Corso di Dottorato in Ottimizzazione Strutturale, gennaio 2023 - parte II
https://phd.uniroma1.it/web/corso---ottimizzazione-strutturale_nS4040IT_IT.aspx?fbclid=IwAR0L69ISShHkq3VGvHG_iTYtcYsV4XdLMxW5pXOyy8Kwd52h790Hb9YcMeI
Corso di Dottorato in Ottimizzazione Strutturale, gennaio 2023 - parte I
https://phd.uniroma1.it/web/corso---ottimizzazione-strutturale_nS4040IT_IT.aspx?fbclid=IwAR0L69ISShHkq3VGvHG_iTYtcYsV4XdLMxW5pXOyy8Kwd52h790Hb9YcMeI
TPP Lezione #01 concezione strutturale di ponti e viadotti RID.pdfFranco Bontempi
SITUAZIONI
Scavalco di un ostacolo
Mantenimento traiettoria tracciato
Ambito urbano (vista da sotto, scala, intersezioni)
Struttura / Infrastruttura
MECCANISMI ELEMENTARI
Strutture resistenti per forma
Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale
Strutture resistenti per superficie
Sistema strutturale
Descrizione della struttura
Concezione strutturale
Integrazione e specializzazione
Evoluzione ed innovazione
Aspetti estetici
Dentro il contesto
Fuori il contesto
Appunti sulle modellazioni discrete per ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
The paper deals with the assessment during time of r.c. structures under damage due to diffusion of external agents inside the structure. The diffusion process is modelled by a cellular automata based approach, taking the interaction with the mechanical state of the structures, i.e. the cracking state of the structures, into account. A so-called staggered process then solves the coupled problem. An application shows the effectiveness of the proposed analysis strategy, together some design considerations about the structural robustness.
Atti Congresso CTE, Pisa 2000
Comparison of time domain techniques for the evaluation of the response and t...Franco Bontempi
Plenary Lecture at Fourth M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics – Focus: Fluid-Structure Interactions, Boston, June 13-15, 2007.
During the last decades, several studies on suspension bridges under wind actions have been developed in civil engineering and many techniques have been used to approach this structural problem both in time and frequency domain. In this paper, four types of time domain techniques to evaluate the response and the stability of a long span suspension bridge are implemented: nonaeroelastic, steady, quasi steady, modified quasi steady. These techniques are compared considering both nonturbulent and turbulent flow wind modelling. The results show consistent differences both in the amplitude of the response and in the value of critical wind velocity.
repertorio di ponti in cemento armato.
solo per Allievi dei corsi di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture, Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Università di Roma.
PGS - lezione 03 - IMPALCATO DA PONTE E PIASTRE.pdfFranco Bontempi
Appunti su piastre per impalcati di ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDO STRUTTRE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
Corso di Dottorato in Ottimizzazione Strutturale, gennaio 2023 - parte I
https://phd.uniroma1.it/web/corso---ottimizzazione-strutturale_nS4040IT_IT.aspx?fbclid=IwAR0L69ISShHkq3VGvHG_iTYtcYsV4XdLMxW5pXOyy8Kwd52h790Hb9YcMeI
TPP Lezione #01 concezione strutturale di ponti e viadotti RID.pdfFranco Bontempi
SITUAZIONI
Scavalco di un ostacolo
Mantenimento traiettoria tracciato
Ambito urbano (vista da sotto, scala, intersezioni)
Struttura / Infrastruttura
MECCANISMI ELEMENTARI
Strutture resistenti per forma
Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale
Strutture resistenti per superficie
Sistema strutturale
Descrizione della struttura
Concezione strutturale
Integrazione e specializzazione
Evoluzione ed innovazione
Aspetti estetici
Dentro il contesto
Fuori il contesto
Appunti sulle modellazioni discrete per ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
The paper deals with the assessment during time of r.c. structures under damage due to diffusion of external agents inside the structure. The diffusion process is modelled by a cellular automata based approach, taking the interaction with the mechanical state of the structures, i.e. the cracking state of the structures, into account. A so-called staggered process then solves the coupled problem. An application shows the effectiveness of the proposed analysis strategy, together some design considerations about the structural robustness.
Atti Congresso CTE, Pisa 2000
Comparison of time domain techniques for the evaluation of the response and t...Franco Bontempi
Plenary Lecture at Fourth M.I.T. Conference on Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics – Focus: Fluid-Structure Interactions, Boston, June 13-15, 2007.
During the last decades, several studies on suspension bridges under wind actions have been developed in civil engineering and many techniques have been used to approach this structural problem both in time and frequency domain. In this paper, four types of time domain techniques to evaluate the response and the stability of a long span suspension bridge are implemented: nonaeroelastic, steady, quasi steady, modified quasi steady. These techniques are compared considering both nonturbulent and turbulent flow wind modelling. The results show consistent differences both in the amplitude of the response and in the value of critical wind velocity.
repertorio di ponti in cemento armato.
solo per Allievi dei corsi di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture, Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Università di Roma.
PGS - lezione 03 - IMPALCATO DA PONTE E PIASTRE.pdfFranco Bontempi
Appunti su piastre per impalcati di ponti e viadotti.
