aid of a guide questions which all points to main issue of this study. The findings of the study revealed that out of seven respondents, four are on the age bracket of 21 to 25 years old, two respondents are on the age bracket of 26 to 30 years old and a single respondent is on the age bracket of 36 to 40 years. Most of the respondents find enthusiasm in teaching and are aware that there is a need for them to proceed in post graduate studies for them to have a considerable salary. As to financial stability, only 1out of 7 considers herself as financially stable. The rest are saying that as of the moment, they are not yet financially stable basing on the rate of their salary. Qualification matters a lot in the field of academe because this was being shared by one of the respondents who considers herself as financially stable. Also, all of the respondents do not consider teaching as their first career of choice but most of them does not have any plan of shifting to another career. Girlie N. Cañete | Harry Santiago P. Achas | Pamela N. Cañete "Criminology Educators: Triumphs and Struggles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45082.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45082/criminology-educators-triumphs-and-struggles/girlie-n-cañete
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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RESEARCH DESIGN
Research designs are strategies and processes (plans and
procedures) for research, ranging from assumptions to data
collection strategies (detailed methods of collecting and
analyzing data); thus, we have three types of designs
(Creswell, 2009): qualitative research,quantitative research,
and mixed methods research.
Table 1 Qualitative Research Designs
Qualitative
Research Designs
Indicators
Purpose Method Analysis Outcome
Case Study
To describe in-depth the
experience
Direct observation
and interaction
with the subject
Synthesis of experience
An in-depth
description of the
experience
Ethnographic
Research
To describe a culture's
characteristics
Immerse self in
culture
Describe characteristics
of culture
Description of culture
Historical
Research
To describe and
examine events of the
past to understand the
present and anticipate
potential future effects
Investigative
process
Synthesis of all data
(accept or reject);
reconcile conflicting
evidence
Biography,
chronology, issue
paper
Phenomenological
Research
To describe experiences
as they are lived and
examine the uniqueness
of an individual's lived
situations
Triangulation (no
specific steps to
avoid limitations)
Classify and rank data,
sense of wholeness,
examine experiences
beyond human
awareness
Describe from the
subject's point of
view, identify themes,
develop a structural
explanation
A. Case Study
This study aims to identify why a creature acts, behaves, occurs, or exists in a particular manner. Case studies are detailed
examinations of a program, case, procedure, or group of events. The information required for this study is captured via a
variety of data collection techniques over an extended period of time. For example,“Howdocancersurvivorslook atlife?What
are the characteristics of this single case?” Other examples of case study titles and topics are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Case Study Titles and Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Case Study Titles and Topics
A Case Study of the Common Difficulties Experienced by High School
Students in Chemistry Classroom in Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan) (Ali, 2012)
Managing School Behavior: A Qualitative Case Study (Dodge, 2011)
School Violence: A Qualitative Case Study (Altun & Baker, 2010)
Bullying and School Attendance: A Case Study of Senior High School
Students in Ghana (Dunne et al., 2010)
B. Ethnographic Research (Ethnography)
It literally means “writing about people groups”. The researcher immerses with the people. Ethnography is a research
technique, one of the inquiry strategies, focused on ethnically (minorities, intact cultural group) or socially distinct
communities over a prolonged period of time using mostly observational and interview methods. For example, “What are the
migratory adaptations of squatter families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City?”Other ethnographicresearchtopicsareshownin
Table 3.
Table 3 Ethnographic Research Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Ethnographic Research Topics
A psychological case study with extensive notes based
on observations of and interviews with OFWs
A study of primate behavior in the wild measuring the
amount of time an animal engaged in a specific behavior
A multi-case study of children of drug addicts who excel
despite early childhoods in a poor environment
C. Historical Research
The aim of this research is to discover, identify, locate, even quantify,andsynthesizepastdata andevents.Sourcesof data come
from correspondence, publications, and everythingdeliveredtoberead, whichareaccepted(artifacts,documents,oral reports,
or relics). For example, “What were the forms of Filipino-student activism from the Spanish Era to the Contemporaryperiod?”
Other historical research topics are shown in Table 4.
