a nice presentation about the Ovarian Cancer its include an introduction with brief notes about the epidemiology and risk factors then shift to pathology and pathogenesis and diagnosis with signs , symptoms and lab tests with imaging modules , screening , management
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Cervical cancer is usually a squamous cell carcinoma; less often, it is an adenocarcinoma. The cause of most cervical cancers is human papillomavirus infection. Cervical neoplasia is often asymptomatic; the first symptom of cervical cancer is usually irregular, often postcoital vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is by a cervical Papanicolaou test and biopsy. Staging is clinical, combined with imaging and pathology results when available. Treatment usually involves surgical resection for early-stage disease or radiation therapy plus chemotherapy for locally advanced disease. If the cancer has widely metastasized, chemotherapy is often used alone.
Vaginal Cancer is a rare and serious condition that affects the vagina, the birth canal of the female reproductive system. Vagina serves as a connection bridge between the outer female genitalia and inner female reproductive organs.
In these slides you will discover more about the rare condition called as the vaginal cancer. Hope this will be useful to you!
If you find this useful make sure to share it.
Thankyou!
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Cervical cancer is usually a squamous cell carcinoma; less often, it is an adenocarcinoma. The cause of most cervical cancers is human papillomavirus infection. Cervical neoplasia is often asymptomatic; the first symptom of cervical cancer is usually irregular, often postcoital vaginal bleeding. Diagnosis is by a cervical Papanicolaou test and biopsy. Staging is clinical, combined with imaging and pathology results when available. Treatment usually involves surgical resection for early-stage disease or radiation therapy plus chemotherapy for locally advanced disease. If the cancer has widely metastasized, chemotherapy is often used alone.
Vaginal Cancer is a rare and serious condition that affects the vagina, the birth canal of the female reproductive system. Vagina serves as a connection bridge between the outer female genitalia and inner female reproductive organs.
In these slides you will discover more about the rare condition called as the vaginal cancer. Hope this will be useful to you!
If you find this useful make sure to share it.
Thankyou!
Welcoming remarks by Dr Osborne E Nyandiva on Symposium: Cervical cancer and its prevention
Co-Presenter Dr Giama. We are happy to present to you this very crucial discussion on Cancer.
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that develops in a woman's cervix (the entrance to the womb from the vagina).
Cancer of the cervix often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you do have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding, which can occur after sex, in between periods or after the menopause.
Management of ovarian masses e Clinical situations & recommendations Apollo Hospitals
Adenexal mass is a common clinical presentation. This clinical situation is a problem that affects women of all ages. The biggest challenge is that one should not miss out on a diagnosis of malignant ovarian tumor. An ovarian mass or cyst that raises the suspicion of malignancy is a common dilemma in a gynecological practice. In the United States, a woman has a 5-10% lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for a suspected ovarian neoplasm and an estimated 13e21% chance of this turning into a diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Most of the adnexal masses are benign but the first responsibility of the treating gynecologist is to exclude malignancy. Management decisions often are influenced by the age and family history and presentation of the patient.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?
Ovarian cancer
1. Ovarian Cancer
Ziyad Salih
6th stage
Collage of Medicine – Al-Qadisiya University
2. Index :-
Introduction
Risk factors
Pathology and pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Screening
Staging
Mangment
3. Introduction
Ovarian cancer accounts for 3–4% of cancer in women
And is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related death in
females in the United States
In the year 2005, an estimated 22,000 new ovarian cancer cases
were diagnosed in the United States and 16,000 patients
succumbed to the disease.
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic
malignancy, endometrial cancer being the most common, but is
the most common cause of death among women who develop a
gynecologic malignancy.
In general, ovarian cancer is a disease of the postmenopausal
woman, with the highest incidence among patients ages 65–74
year .
5. Family History
The strongest risk factor
A women with a single first-degree relative with ov.Ca has a
relative risk (RR) of approximately 3.6 for developing ov.ca
compared with general population
Her life time risk approx. 5%
5-10% of ov.ca are linked to identifiable, inherited mutations in
certain genes
Families in which three or more first-degree relatives have
ovarian or ovarian plus breast cancer are likley to have a
cancer-susceptibility genetic mutation that is transmitted in
an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern
6. Family History
Three familial ovarian cancer syndromes:-
1- The site specific ovarian ov.ca syndrome
# only ov.ca is seen
# account for 10-15% of hereditary ov.ca.
2- The hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome
#associated with 65-75% of hereditary ov.ca.