Corso di GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDO STRUTTRE, prof. ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Universita' di Roma
Ordine degli Ingegneri della privincia di Roma, 19 novembre 2022
“Le prove sui materiali per la sicurezza e la durabilità delle costruzioni - I LABORATORI”
19 ottobre 2022
Presso l’Hotel Mercure Roma West
viale Eroi di Cefalonia 301- Roma
This document discusses the optimization of structural systems for tall buildings. It describes how structural engineers have historically sought to maximize efficiency by minimizing material usage while meeting performance targets. For tall buildings in particular, optimization aims to reduce the "premium for height" through innovations like the tube structural system and core-outrigger configurations. The development of these systems is traced from early skyscrapers to landmarks like the World Trade Center towers.
This publication provides worked examples for the design of structural elements in a notional steel framed building according to Eurocode standards. It includes an overview of the Eurocode system and conventions used, and introduces relevant content from Eurocode standards for steel, composite steel and concrete, and concrete structures. The worked examples apply the parameter values and design options specified in the UK National Annexes. They were produced with input from structural design lecturers and are intended to help both students and practicing designers learn Eurocode design methods.
The document discusses structural design considerations for fire safety design. It describes structural engineering as involving structural analysis and design. Structural analysis involves linear calculations while design is an iterative process. Fire action presents unique challenges as its occurrence and intensity cannot be fully predicted. This leads structural fire design problems to have greater uncertainty. The document outlines approaches for determining relevant fire scenarios to consider in design through expert judgment and matrices listing load situations and structural configurations.
Costruzioni Metalliche - Ponti: seminario Ing. Luca ROMANOFranco Bontempi
Slide del seminario dell'Ing. Luca Romano nell'ambito del Corso di Costruzioni Metalliche della Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale dell'Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 5 dicembre 2013.
Sicurezza Strutturale di Gallerie in Caso di IncendioFranco Bontempi
This document discusses the structural safety of tunnels in the event of a fire. It covers various topics related to tunnels and fires, including tunnel geometries, ventilation systems, the complexity of analyzing fire safety, fire behavior characteristics, and fire development and safety assessments. The document is a presentation on structural safety of tunnels in the event of fires given by Professor Franco Bontempi.
ntesi degli argomenti trattati nella esercitazione 7 (parte 1) del Corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni tenuto presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile della Sapienza di Roma
repertorio di ponti in cemento armato.
solo per Allievi dei corsi di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture, Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Università di Roma.
Appunti del corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni - Bontempi, SapienzaFranco Bontempi
Appunti del corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, raccolti dalla Allieva Alessia Perini.
This document outlines the objectives and units of a course on selection of materials. The course exposes students to the basics of selecting materials for engineering purposes and different classes of materials like metals, polymers, ceramics, composites and their properties. The units cover topics like material properties, manufacturing processes, economic analysis, materials selection charts, testing of different materials and their applications. The overall aim is to help students understand the parameters for selecting appropriate materials.
Libro che raccoglie le lezioni del Prof. Giulio Ceradini a cura del Prof. Carlo Gavarini.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
This paper presents a new methodology for generating complex free-form structures using cyclidic nets through Möbius geometry. The methodology relies on spherical inversion and discrete Combescure transformations to generate super-canal surfaces from two or three curves. These super-canal surfaces have planar lines of curvature that allow for efficient structural layout and meshing with planar quadrilateral facets. The methodology enriches constructive geometry approaches and the surfaces generated are at equilibrium under uniform normal loading, making them suitable for free-form architectural and structural design.
The document provides an introduction to structural engineering and design. It discusses how structural engineering involves both technology and aesthetics to design structures that are stable, strong, and able to resist loads without failure. The objectives of structural design are outlined as stability, strength, serviceability, economy, and aesthetics. Finally, the document lists the general steps in structural design as selecting the structural system and material, preliminary design, analyzing and designing structural elements like slabs, and detailed structural analysis.
Ordine degli Ingegneri della privincia di Roma, 19 novembre 2022
“Le prove sui materiali per la sicurezza e la durabilità delle costruzioni - I LABORATORI”
19 ottobre 2022
Presso l’Hotel Mercure Roma West
viale Eroi di Cefalonia 301- Roma
This document discusses the optimization of structural systems for tall buildings. It describes how structural engineers have historically sought to maximize efficiency by minimizing material usage while meeting performance targets. For tall buildings in particular, optimization aims to reduce the "premium for height" through innovations like the tube structural system and core-outrigger configurations. The development of these systems is traced from early skyscrapers to landmarks like the World Trade Center towers.
This publication provides worked examples for the design of structural elements in a notional steel framed building according to Eurocode standards. It includes an overview of the Eurocode system and conventions used, and introduces relevant content from Eurocode standards for steel, composite steel and concrete, and concrete structures. The worked examples apply the parameter values and design options specified in the UK National Annexes. They were produced with input from structural design lecturers and are intended to help both students and practicing designers learn Eurocode design methods.
The document discusses structural design considerations for fire safety design. It describes structural engineering as involving structural analysis and design. Structural analysis involves linear calculations while design is an iterative process. Fire action presents unique challenges as its occurrence and intensity cannot be fully predicted. This leads structural fire design problems to have greater uncertainty. The document outlines approaches for determining relevant fire scenarios to consider in design through expert judgment and matrices listing load situations and structural configurations.
Costruzioni Metalliche - Ponti: seminario Ing. Luca ROMANOFranco Bontempi
Slide del seminario dell'Ing. Luca Romano nell'ambito del Corso di Costruzioni Metalliche della Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale dell'Universita' degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, 5 dicembre 2013.