Table 4 Historical Research Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Historical
Research Topics
A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of cooperative learning
A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the Philippine Supreme Court on Philippine
prisons
A study of the evolution of print journalism in the Philippines through a study of collections of
newspapers
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D. Phenomenological Research (Phenomenology)
The focus of this kind of research is to determine and explain the components of [human] interactions and inner experiences
and how the parts relate and built to the whole. This requires intensive research over an extended period of time to
comprehend the meanings and relationships (patterns) of a limited number of subjects as shown in Table 5. For example,
“What are the common experiences encountered by a person with a spouse who is undergoing rehabilitation?”
Table 5 Phenomenological Research Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Phenomenological
Research (Excerpts)
Daly (2005) examined the lived experiences of mothers of suicidal adolescents. She
contended that, unfortunately, the mother's experience is often the hidden dimension
in the family. Unstructured interviews were conveyed with 6 mothers living with
suicidal adolescents. Six themes were identified: failure as a good mother, the ultimate
rejection, feeling alone in the struggle, helplessness, and powerlessness in the struggle,
cautious parenting, and keeping an emotional distance.
Quantitative Research Designs
There are two types of quantitative research: experimental and non-experimental research. For experimental research, we
have true-experimental and quasi-experimental research.
A. True-Experimental Research
It adheres strictly to the procedures of the scientific method which involves the manipulation of variables and employment of
treatment or interaction; to prove cause-effect relationship among a group of variables thatmakeupa study.Theindependent
variable is manipulated to determine its effect on the dependent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental
treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring groups. Examples of true-experimental research topics are shown in
Table 6.
Table 6 True-Experimental Research Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
True-Experimental Research
Topics
The effect of counseling and medical treatment on alcoholism
The effect of positive reinforcement on student’s attitude to excel in school
The effect of a terror Math teacher on students’ attitude about attending Math classes
B. Quasi-Experimental Research
An independent variable is identified but not manipulated. The effects of the independent on the dependent variable are
measured. The researcher does not randomly assign groups but rather uses those that are naturally formed or pre-existing
ones. Examples of quasi-experimental research titles and topics are shown in Table 7.
Table 7 Quasi-Experimental Research Titles and Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Quasi-Experimental
Research Titles
Classroom assessment techniques in music, arts, physical education, and health for junior
high school students (Tabuena, 2017)
A Pre-Experimental Research on the Implementation of Selected Classroom Assessment
Techniques for Music, Arts, Physical Education, and Health (Tabuena, 2021a)
Quasi-Experimental
Research Topics
The effect of studying in Catholic schools on the moral value system of those who graduate
from those schools
The effects of exercising regularly on body fitness
The effects of good family upbringing to good performance in class
For non-experimental research, we have descriptive research and correlational research.
C. Descriptive Research or Survey Research
It describes the current status or existing condition of an identified variable.Designed toprovidesystematicinformationabout
a phenomenon. It answers the questions, “who, what, when, where, and how” and not the question “why”. It does not seek to
explain why certain things happen. Yet, in some cases, it also answers the questions “why” but more likely on a qualitative
approach, methods such as the interview, observation, and qualitative survey, as shown in Tables 8 and 9.
Table 8 Descriptive Research Titles and Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Descriptive Research Titles
Demonstrative process on the use of research abstracts in writing the literature review
for senior high school students (Tabuena, 2021b)
Identifying and stating the problem through the use of a research outline proposal in the
research writing process (Tabuena, 2020a)
Descriptive Research Topics
A description of the tobacco use habits of teenagers
A description of the kinds of physical activities that typically occur in nursing homes and
how frequently each occurs
A description of how parents feel about the K–12 curriculum
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Table 9 Descriptive Research Design Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Research
Titles
Perception of the Students Between the
School’s Support in Academics and Sports
Towards the Promotion and Sustainability of
Sports Activities (Tabuena, 2020d)
Quality of Life of Post Myocardial Infarction Patients
Admitted at Bulacan Medical Center (Santiago, 2018)
Descriptive-
Survey
Research
Design
(Excerpts)
This study used the descriptive-survey and
action research design including both
qualitative and quantitative methods using
data collection procedures such as the
questionnaire, structured interview protocols,
and follow-up questions. The data are
analyzed using the content analysis based on
the structured interview and the use of
weighted mean in determining the intensity of
the response of the respondents for each
behavioral indicator in the survey.
Furthermore, the researchers' target is to
compare the support that the school gives
when it comes to activities whether it is
academic or sports activities.