3- the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome
(HNPCC), affected individuals may have colon, endometrial,
breast, ovarian or other cancers
7. Ethnicity
Higher in white women
Higher in north America and northern Europe than Japan
Difference related to genetics, diet, or environmental
exposure or a combination
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are more common among white
women of Ashkenazi descent
Incidence of ov.ca is higher in countries with higher in
countries with higher per capita consumption of animal fat
8. Reproduction factors
Nulliparous
First childbirth after age 35 years
Involuntary infertility
Late menopause and early menarche
Pts. With prolonged period or uninterrupted ovulation
9. Others
Exogenous hormones :- HRT
Dietary factors , Diets high in saturated animal fats seem to
confer an increased risk by unknown mechanisms …
Japanese women who move to the United States have an
increased ovarian cancer risk.
# Japanese women who move to the United States have an
increased ovarian cancer risk.
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
10. Protective Factors
Multiparity: First pregnancy before age 30
Oral contraceptives: 5 years of use cuts risk nearly in half
Tubal ligation
Hysterectomy
Bilateral oopherectomy
Lactation
Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence suggest a potential
role for retinoids , vitamin D, NSAIDs as preventive agents for
ovarian cancer
11. Pathology
Ovarian cancer can be divided into three major categories
based on the cell type of origin .
The ovary may also be the site of metastatic disease by
primary cancer from another organ site.
Unlike carcinomas of the cervix and endometrium, precursor
lesions of ovarian carcinoma have not been defined.
13. Pathology
Major Histopathologic Categories of Ovarian Cancer
4- Neoplasms Metastatic to the Ovary
Breast, colon, stomach, endometrium, lymphoma
14. Pathogenesis
Ovarian carcinogenesis can be divided into two broad
phases:
1- malignant transformation
Benign borderline malignant ovarian tumors.
2- peritoneal dissemination
** Now do not appear to be valid for the majority of
ovarian cancers
15. Pathogenesis
New model of ovarian carcinogenesis :-
Surface epithelial tumors divides into two broad categories:
Type I and Type II
based on their clinico-pathologic features and characteristic
molecular genetic changes
16. Pathogenesis
Type 1 Type 2
Low grade High grade
Arise from precursor lesion in a stepwise Arise “de novo”
fashion
- Cystadenoma
- Borderline tumor
Typically present in stage I Typically present in advanced stage
Slow growing, indolent Rapid growing, aggressive
Often remains low grade
E.g.
High grade serous
E.g.
Low grade micropapillary
Mucinous
Clear cell
endometroid
17. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Ovarian cancer typically develops as an insidious disease,
with few warning signs or symptoms. Most neoplastic ovarian
tumors produce few symptoms until the disease is widely
disseminated throughout the abdominal cavity.
A history of nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints, including :
nausea, dyspepsia, and altered bowel habits, is particularly
common
abdominal distention as a result of ascites are generally signs
of advanced disease.
A change in bowel habits, such as constipation and
decreased stool caliber, is occasionally noted. Large tumors
may cause a sensation of pelvic weight or pressure.
18. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Rarely, an ovarian tumor may become incarcerated in the
cul-de-sac and cause severe pain, urinary retention, rectal
discomfort, and bowel obstruction.
Menstrual abnormalities may be noted in as many as 15% of
reproductive-age patients with an ovarian neoplasm
vaginal bleeding may occur in patients with ovarian cancer
in the presence of a synchronous endometrial carcinoma or
as a consequence of metastatic disease to the lower genital
tract.
Ovarian stromal hyperplasia or hyperthecosis also may be
associated with excess androgen production, which alters the
normal menstrual cycle.
19. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
On Physical Examination ,,
1. General examination
2. Abdominal examination :- Abdominal distention is one of the
more common findings. The presence of flank fullness and
shifting dullness implies the presence of ascites or a large
pelvic-abdominal mass , Recent eversion of the umbilicus
3. Lymph Node examination :- the supraclavicular and inguinal
areas , Sister Mary Joseph's nodule refers to a metastatic
implant in the umbilicus.
20. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
On Physical Examination ,,
4. Pelvic examination :- A careful and thorough pelvic
examination provides many helpful clues regarding the etiology
of a pelvic mass.
# Benign mass :- Mobile , smooth , cystic , unilateral
#malignant mass :- fixed , irregular , sold or firm , bilateral.
If I find a mass …. What could be else !!!!
Endometrioma , Fibroid , Functional cyst , Ectopic pregnancy
, Dermoid tumor (younger women)
21. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Tumor Markers :-
an antigenic determinant on a high-molecular-weight
glycoprotein recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody
OC-125
upper limit of normal- 35 U/mL.
In postmenopausal women :- lower cutoffs, 20 U/mL
85% of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer have >35 U/mL.
22. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Tumor Markers :-
CA125 can be elevated :-
1. less frequently elevated in mucinous, clear cell, and
borderline tumors compared to serous tumors.
2. in other malignancies (pancreas, breast, colon, and lung
cancer)
3. in benign conditions and physiological states such as
pregnancy, endometriosis, and menstruation.
Many of these nonmalignant conditions are not found in postmenopausal
women, improving the diagnostic accuracy of elevated CA125 in this
population.
23. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Tumor Markers :-
One of the limitations of CA125 is that 15% to 20% of ovarian
cancers do not express the antigen.
Though FDA approved, NCCN does not recommend use of
biomarkers including CA-125 for estimating risk of cancer in
case of pelvic mass.
LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)— dysgerminoma
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)– choriocarcinoma.
AFP (alpha fetal protein)-- endodermal sinus tumors
Other routine tests ( CBC , LFT , RFT , CXR )
24. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Initial imaging modality of choice
# for benign vs malignant
that US detects more stage I ovarian
carcinomas than CA125 levels and
physical examination
25. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
benign :- smooth, thin walls; few, thin septations;
absence of solid components or mural nodularity.
26. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
mural nodules, mural thickening or irregularity,
solid components, thick septations (3 mm) and
associated findings such as ascites, peritoneal
implants, and/or hydronephrosis suggest
malignancy
27. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
TVS is significantly more accurate
28. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Computed Tomography
Not the study of choice to
evaluate a suspected ovarian lesion.
the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT for
characterizing benign versus malignant lesions are reported
to be 89%, 96% to 99%, and 92% to 94%, respectively.
29. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Computed Tomography
On CT, ovarian cancer demonstrates varied morphologic
patterns, including a multilocular cyst with thick internal
septations and solid mural or septal components, a partially
cystic and solid mass, and a lobulated, papillary solid mass.
30. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Complementary to US in the evaluation of a suspected
ovarian lesion.
As with CT, disease metastatic to the ovary is often
indistinguishable from primary ovarian cancer on MRI scans
both the colon and the stomach should be examined as
potential primary tumor sites if an ovarian mass is detected.
31. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Several studies have compared MRI to CT and US for
characterizing adnexal masses, with mixed results
Both TVS and MRI have high sensitivity (97% and 100%,
respectively) in the identification of solid components within
an adnexal mass.
MRI, however, shows higher specificity (98% vs. 46%)
32. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MRI was shown to be the most efficient second test when an
indeterminate ovarian mass was detected at US.
high cost of MRI precludes its use as a screening modality.
33. Diagnosis and Clinical Evaluation
Investigations ,,
Positron Emission Tomography
little clinical role in the primary detection of a pelvic mass
Appears to be promising for its potential to detect tumor prior
to significant morphologic changes.
US, CT, MRI, and FDG-PET all have a role to play in the
accurate staging of ovarian cancer.
These modalities also play a role in the monitoring of therapy
and detection of recurrent disease.
34. Staging …
According to International Federation of Gynecology and
Obstetrics (FIGO) Staging of Ovarian Neoplasms :-
Stage I. Growth limited to the ovaries
Ia —one ovary involved
Ib —both ovaries involved
Ic —Ia or Ib and ovarian surface tumor, ruptured capsule,
malignant ascites, or peritoneal cytology positive for malignant
cells
36. Staging …
Stage II. Extension of the neoplasm from the ovary to the
pelvis
IIa—extension to the uterus or fallopian tube
IIb—extension to other pelvic tissues
IIc—IIa or b and ovarian surface tumor, ruptured capsule,
malignant ascites, or peritoneal cytology positive for malignant
cells
38. Staging …
Stage III. Disease extension to the abdominal cavity
IIIa—abdominal peritoneal surfaces with microscopic
metastases
IIIb—tumor metastases < 2 cm in size
IIIc—tumor metastases > 2 cm in size or metastatic disease in the
pelvic, paraaortic, or inguinal lymph nodes
40. Staging …
Stage IV. Distant metastatic disease
Malignant pleural effusion
Pulmonary parenchymal metastases
Liver or splenic parenchymal metastases (not surface implants)
Metastases to the supraclavicular lymph nodes or skin
41. Metastasis …
Typical spread– omentum, peritoneal surfaces such as
undersurface of diaphragm, paracolic gutters and bowel
serosa
Lymphatics– follows bld supply thru infundibulopelvic lig to
nodes in para aortic region
Drainage thru broad lig and parametrium– involves ext iliac,
obturator and hypogastric regions
Along round lig– involves inguinal nodes
Extra abd mets– pleura, liver , spleen, lung, bone and CNS
42. Screening …
5-year survival rates for
stage I and stage II ovarian cancer are 80% to 90% and
70%, respectively ;
for stages III and IV ranges from 5% to 30%.