Sicurezza Strutturale di Gallerie in Caso di IncendioFranco Bontempi
This document discusses the structural safety of tunnels in the event of a fire. It covers various topics related to tunnels and fires, including tunnel geometries, ventilation systems, the complexity of analyzing fire safety, fire behavior characteristics, and fire development and safety assessments. The document is a presentation on structural safety of tunnels in the event of fires given by Professor Franco Bontempi.
ntesi degli argomenti trattati nella esercitazione 7 (parte 1) del Corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni tenuto presso la Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile della Sapienza di Roma
repertorio di ponti in cemento armato.
solo per Allievi dei corsi di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti - Gestione di Ponti e Grandi Strutture, Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Sapienza Università di Roma.
Appunti del corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni - Bontempi, SapienzaFranco Bontempi
Appunti del corso di Tecnica delle Costruzioni Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi, Facolta' di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale, Sapienza Universita' di Roma, raccolti dalla Allieva Alessia Perini.
This document outlines the objectives and units of a course on selection of materials. The course exposes students to the basics of selecting materials for engineering purposes and different classes of materials like metals, polymers, ceramics, composites and their properties. The units cover topics like material properties, manufacturing processes, economic analysis, materials selection charts, testing of different materials and their applications. The overall aim is to help students understand the parameters for selecting appropriate materials.
Libro che raccoglie le lezioni del Prof. Giulio Ceradini a cura del Prof. Carlo Gavarini.
Ad uso esclusivo degli Allievi del Corso di Teoria e Progetto di Ponti della Facoltà di Ingegneria della Sapienza - Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
This paper presents a new methodology for generating complex free-form structures using cyclidic nets through Möbius geometry. The methodology relies on spherical inversion and discrete Combescure transformations to generate super-canal surfaces from two or three curves. These super-canal surfaces have planar lines of curvature that allow for efficient structural layout and meshing with planar quadrilateral facets. The methodology enriches constructive geometry approaches and the surfaces generated are at equilibrium under uniform normal loading, making them suitable for free-form architectural and structural design.
The document provides an introduction to structural engineering and design. It discusses how structural engineering involves both technology and aesthetics to design structures that are stable, strong, and able to resist loads without failure. The objectives of structural design are outlined as stability, strength, serviceability, economy, and aesthetics. Finally, the document lists the general steps in structural design as selecting the structural system and material, preliminary design, analyzing and designing structural elements like slabs, and detailed structural analysis.
1 - Advanced 3D modelling and analysis of masonry structures
Dr Lorenzo Macorini
CSM Group, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Imperial College London
This document provides information about structural engineering. It lists the group members working on structural engineering and defines what structural engineering is. It discusses the importance of structural engineering, including structural analysis, safety assessment, and estimation. It provides examples of structural drawings and discusses the roles and responsibilities of structural engineers, which include design, investigation, communication, and management. It also describes the different types of drawings created by structural engineers, such as structural drawings, reinforcement drawings, standard details, and record drawings.
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
This document discusses the changing relationship between architecture and structure over time. It begins by explaining how in the past one person acted as both architect and engineer, but industrialization led to specialization. It then analyzes the relationship between architects and structural engineers in different eras, from early independence to closer collaboration today. The document also examines how structural engineers approach complex architectural forms and stresses the need for refined structural analysis and understanding of structural behavior when dealing with freeform designs.
This document discusses the changing relationship between architecture and structure over time. It begins by explaining how in the past one person acted as both architect and engineer, but industrialization led to specialization. It then analyzes the relationship between architects and structural engineers in different eras, from early independence to closer collaboration today. The document also examines how structural engineers approach complex architectural forms and stresses the need for refined structural analysis and understanding of structural behavior when dealing with freeform designs.
The document provides details of the internship project involving analysis and design of a school building structural system. It includes modeling the building in ETABS, defining loads, material properties and sections, running analysis to obtain results like bending moments, and designing structural elements like beams and columns based on the code provisions. The intern gained practical experience in structural planning, modeling, analysis, design, and gained knowledge on applying concepts learned in class to real-life projects.
PROGRAMMA ATTIVITA’ DIDATTICA A.A. 2016/17
DOTTORATO IN INGEGNERIA STRUTTURALE E GEOTECNICA
___________________________________________________
STRUCTURAL DESIGN FROM EMPIRICAL TRADITION
Lecture Series by
Thomas E. Boothby, Ph.D., P.E., R.A.
The Pennsylvania State University
Visiting Professor
Sapienza University of Rome
The document summarizes the analysis and design of a G+3 shopping complex. It includes the design of structural elements like slab, beams, columns, staircase and foundation. It describes the design methodology, software used for analysis (STAAD.Pro), and design of key structural components like the ground floor slab. The students have submitted this project to fulfill the requirements for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering.
This document discusses the course CV706 Advanced Design of Concrete Structures. The course covers the analysis and design of various reinforced concrete structural elements including continuous beams and frames, slabs, grid slabs, folded plates, bunkers, silos, deep beams, corbels, and pile caps. Specifically, it will discuss the redistribution of moments in continuous beams and frames, yield line analysis for slab design, and the analysis and design of elements like grid slabs, filler slabs, folded plates, bunkers, silos, deep beams, corbels, and pile caps. The course will also review the limit state design method.
This chapter introduces masonry structures and provides background information. It discusses the history of masonry construction from ancient times to modern developments. Masonry structures are categorized based on the type of material (stone, brick) and mortar used. The chapter focuses on stone masonry, which is the type of construction employed in the case study building. Key elements that define masonry building behavior are identified as the type of walls, floors, roofs, and presence/type of beams and ties.