This study made use of a descriptive research design
through a retrospective cohort study analytic method,
which aimed to assess the quality of life of post-
myocardial infarction patients who suffered from
Acute Myocardial infarction admitted and
subsequently discharged from the Bulacan Provincial
Hospital year 2015. According to Doll (2001), a
retrospective cohort study is a medical and
psychological research study in which the records of
groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but
differ by a certain characteristic are compared for a
particular outcome. In retrospective cohort studies, a
risk ratio or odds ratio assesses relative risk (U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institutes of Health).
D. Correlational Research
It defines the degree of relationship between two or more variables using statistical data.Itseekstointerpretthe relationships
between and among several facts. It distinguishes patterns in some data, but it does not go so far in its analysistoprovecauses
for these observed patterns, as shown in Table 10. The variables are not manipulated.
Table 10 Correlational Research Topics Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Correlational Research Topics
The relationship between a successful career and educational attainment
The relationship between high grades and having tutors
The relationship between smoking and tuberculosis
Mixed Methods Research Designs
If your study will use both qualitative and quantitative approaches, this type ofresearchdesignmightsuityour researchstudy.
There are three mixed methods research designs:
A. Sequential Mixed Method
When developing a sequential mixed methods study, the researcher would like to follow the work of another approach in the
hopes of discovering more evidence that adds to what is already known.Beginningwitha qualitativeinterviewand conducting
a quantitative survey in order to have broad population-level data. Alternatively,theresearchcouldbeginwitha theoryoridea
experiment followed by a more thorough exploration with a few samples, as shown in Table 11.
Table 11 Sequential Mixed Method Research Design Exemplars
Indicators Exemplars
Research
Titles
Preferred Teaching Practices among Junior
High School Teachers and Its Impact towards
Readiness of Grade Seven Students in the
Secondary School (Tabuena et al., 2020)
Students’ perception in the implementation of the
IMRaD structure approach and its implications on the
research writing process (Tabuena, 2020b)
Sequential
Mixed
Method
Research
Design
(Excerpts)
This study used the sequential mixed method
design in identifying the preferred teaching
practices among selected Grade 7 junior high
school subject teachers conducted at Espiritu
Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc. and its
impact and effectiveness towards the
readiness of incoming Grade 7 students in
the secondary school, for the school year
2019-2020; both quantitative and qualitative
methods were implemented sequentially,
through survey and interview, respectively.
This study used the sequential mixed method design
in examining the implementation and appraisement
of the IMRaD structure approach and its implications
on the research writing process among Grade 12
senior high school students of the Humanities and
Social Sciences (HumSS) academic strand, conducted
at the Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc.
in the school year 2019-2020. In terms of data
gathering, both quantitative and qualitative methods
were implemented in a sequential manner, through
survey and interview, respectively.
B. Concurrent Mixed Method
In this type of mixed methods, researchers combine quantitative and qualitative methods to accomplish a detailed analysis of
the research issue. The researcher obtains all types of data over the course of the research project and then incorporates all of
the information into the analysis of the final results. It is possible to incorporate one type of data inside another to enquire
various types of questions (the qualitative addresses the process while the quantitative, the outcomes).
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C. Transformative Mixed Method
Transformative mixed methods procedures are those in which the researcher uses a theoretical theoryorperspective,calleda
theoretical lens, as a data framework for a study design that includes both quantitative and qualitative data. This research
provides a foundation on which the subjects of interest are built, an approach for gathering data, and the anticipated
results/changes are shown. Using this lens, as a data collection methodology may go one of the followingtwoways: sequential
or concurrent - shaping questions and providing ways for change or action.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
The population is composed of persons or objects that possess some common characteristics that are of interest to the
researcher. From that population, you will only choose a particular sample. The sample is a subsetoftheentirepopulationora
group of individuals that represents the population and serves as the respondents of the study. In getting the sample, you will
use a particular sampling technique. There are two general kinds of sampling techniques (Jerusalem et al., 2017) as shown in
Table 12:
Table 12 Probability and Non-probability Sampling Techniques
Sampling Techniques Definition
Probability Sampling
Type of sampling in which all the members of the population are given an equal chance
of being selected.
Non-probability Sampling
Type of sampling in which sampling group members are selected in a non-random
manner; not each population member has a chance to participate in the study.