Only 25% diagnosed in Stage I
In 1994, a NIH recommended that screening be offered to
women with ≥ 2 first-degree relatives with ovarian carcinoma.
In practice, many women with a single first-degree relative
are enrolled in screening programs
43. Screening …
Unfortunately, there are no good screening methods for
ovarian cancer at present;
most use a combination of physical exam, CA125 levels, and
TVS.
No role of routine screening in general population .
Some follow women with high risk factors (e.g., family
history, BRCA mutation) using CA-125 and TVS.
44. Screening …
Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI)
Most valuable clinical tool by combining serum CA125 values
with ultrasound findings and menopausal status to calculate a
Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI).
RMI = U x M x CA125
1. ultrasound result is scored 1 point for each of the following
characteristics: multilocular cysts, solid areas, metastases,
ascites and bilateral lesions.
2. menopausal status is scored as 1 = pre-menopausal and
3 = post-menopausal
3. Serum CA125 in IU/ml and can vary between 0 and
hundreds or even thousands of units.
46. Management …
The treatment of ovarian cancer is based on the stage of the
disease which is a reflection of the extent or spread of the
cancer to other parts of the body.
There are basically three forms of treatment of ovarian
cancer:-
1. The primary one is surgery at which time the cancer is
removed from the ovary and from as many other sites as is
possible
2. Chemotherapy is the second important modality.
3. radiation treatment, which is used in only certain instances. It
utilizes high energy x-rays to kill cancer cells.
47. Management …
Surgery
Surgery is the mainstay of both the diagnosis and the
treatment of ovarian cancer.
A vertical incision is required for an adequate exploration of
the upper abdomen.
The pelvis and upper abdomen are explored carefully to
identify metastatic disease.
This is usually possible in the majority of stage I and stage II,
but impossible in advanced cases.
48. Management …
Surgery
I. Complete hysterectomy & removal of tubes and ovaries
II. •Lymph node evaluation
III. •Omentectomy
IV. •Intestinal resection
V. •Peritoneal stripping/Tumor debulking
VI. •Conservative management for those desiring to preserve
fertility with early stage disease
49. Management …
Surgery
1. in a young , nulliparous woman with unilateral tumour and no
ascites ( stage Ia ), unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may
be done after careful exploration to exclude metastatic
disease , and curettage of the uterine cavity to exclude a
synchronous endometrial tumour.
If the is subsequently found to be poorly differentiated or if the
washings are positive, a second operation to clear the pelvis
will be necessary.
- For older women who complete her family a total
hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is usually
done.
50. Management …
Chemotherapy
Women with stage Ia or Ib and well or moderately
differentiated tumours will not require further treatment.
All other patient with invasive ovarian carcinoma require
chemotherapy (stage II-IV –possibly stage Ic ).
Drugs used are Carboplatin, cisplatin and taxol.
51. Management …
Radiation Therapy
Currently, radiation therapy plays
a limited role in the treatment of
patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
mainly because of radiation damage
to the small bowel, liver, and kidneys.
radiation therapy has been used successfully in the treatment
of patients with dysgerminoma .
52. Management …
Alternative Therapies
A number of alternative therapies have been applied for the
treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer.
Cytokines like interleukin-2 and interferon either alone or in
combination with chemotherapy have shown some promising
effects.
Monoclonal antibodies directed against ovarian cancer-associated
antigens, including CA-125, HMFG (human milk-fat
globulin)
53. Management …
Alternative Therapies
Recently, antibodies against vascular epithelial growth factor
(VEGF) have shown efficacy in patients with ovarian cancer.
Anti-VEGF antibodies are currently being tested in
combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel in first-line
chemotherapy for ovarian cancer patients.
Gene therapy trials have used different antitumor
approaches, including the delivery of tumor suppressor gene
p53 via recombinant adenovirus into the peritoneal cavities.
The early trials have not shown significant clinical response,
mainly as a result of the inefficiency of intraperitoneal and
intratumoral gene transfer.
54. Prognosis …
The prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer is primarily
related to the stage of disease.
germ cell tumors are associated with better 5-year survival
rates than epithelial ovarian neoplasms.
Patients with dysgerminoma have a 5-year survival rate of
95%.
Immature teratomas are associated with 5-year survival rates
of 70–80%.
endodermal sinus tumor is associated with a 5-year survival
rate of 60–70%.
55. Prognosis …
Embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, and polyembryoma
are very rare lesions, and it is difficult to assess 5-year survival
estimates.
Epithelial ovarian neoplasms of low malignancy potential are
characterized by 5-year survival rates of 95%