EXPANSION JOINT TREATMENT: MATERIAL & TECHNIQUESA Makwana
The document discusses expansion joints in civil engineering structures. It defines expansion joints as gaps provided in structures to allow for movement due to temperature changes and prevent cracking. It describes the different types of joints used in concrete and factors that affect the need for expansion joints like material properties and building size. The document outlines best practices for expansion joint design, including proper spacing and installation. It discusses common expansion joint materials like joint fillers, sealing compounds, and water bars used to make the joints watertight. The document also presents a case study on issues with untreated or poorly installed expansion joints like leakage and cracking.
Discover Architectural Engineering in this engaging presentation provided by Silicon Consultant LLC. Gain a profound understanding of the discipline, its applications, and innovative solutions in the design and development field.
Review Paper on Comparative Analysis of Circular and Rectangular Building Str...IRJET Journal
This document presents a review and comparative analysis of circular and rectangular building structures in terms of load distribution and construction area utilization. It begins with an abstract highlighting the objectives of analyzing and quantifying these factors for both building shapes. It then provides background context on the problem statement and research objectives. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, including data collection, structural modeling, load simulation, analysis, and visualization of results. Literature on previous related studies is also reviewed. The document presents numerical data used in modeling a sample circular and rectangular building. It analyzes load distribution patterns and construction space optimization between the two shapes. Finally, it concludes the circular structure exhibits unique stress distribution but the rectangular is more predictable, while the circular optimizes interior space
Contour Crafting- infrastructural design of futureKhyati Saggu
The document discusses contour crafting, an innovative construction technique that uses computer-controlled equipment to build structures in an additive layer-by-layer process. It is presented as a solution to issues with traditional construction such as being labor-intensive, slow, dangerous, and over budget. The contour crafting process and model are described. Advantages over conventional methods include significant reductions in construction time, waste, and labor costs. Potential applications and impacts are also outlined.
The document discusses the relationship between architecture and structure. It makes three key points:
1. Architecture and structure have an inseparable relationship, with each influencing the form and function of the other. Architects design buildings and engineers ensure they are structurally sound.
2. Structure is one of the strongest elements that forms the shape of a building. Factors like functional needs, materials, and vibration engineering influence both architectural design and structural planning.
3. A new type of "figurative architecture" is emerging where the line between structure and architecture is blurred. In the future, they will integrate even more through a unified science and art of construction where the definitions of architecture will change.
Maria Bostenaru presented on her PhD research developing a strategic planning system for seismic risk reduction in Bucharest, Romania. She discussed developing a building survey system to systematically collect data on existing buildings to inform retrofitting decisions. Her research involved structuring building information into hierarchical layers through both photographic and laser measurement. This provided dimensional data to generate digital building models segmented by structural elements, spaces, and surfaces/volumes for engineering, functional, and cost analyses to prioritize retrofitting projects.
Structural Design Process: Step-by-Step Guide for BuildingsChandresh Chudasama
The structural design process is explained: Follow our step-by-step guide to understand building design intricacies and ensure structural integrity. Learn how to build wonderful buildings with the help of our detailed information. Learn how to create structures with durability and reliability and also gain insights on ways of managing structures.
This document discusses using MATLAB for optimizing the cost of bridge superstructures. It describes formulating the design of reinforced concrete T-beam girders as an optimization problem by defining design variables like slab depth and girder width, constraints like stress limits, and an objective function to minimize total cost. The Sequential Unconstrained Minimization Technique (SUMT) is used to solve the optimization problem, treating it as a series of unconstrained problems with penalty terms added. An example application optimizes girder costs for different spans and material grades, with results compared graphically showing optimized cost points.
Similar to ottimizzazione 2023 parte II RID.pdf (20)
This document outlines a university lecture on structural robustness of bridges and viaducts. It begins by discussing past structural failures through forensic analysis to understand causes. It then covers principles of robust design including load paths, redundancy, and survivability. Several case studies of bridge collapses are presented and factors investigated like material stresses over time, design modifications, and human errors. The goal is to distill lessons on robust concepts, failures, and managing unexpected events.
ANALISI DEL RISCHIO PER LA SICUREZZA NELLE GALLERIE STRADALI.Franco Bontempi
SOMMARIO
Il tema della sicurezza, quando si parla di gallerie stradali, assume ancora più importanza, dato che un banale incidente o un guasto di un veicolo possono degenerare in uno scenario che causa un elevato numero di vittime. Ad esempio, il 24 marzo 1999, 39 persone sono rimaste uccise quando un mezzo pesante che trasportava farina e margarina prese fuoco all’interno del Tunnel del Monte Bianco. Nella prima parte dell’articolo vengono spiegate le fasi logiche che un modello messo a disposizione dalla PIARC/OECD, il Quantitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) [1-2], segue nel processo di Assegnazione del Rischio, e come esso ricava i valori dei relativi indicatori. Nella seconda parte dell’articolo, invece, viene mostrata un’applicazione di tale modello su una galleria esistente che si trova nel sud Italia, accompagnata da un’analisi di sensitività sui parametri che influenzano maggiormente il livello di rischio.
RISK ANALYSIS FOR SEVERE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN ROAD TUNNELSFranco Bontempi
IF CRASC’15
III THIRD CONGRESS ON FORENSIC ENGINEERING
VI CONGRESS ON COLLAPSES, RELIABILITY AND RETROFIT OF STRUCTURES
SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME, 14-16 MAY 2015
This document discusses large structures and their design. It begins with definitions of large structures, noting that their self-weight becomes a dominant load, load distribution is non-uniform, and complexity increases due to systemic effects. Design principles for large structures are then outlined, including simplicity, optimization at micro, meso and macro levels, and employing precaution given uncertainties. Examples of challenges in large structures like scale effects, emergence of unforeseen phenomena, and complexity are provided. Approaches to analyzing large structures both deterministically and probabilistically are also presented.