Types of Probability Sampling
The following are the different types of probability sampling: (a) Simple Random Sampling - gives the respondents an equal
chance to be selected (e.g. fishbowl technique); (b) Systematic Random Sampling - selecting every nth element of the
population (e.g. checking the 4th participant in the registered attendees); (c) Stratified Random Sampling - dividing the
population into groups called strata according to some classification category (e.g. grade 11 level into different sections); and
(d) Cluster Sampling - elements of the population are divided into groups calledclusters.Anexampleofprobability samplingis
shown in Table 13.
Table 13 Probability Sampling Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Research Title
Development and Validation of a Philippine Music Achievement Test in Addressing the K to 12
Music Curriculum Learning Competencies (Tabuena, 2020; Tabuena, 2016)
Probability
Sampling(Excerpts)
In some cases, the characteristic of the population is such that the proportions of the
subgroups are grossly unequal. Therefore, the stratified proportional random sampling
technique may be used. In this case, from District 1 to 6 in the Division of City Schools, Manila,
proportional sample (for each district) is determined by dividing the sample distribution (total
number of students per section) to the population (total number of students for specified
districts), then multiply to the target sample size, which is 120 (students).
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
The following are the different types of non-probabilitysampling:(a)ConvenienceSampling-accidental orincidental sampling
(e.g. interviewing students who entered the school);(b)Quota Sampling-thepopulationisdividedintohomogenousstrata and
then sample elements are selected from each stratum; (c) Purposive Sampling – involves the handpicking of subjects.Itisalso
called judgemental sampling. An example of non-probability sampling is shown in Table 14.
Table 14 Non-Probability Sampling Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Research Title
Effectiveness of Classroom Assessment Techniques in Improving Performance of Students in
Music and Piano (Tabuena, 2019b)
Non-probability
Sampling(Excerpts)
This study used purposive sampling of thirty (30) Grade 10 students from the eight (8) sections
(from St. Albert the Great to St. Rose of Lima) of Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc.
for the school year 2018-2019 to determine the effectiveness of classroom assessment
techniques that might provide and help teachers through assessment and evaluation processes
in teaching World Music and Basic Piano Music.
Sample Size
In sample and sampling techniques, you will also indicate the research subjects and the research locale. In the research
subjects, you will identify among the sample who the subjects will be. In the research locale, you will specify where the study
will be conducted; and an explanation of the appropriateness of the research subject and the research locale in your research
study. Observe the previous two examples on sample and sampling techniques (Table 13 and Table 14); there is a sample
(number of subjects), sampling technique, research subject, and research locale. The question now is, “how to determine the
sample size?"
Computing the Sample Size - Slovin’s Formula is used to compute for sample size (Sevilla, 1984; Calmorin, 2010) when you
have limited information about the characteristics of the population and are using a non-probability sampling procedure
(Subong, Jr., 2005). The formula (sometimes written as Sloven’s formula) was formulated by Slovin in 1960. The error
tolerance, e, can be given to you. Formula: n = N/(1 + Ne2); where: n = sample size; N = population size; and e = desired margin
of error (0.05). The following are the steps: (a) determine the population and decide the marginerrorofnotbehigherthan5%
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(0.05); (b) compute using the formula; (c) use the sample to determine the distribution per strata, the sample proportion is
equal to the sample divided by population size; and (d) multiply the sample proportion to the sample size to determine the
individual sample (Calderon & Gonzales, 1993).
In other researches, especially in descriptive or survey research, the researcher will just get the 30% of the population. For
example, there are 260 grade 12 students, the sample will be 78. The researcher will administerthequestionnairefor[notless
than] 78 grade 12 students.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
In writing the research instrument, list the technical materials used in the study. For standardmaterialslikerelevanttechnical
specifications, sources, methods of preparation, and other relevant information refer the reader to the relevant literature for
specifications. If you have used new materials, described them in sufficient detail to allow another expert to prepare the same
materials. What instruments were used? Are these standard instruments? If not, you should cite the relevantliteraturesothat
others could, if they were so inclined, repeat your study.
In this research methodology component, the researchershouldbeableto:(a)describehowyourvariableswill be measuredor
observed (e.g. in experimental research, the measurement of the dependent variable should be described in this section); (b)
describe the instrument/s and other data gathering materials youwill use;and(c)includeinformationaboutthetypesofitems
and responses, the scoring procedure, pieces of evidence of reliability and validity of the instrument. If you constructed your
instrument, discuss the steps of how you developed and validated your instrument (i.e. showing evidence/s of validity and
estimates of reliability). An example of a detailed description of a research instrument is shown in Table 15.