This document discusses structural robustness in the context of fire safety structural design. It defines structural robustness as the ability of a structure to exhibit a gradual decrease in structural performance due to negative events without disproportionate damage. The document outlines different collapse types including domino, pancake, zipper, and mixed collapses. It presents design strategies for robustness, including continuity/redundancy and segmentation/compartmentalization. Methods to prevent disproportionate collapse are also discussed, such as alternative load paths, isolation through segmentation, and prescriptive design rules.
This document discusses structural robustness in engineering. It defines structural robustness as the capacity of a structure to maintain its load-bearing ability after damage, with gradual rather than sudden degradation. The document outlines different levels of structural assessment from the material to the whole structural system. It provides examples of structural failure cases and how robustness can be evaluated through non-linear static analysis methods like pushover analysis. The goal is to identify the most critical structural elements and how a structure may collapse under extreme scenarios.
This document discusses the structural robustness of bridges and viaducts. It covers topics such as disastrous failures of bridges in the past, structural robustness in both a narrow and general sense, the role of human error, managing unexpected events, principles of high reliability organizations, and learning from failures through forensic engineering. Specific case studies of bridge failures are presented, including the Minnesota I-35W bridge collapse in 2007 and methods for analyzing failures, including forward and back analysis. The concepts of load paths, redundancy, reliability, and maintaining integrity are examined in the context of bridge design and safety.
The document summarizes an investigation into a fire that occurred at the Windsor Hotel in Madrid, Spain. It describes the structure of the building, outlines the progression and spread of the fire, analyzes the structural behavior and performance of fire protections during the fire, and discusses the causes and factors that contributed to the fire and its impacts. The fire originated on the 21st floor and spread rapidly downwards, eventually causing the progressive collapse of the upper floors due to a lack of adequate compartmentalization and fire stopping between the building's curtain wall and structure.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
1. Structural Design and Optimization
Part II – V edition, 2023
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Docente di TEORIA E PROGETTO DI PONTI – GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 2
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 3
Abstract
• Structural engineering can nowadays make use of very remarkable computational
tools. This availability can lead to affirm that the entire process of designing and
verifying the quality of a structure can be automated.
• Paradoxically, the opposite is true: powerful tools require deep reflections on what
are the bases of structural design in order to consciously address the procedures
of representation and optimization available today.
• In this only in this way, that optimization can represent an effective fundamental
component of structural design, in order to try to maximize the performance of
the structures and their sustainability.
• In order to obtain a correct optimization, it is therefore necessary to examine the
roots of the design, to understand its meanings and evaluate the limits of the
different numerical implementations.
• The lessons of the course will develop the concepts underlying structural
optimization while presenting specific significant applications
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 4
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 5
• Monday 30 January
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi
• Basis of structural design
• The art of structural engineering. The
principles of design. The creative process.
Structural concept. Design context and
structural requirements. Structural values.
Design by evolution and innovation.
Integration and specialization. Path of
loads. Structural schemes and their limits.
Structural analysis.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 6
DAY 1
• D. Billington, The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of
Structural Engineering
• E. S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Mind’s Eye.
• H. Simon, The Science of Artificial.
• G. Madhavan, Come pensano gli ingegneri. Intelligenze
applicate.
• B. Munari, Da cosa nasce cosa. Appunti per una
metodologia progettuale.
• P. L. Nervi, Scienza o arte del costruire?
• E. Torroja, La concezione Strutturale.
• L.E. Robertson, The Structure of Design.
• W. Lidwell, K. Holden, J. Butler, Universal Principle of Design.
• U. Kirsch, Structural Optimization. Fundamentals and
Applications.
• S. Adriaenssens, P. Block, D. Veenendaal, C.Williams. Shell
Structures for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization.
• M. Sarkisian, Designing Tall Buildings: Structure as
Architecture.
• Tuesday 31 January
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of
structural optimization
• Setting up the structural problem.
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited
rationality and partial knowledge.
Structural modeling. Solution of the
structural problem and its critical
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization
problems. Optimization algorithms.
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches.
Discrete structural schemes.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 7
DAY 2
• Tuesday 31 January
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Dr. Valentina Tomei
• Optimization strategies for the design of
gridshell type structures
• Notes on the types of structural optimization
and on the single-objective and multi-
objective optimization algorithms of an
evolutionary type. Notes on strategies for
finding the optimal shape: form-finding.
Gridshell type structures. The role of form in
gridshells. The role of structural optimization
in gridshell design: examples of design
strategies.
• Wednesday 1st February
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Elena Mele
• Optimization of structures for tall
buildings
• Behavior of tall buildings, "premium for
height" and structural types. Notes on the
evolution of the structural design of tall
buildings and recent trends: the search for
efficiency and the role of robustness.
Diagrid structures and structural patterns:
sectional and topological optimization.
Patterns inspired by isostatic lines.
Generative design and shape grammar.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 8
DAY 3
• Wednesday 1st February
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Francesco Petrini
• Optimization in the performance design of
buildings under wind action and seismic
action
• Application of optimization methods to real
problems. Performance-based design: general
aspects and specific characteristics.
Optimization of devices for the control of
vibrations of tall buildings under the action of
the wind. Risk-based design of reinforced
concrete frames in seismic zone with
development of an optimization procedure
based on the gradient method.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 9
DAY 4
• Thursday 2nd February
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Dr. Innocenzo Becci
• Seismic recovery of prefabricated buildings
with the use of dissipation systems and
decoupling systems
• With a technical practice setting, the
presentation concerns the seismic
improvement design approach on
prefabricated structures with the use of
mechanical connection and dissipation
devices. For the typological conception of the
mechanisms and for the materials used in the
systems, the selection criteria and the
experiences of experimental feedback which
have made it possible to validate the expected
operating principles will be exposed.
• Thursday 2nd February
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• The construction of form in architectural
works: critical issues and advantages of
the mathematical/numerical approach
• The lesson presents, explores and
discusses mainly qualitative aspects
concerning works of architecture and is
accompanied by some examples of study
addressed in some degree theses (which
are available at this link:
https://sites.google.com/a/uniroma1.it/pa
triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 10
2. • Tuesday 26 October 10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of
structural optimization
• Setting up the structural problem.
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited
rationality and partial knowledge.
Structural modeling. Solution of the
structural problem and its critical
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization
problems. Optimization algorithms.
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches.
Discrete structural schemes.
• Tuesday 26 October 15.30-18.30 (2 hours)
• Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• The construction of form in architectural
works: critical issues and advantages of
the mathematical/numerical approach
• The lesson presents, explores and
discusses mainly qualitative aspects
concerning works of architecture and is
accompanied by some examples of study
addressed in some degree theses (which
are available at this link:
https://sites.google.com/a/uniroma1.it/pa
triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)
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DAY 2
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 12
FORMULABILE
NON
FORMULABILE
Esprimibile in equazioni
HARD
RESTRICTED
Non esprimibile in equazioni
SOFT
WIDE
Prima
lezione
Seconda
lezione
NON
FORMULABILE
Non esprimibile in equazioni
SOFT
WIDE
Prima
lezione
8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects
• Surrogate
• Not so basic aspects
• Heuristics
• In another (indirect) way:
optimality criteria
10.Levels in action
• Sizing
• Morphology
• Topology
• Generative
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 13
Index Part II
1983
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 14
CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 15
8
CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 16
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17
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19
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
INSIGHT
IN A STRUCTURALPROBLEM
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 20
3. Load Path
21
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 22
Load Transfer Mechanism
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 23
2
29-Jan-23 24
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1 - Strutture resistenti per forma
29-Jan-23
In tutta la struttura c'è solo o trazione o compressione
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 25 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 26
2 - Strutture resistenti per azione vettoriale
29-Jan-23
Nella struttura ci sono elementi che lavorano uniformemente
a trazione o a compressione (tiranti o puntoni)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 27 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 28
3 - Strutture resistenti per flessione
29-Jan-23
Nelle sezioni della struttura c'è sia trazione sia compressione
(diagramma degli sforzi a farfalla)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 30
4. 4 - Strutture resistenti per superficie
29-Jan-23
La struttura distribuisce ed equilibra i carichi con azione membranale
(distribuzione di sforzo uniforme sullo spessore)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 31 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 32
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Structural System
34
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3
35
x
x
x
x
Fault
Fault
Fault
Fault
Overall plant
1st level
Plant item
2nd level
Control loop
3rd level
Element/Component
4th level
STRUTTURA
GLOBALE
SOTTO-STRUTTURA
2 livello
ELEMENTO STRUTURALE
3 livello
COMPONENTE
4 livello
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 37 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 38
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 39
Es.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 40
5. MAIN
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
AUXILIARY
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
SECONDARY
STRUCTURAL
SYSTEM
SPECIAL
DECK ZONES
BRIDGE
DECK
HIGHWAY SYSTEM
RAILWAY SYSTEM
OPERATION
MAINTENANCE
EMERGENCY
FOUNDATION OF TOWERS
TOWERS
ANCHORAGES
SUPPORTING
CONDITION
HIGHWAY BOX-GIRDER
CROSS BOX-GIRDER
RAILWAY BOX-GIRDER
INNER
OUTER
BRIDGE
SUPERSTRUCTURE
MACRO-LEVELS
MESO-LEVELS
MAIN CABLES
HANGERS
SUSPENSION
SYSTEM
SADDLES
OUTER
HIGHWAY BOX-GIRDER
CROSS BOX-GIRDER
RA
R
R ILWAY BOX-GIRDER
FOUN
U
U DATION OF TOWERS
TOWERS
AN
A
A CHORA
R
R GES
MAIN CABLES
SADDLES
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 41
Structures Essentials
• Micro-level:
local size of the sections, i.e., thickness, area, inertia, … (Detailed
Geometry)
• Meso-level:
form of the structural element or structural part (substructure), i.e.
main longitudinal axis, curvature, profile, … (Global Geometry)
• Macro-level:
connections of the different structural parts (Load Path)
42
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
local size of the sections, i.e., thickness, area, inertia, … (Detailed
4
http://carat.st.bv.tum.de/caratuserswiki/index.php/Users:Structural_Optimization/General_Formulation
Optimization Levels (1)
43
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http://carat.st.bv.tum.de/caratuserswiki/index.php/Users:Structural_Optimization/General_Formulation
Optimization Levels (2)
Micro-level:
local size of the sections,
i.e. thickness, area,
inertia, … (Detailed
Geometry)
Meso-level:
form of the structural
element or structural part
(substructure), i.e. main
longitudinal axis, curvature,
profile, … (Global Geometry)
Macro-level:
connections of the
different structural
parts (Load Path)
44
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
SIMPLE OBSERVATIONS
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 45 46
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47
47
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The nature of optimum (1)
48
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Example (1)
49
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Example (2)
50
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6. 51
Robustness of the formulation
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 52
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
The nature of optimum (2)
A sub-optimal solution
to a problem is one
that is less than perfect.