Table 15 Research Instrument Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Research Title
Quality of Life of Post Myocardial Infarction Patients Admitted at Bulacan Medical Center
(Santiago, 2018)
Research
Instrument(Excerpts)
The study made use of the RAND 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). SF-36 is a set of
generic, coherent, and easily administered quality-of-life measures. These measures rely upon
patient self-reporting and are now widely utilized by managed care organizations and by
Medicare for routine monitoring and assessment of care outcomes in adult patients. The RAND
36-Item Health Survey (Version 1.0) taps eight health concepts: physical functioning, bodily
pain, role limitations due to physical health problems, role limitations due to personal or
emotional problems, emotional well-being, social functioning, energy/fatigue, and general
health perceptions. It also includes a single item that indicates the perceived change in health.
Accordingly, this study assessed the physical, social functioning, vitality, as well as general
health of patients discharged from Bulacan Provincial Hospital one month after an acute
myocardial infarction, using the Rand 36 survey questionnaire. A 36-item short-form (SF-36)
was given to survey the health status and an abbreviated variant of it; the SF-36 was designed
for use in clinical practice and research, health policy evaluations, and general population
surveys by the study (RAND Corporation, 2018).
In some cases, some researchers followed a process of developing a research instrument; one will explain to the reader the
process of developing the research instrument from the kind of instrument, format, types of questions to its purpose by the
research problem.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURES
Before the researcher administers the research instrument/s (e.g. questionnaires),heshouldensureitsvalidityandreliability.
Then, that is the time to gather your data. Collecting data is regarded as the most important step in the research process
because it involves obtaining the necessary information to answer the posed research question. Data collection techniques
include (but not limited to) conducting surveys, interviews and/or observations, demographics, documents, and related
literature and, test and experiments. An example of the data gathering procedure in the research writing process is shown in
Table 16.
Table 16 Data Gathering Procedure Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Research Title
Preferred Teaching Practices among Junior High School Teachers and Its Impact towards
Readiness of Grade Seven Students in the Secondary School (Tabuena et al., 2020)
Data Gathering
Procedure(Excerpts)
In the first phase of the sequential mixed method (quantitative method), the research
instrument (survey questionnaire) was evaluated and validated by three experts (teachers and
coordinators) at Espiritu Santo Parochial School of Manila, Inc., and distributed for the survey
process among 12 teachers; consisting of three parts in terms of pedagogy, practices, and
assessment and evaluation. In addition, the researchers asked permission of the participants to
give necessary (existing) data, the class mean or average score of respective handled section/s
both in the first and second grading periods. The data was used to assess whether the preferred
teaching practices are effective and suitable for the students, particularly in Grade 7. The
researchers initiated the strictest confidentiality and anonymity of the data gathered. In the
second phase (qualitative method), an interview protocol was conducted to expound the data,
involving a detailed exploration with a few individuals (Creswell, 2009).
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DATA ANALYSIS
A variety of methods may be used to analyze data (Tabuena & Hilario, 2021). The method of data research differs accordingto
the approach to be taken – quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative information is provided in tables and maps, although this
information provides both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Any technique can be used manually or by using an
automated program. There are several statistical packages available, such as Microsoft Excel, which can be used for succinct
and streamlined analyses.
In this component, the researcher should be able to discuss the procedures as to how hewill score,record/encodeandanalyze
the data to answer the research problem/s. If the researcher will use a special form for recording or accumulating data, place
an example in the appendix section. If one will conduct a phenomenological study, he should describe the sophisticated ways
how the data would be processed and analyzed. Further, if one will apply statistical tests to analyze the data, identify the
specific descriptive statistics and/or inferential statistics that will use in the research study (Dacanay, 2020).
On the other hand, statistical techniques are used to give meaning to the data gathered from thesubjects.Inthissense,youwill
be dealing with the general analysis of data according to your research design to the data gatheringprocedure. Therearethree
different types of data analysis: univariate, bivariate,and multivariate.Therearethree general typesofdata analysis,youmight
be using qualitative or quantitative data analysis if you used mixed methods research designs.Forqualitativedata analysis,we
have ethnographicdata analysis,groundedtheorydata analysis,phenomenological data analysis,constantcomparativemethod
analysis, or language-based data analysis (content analysis, discourse analysis, narrative analysis). You may use other data
analysis based on the nature of your research study: normative analysis (arithmeticmeanandstandarddeviation),descriptive
analysis, status analysis, classification of analysis, evaluate analysis, comparative analysis, and/or cost-effective analysis.
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualitative data analysis is focused on quantifiable meanings expressed through words, qualitative data analysis is based on
meaning expressed through language (conceptualization). Qualitative data analysis includes arranging, accounting for, and
describing data; in short, making sense of data in terms of participants' meanings of the case, noting trends and themes
(patterns), categories, and regularities. Having a database (a compilation of information such that it can be conveniently
accessed, maintained, and updated) is not sufficient to perform a qualitative analysis. In order to achieve results that will turn
raw data into new information, a qualitative researcher must effectively participate in all stages of the research process. The
understanding of these processes is an important part of reading, understanding, and interpreting qualitative research.
Qualitative data is obtained in a number of ways. In most qualitative studies, a database consists of a series of interview
transcripts generated through the process of open-ended, oriented, and exploratory interviews. However, there is no limit of
what could constitute a qualitative archive, and increasingly we are making moreinventiveuseofsuchsourcesasdocumented
findings (both video and participatory), focus groups [discussion], texts and papers, multi-media or public domain sources,
policy manuals, photos, and lay autobiographical accounts.
Quantitative Data Analysis
Quantitative data analysis, a prolific method of study, as it stems from positivism. It can be used for analysis with long- and
short-term studies, as well as case studies, action research, correlational research,andexperiments.Quantitativedata analysis
is based on numeric values while data collection generates numerical values on a scale. The study would use charts and
statistics and could be facilitated by the identificationofvariables.Therearethreefundamentallydifferenttypesof quantitative
data analysis: univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis.
A. Univariate Analysis
Itis a test of a single variable to determine whether the sample is similar to the population from which it has been drawn, as
shown in Table 17.
Table 17 Univariate Analysis Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Variable/s Different Levels of Colleges
Problem
How adequate are the instructional materials at the different levels of colleges in certain
regions as perceived by the Mathematics professors?
Statistical Tool Weighted Arithmetic Mean
Sample Results
Level 1 college, the weighted mean is 3.6 (very adequate); level 2, 3.4 (adequate); level 3, 2.9
(adequate); and level 4. 2.8 (adequate)
Data Analysis
(Analysis and
Interpretation)
Table 1 shows the adequacy of instructional materials at the level of colleges. Level 1 college
obtained a weighted mean of 3.6 interpreted as very adequate; level 2, obtained a weighted
mean of 3.4 interpreted as adequate); level 3 obtained a weighted mean of 2.9 interpreted as
adequate; and level 4 obtained a weighted mean of 2.8 interpreted as adequate. Based on the
foregoing results as shown in the table, the instructional materials of the different levels of
colleges in certain regions as perceived by the Mathematics professors ranged from adequate
to very adequate; thus the null hypothesis is rejected.
B. Bivariate Analysis
It is a test of two variables on how they differ from each other (statistical tools i.e., correlation coefficient, z-test, and t-test), as
shown in Table 18.
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Table 18 Bivariate Analysis Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Variable/s English and Mathematics scores
Problem
What is the relationship between English and Mathematics as perceived by 10 BSE students in a
certain university?
Statistical Tool Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)
Sample Results
English scores: 27, 48, 45, 34, 20, 38, 23, 40, 28, 37; Mathematics scores: 25, 35, 45, 21, 14, 27, 14,
38, 20, 23; respectively (N=10).
Data Analysis
(Analysis and
Interpretation)
The obtained Pearson r value is 0.87 which denotes a high relationship. This means that students
who got high scores in English also got high scores in Mathematics and those who got low scores
in Mathematics also got low scores in English. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
C. Multivariate Analysis
It is a test of three or more independent variables at a time on the degree of relationshipwiththedependentvariable,asshown
in Table 19.
Table 19 Multivariate Analysis Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Variable/s
Independent - crude vinegar from coconut tuba, coconut water, nipa, camias, and buri tuba;
Dependent - pH coconut of crude vinegar
Problem
Is there a significant difference in the pH content of crude vinegar from coconut tuba, coconut water,
nipa, camias, and buri tuba?