Slack situation: loose and not pulled tight.
53
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Limiti approssimativi abbastanza larghi
ALGORITHMS
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 55
9
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
DIRECT WAY: BASIC ASPECTS
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 56
57
Direct
Approach
for
Optimization
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 58
1D
function
–
Line
Optimization
(1
direction)
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Bracketing of the minimum
59
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1° step
Δ1
βΔ1
a1 b1
c1
f(x)
x
60
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
7. 2° step
Δ2
βΔ2
a2
b2
c2
f(x)
x
61
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
3° step
Δ3
βΔ3
a3
b3
c3
f(x)
x
β=0.61803
62
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Quadratic Fitting
63
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65
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Bracketing with parabolic interpolation
66
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Cubic Fitting
67
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 68
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69
Convergence
Criteria
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 70
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8. 71
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 72
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73
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75
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Searching in the good direction
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
77
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Scaling of Design Variables
• It is often desirable to eliminate wide variations in the magnitudes
of design variables and the value of constraints by normalization.
• Design variables may be normalized to order 1 by scaling.
• This operation may enhance the efficiency and reliability of the
numerical optimization process.
78
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79
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9. 81
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SURROGATE
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 82
83
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Design of Experiments (DOE)
84
• In general usage, design of experiments (DOE) or experimental design is the
design of any information-gathering exercises where variation is present,
whether under the full control of the experimenter or not. However, in
statistics, these terms are usually used for controlled experiments.
• Formal planned experimentation is often used in evaluating physical objects,
chemical formulations, structures, components, and materials.
• Other types of study, and their design, are discussed in the articles on
computer experiments, opinion polls and statistical surveys (which are types
of observational study), natural experiments and quasi-experiments (for
example, quasi-experimental design).
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Sampling Points (1)
85
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Sampling Points (2)
86
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Simulation & Approximation of the Response
87
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
The Function: y(x1,x2)
88
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
The Sensibility of the Function
89
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
STRATEGY #1: SENSITIVITY - Governance of Priorities
90
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
10. The Bounding of the Function
91
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
STRATEGY #2: BOUNDING - Behavior Governance
p
l(p)
l
p
l(p)
l
92
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
NOT SO BASIC ASPECTS
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 93 94
Relative
Gain
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1
95
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 96
96
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
97
97
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 98
98
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 99
A decision point in the development of the solution
100
100
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
11. 101
101
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Multilevel Optimal Design
102
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
2
Decomposition
103
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Multilevel Structures
104
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
105
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107
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1997
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 109
HEURISTICS
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 110
12. Heuristics
• A heuristic technique (/hjᵿˈrɪstᵻk/; Ancient Greek: εὑρίσκω, "find"
or "discover"), often called simply a heuristic, is any approach to
problem solving, learning, or discovery that employs a practical
method not guaranteed to be optimal or perfect, but sufficient for
the immediate goals.
• Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical,
heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a
satisfactory solution.
• Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of
making a decision.
111
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
εὑρίσκω
• Heuristic (/hjʉˈrɪstɨk/; Greek: "Εὑρίσκω", "find" or "discover")
refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving,
learning, and discovery that give a solution which is not
guaranteed to be optimal. Where the exhaustive search is
impractical, heuristic methods are used to speed up the process of
finding a satisfactory solution via mental shortcuts to ease the
cognitive load of making a decision. Examples of this method
include using a rule of thumb, an educated guess, an intuitive
judgment, stereotyping, or common sense.
• In more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily
accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control
problem solving in human beings and machines.
112
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
εὑρίσκω
• L'euristica (dalla lingua greca εὑρίσκω, letteralmente "scopro" o
"trovo") è una parte dell'epistemologia e del metodo scientifico.
• Si definisce procedimento euristico, un metodo di approccio alla
soluzione dei problemi che non segue un chiaro percorso, ma che
si affida all'intuito e allo stato temporaneo delle circostanze, al fine
di generare nuova conoscenza. È opposto al procedimento
algoritmico. In particolare, l'euristica di una teoria dovrebbe
indicare le strade e le possibilità da approfondire nel tentativo di
rendere una teoria progressiva.
113
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Bounded Rationality
• Bounded rationality is the idea that in decision-making, rationality of
individuals is limited by the information they have, the cognitive limitations
of their minds, and the finite amount of time they have to make a decision.
• It was proposed by H. A. Simon as an alternative basis for the mathematical
modeling of decision making, as used in economics, …; it complements
rationality as optimization, which views decision-making as a fully rational
process of finding an optimal choice given the information available.
• Another way to look at bounded rationality is that, because decision-makers
lack the ability and resources to arrive at the optimal solution, they instead
apply their rationality only after having greatly simplified the choices
available. Thus, the decision-maker is a satisfier, one seeking a satisfactory
solution rather than the optimal one.
114
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1
119
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Simulated Annealing (Metropolis)
• Simulated annealing (SA) is a generic probabilistic heuristic for the global
optimization problem of locating a good approximation to the global optimum of a
given function in a large search space.
• The name and inspiration come from annealing in metallurgy, a technique
involving heating and controlled cooling of a material to increase the size of its
crystals and reduce their defects.