Statistical Tool ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
Data Analysis
(Analysis and
Interpretation)
The number of degrees of freedom of 4.24 at a 1% level of probability requires an F-value of 4.22 to be
significant and degrees of freedom of 6.24 (period of storage) requires 3.67 to be significant. The
computed F-value obtained for samples is 15.47 and for the period of storage is 15.19 which are
significant at 0.01 level of probability. This means that the pH content of crude vinegar from different
samples stored for seven weeks differs from each other. Thus, the null hypothesis is rejected.
Data Analysis Exemplar
Examples of data analysis on the research writing process are shown in Table 20.
Table 20 Data Analysis Exemplar
Indicators Exemplars
Research
Titles
Preferred Teaching Practices among Junior High School Teachers
and Its Impact towards Readiness of Grade Seven Students in the
Secondary School (Tabuena et al., 2020)
Students’ perception in the
implementation of the IMRaD
structure approach and its
implications on the research
writing process (Tabuena, 2020b)
Data
Analyses
(Excerpts)
The data were analyzed using the content analysis based on the
interview and the use of frequency distribution, percentage, rank,
and average/mean in determining the intensity of the response of
the participants for each indicator in the survey questionnaire. On
the other hand, to measure the existing data of the students taken
from the teachers (class mean or average score of respective
handled section/s both in first and second grading period), the
researchers used the Hake factor analysis wherein the researchers
obtained the value of normalized gain to interpret and analyze the
gain in the scores of the students from first quarter (pre-evaluation)
to second quarter (post-evaluation).
The data were analyzed by
applying descriptive and
inferential statistics; different tests
were utilized such as the
frequency distribution, weighted
mean, mean (average), standard
deviation, and independent-
sample t-test.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
The research paper should contain information about whether, and the extent to which, the studies complied with ethical
requirements. Have you explained how you complied with all relevant ethical requirements, including those governing
experiments on humans and animals? Have you explained how the identity of research subjects was protected and that
informed consent was obtained from all those who participated?
The following are the ethical codes and policies for research: honesty, objectivity, openness, respect for intellectual property,
confidentiality, and human subject protection. On the other hand, the following are the rights of research participants: (a)
voluntary participation, (b) informed consent, (c) risk of harm (principle of non-maleficence), (d) confidentiality, and (e)
anonymity. An example of ethical considerations on the research writing process is shown in Table 21.
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Table 21 Ethical Considerations Exemplar
Indicators Exemplar
Research Title
Constructing Appropriate Music Listening Response Assessment Tool for Grade 7
Philippine Music Listening Competency (Tabuena, 2019a)
Potential Ethical Issues and
Considerations(Excerpts)
The researcher will be responsible for the protection, of any risk and harm, of the
students involved through following proper procedures of test administration, with
supporting documents and letters from the Division of City Schools. In addition, it will
guarantee the confidentiality and anonymity of the individual participants. In terms of
data analysis, potential miscalculations will be prevented through statistical data
management and software. Further, there is no future intimate information being
disclosed during the data collection process.
CONCLUSION
The research methodology explains how a study was
conducted. Have a reference to literature that discusses an
uncommon technique in your writing, as well as a definition
if you've created a new technique or significantly changed
one that already exists. It includes the following basic
components: research design, sample and sampling
techniques, research instruments, data gathering
procedures, data analysis, and ethical considerations. There
are three types of study designs: qualitative research,
quantitative research, and mixed methodsresearch.You will
describe the process of deciding the sampling and sample
size, as well as the test subjects and the research location, in
sample and sampling techniques.
A researcher, on the other hand, must list the technical
materials used in the analysis while writing the test
instrument. Refer the reader to the relevant literature for
requirements for standard materials such as relevant
technical specifications, sources, methods of preparation,
and other relevant details. The validity and reliability of the
research instrument(s) (e.g., questionnaires) should be
checked before the researcher uses them. Then it's time to
start collecting information. Since it entails collecting the
requisite information to address the raised research
question, data collectionisconsideredthemostcrucial phase
in the research process.
Data can be analyzed using a number of techniques. The
approach to be taken – quantitative or qualitative –
determines the data research technique to be used. In
addition, the study report should state whether and to what
degree the experiments met ethical standards. A different
methods section can be used for each experiment. The
research methodology, as a general rule, should be accurate
enough for any researcher to replicate the findings. In this
light, these overviews,approaches,exemplars,andprocesses
aid students in demonstrating research writing skills and
presenting research methodology during the research
writing process.
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