• This notion of slow cooling is implemented in the Simulated Annealing algorithm
as a slow decrease in the probability of accepting worse solutions as it explores the
solution space. Accepting worse solutions is a fundamental property of heuristics
because it allows for a more extensive search for the optimum.
• The method is an adaptation of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, a Monte Carlo
method to generate sample states of a thermodynamic system, invented by M.N.
Rosenbluth and published in a paper by N. Metropolis et al. in 1953.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 120
13. 121
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Basic version (1)
122
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Basic version (2)
123
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125
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Points for SA
• Diameter of the search graph
• Transition probabilities
• Acceptance probabilities
• Efficient candidate generation
• Barrier avoidance
• Cooling schedule
126
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127
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129
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2
130
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14. Nelder-Mead Method (Amoeba)
• The Nelder–Mead method or downhill simplex method or amoeba
method is a commonly used nonlinear optimization technique,
which is a well-defined numerical method for problems for which
derivatives may not be known.
• The Nelder–Mead technique is a heuristic search method that was
proposed by John Nelder & Roger Mead (1965) for minimizing an
objective function in a many-dimensional space.
131
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133
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135
Basic movements
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National Vegetable Research Station
136
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;-)
137
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2
139
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Genetic Algorithm (GA)
• The original motivation for the GA approach was a biological analogy. In the
selective breeding of plants or animals, for example, offspring are sought
that have certain desirable characteristics, characteristics that are
determined at the genetic level by the way the parents’ chromosomes
combine. In the case of GAs, a population of strings is used, i.e.
chromosomes.
• The recombination of strings is carried out using analogies of genetic
crossover and mutation, and the search is guided by the results of evaluating
the objective function f for each string in the population.
• Based on this evaluation, strings that have higher fitness (i.e., represent
better solutions) can be identified, and these are given more opportunity to
breed.
140
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15. Terminology
141
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143
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Coding
• One of the distinctive features of the GA approach is to allow the
separation of the representation of the problem from the actual
variables in which it was originally formulated.
• In line with biological usage of the terms, it has become customary
to distinguish the ‘genotype’—the encoded representation of the
variables, from the ‘phenotype’—the set of variables themselves.
144
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Translation
Genotype space = {0,1}L
(mappa)
Phenotype space
(territorio)
Encoding
(representation)
Decoding
(inverse representation)
01101001
01001001
10010010
10010001
145
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Esempio: numero intero fra -7 e +7
Example
147
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Mating, Mutation, Selection
149
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One or Two
150
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16. IN ANOTHER (INDIRECT) WAY:
OPTIMALITY CRITERIA
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 151
Optimality Criteria
152
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153
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155
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects
• Surrogate
• Not so basic aspects
• Heuristics
• In another (Indirect) way:
optimality criteria
10.Levels in action
• Sizing
• Morphology
• Topology
• Generative
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 157
Index Part II
8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects
• Surrogate
• Not so basic aspects
• Heuristics
• In another (Indirect) way:
optimality criteria
LEVELS IN ACTION
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10
LEVELS IN ACTION
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
http://carat.st.bv.tum.de/caratuserswiki/index.php/Users:Structural_Optimization/General_Formulation
Optimization Levels
Micro-level:
local size of the sections,
i.e. thickness, area,
inertia, … (Detailed
Geometry)
Meso-level:
form of the structural
element or structural part
(substructure), i.e. main
longitudinal axis, curvature,
profile, … (Global Geometry)
Macro-level:
connections of the
different structural
parts (Load Path)
159
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SIZING
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 160
17. 161
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Fully Stressed Design (FSD)
162
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163
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Strutture isostatiche / iperstatiche
• Nelle strutture isostatiche il regime statico ovvero lo stato di sforzo
è determinato unicamente dalle condizioni di equilibrio (tra l’altro,
considerando piccoli spostamenti, il regime statico non è
influenzato dalle non linearità di materiale eventualmente
presenti).
• Nelle strutture iperstatiche, il regime statico ovvero la distribuzione
delle sollecitazioni e degli sforzi dipende dalla distribuzione delle
rigidezze, considerando che parti strutturali più rigide attirano
maggiori sollecitazioni e sforzi.
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FSD in action
165
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167
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169
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Solution that satisfies everything
[ ]
i
i
Design a
a max
4
,...
1
=
=
170
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18. Industrial α - sections
171
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
A / W for HEB for α = h
A = 9E-13x6
- 3E-09x5
+ 5E-06x4
- 0,0036x3
+ 1,2509x2
- 139x + 7185,3
W = 1E-11x6
- 9E-08x5
+ 0,0002x4
- 0,2162x3
+ 113,67x2
- 17128x + 881393
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
A
W
Poly. (A)
Poly. (W)
172
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IPE HEB
173
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Nota
• Con tale tecnica, si ottiene un dimensionamento che sfrutta a
pieno la capacità portante della sezione.
• Il progetto è basato quindi sul raggiungimento del requisito di
resistenza: un elemento strutturale e la struttura nel complesso
devono però soddisfare a differenti altri requisiti.
• È possibile considerare indirettamente questi altri aspetti anche
con il FSD: basta agire sui valori dei limiti tensionali o sui valori dei
moltiplicatori αmax ed αmin per dimensionare l’elemento con
riferimento ad altri aspetti che non siano la sola resistenza.
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175
175
Taglio / Instabilità
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Es.
177
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179
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19. 181
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183
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185
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187
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MORPHOLOGY
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 188
189
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20. 191
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193
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195
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Geometry Parameter Based Optimization
197
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Non-Parametric Optimization
198
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Hybrid optimization
199
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200
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21. Michell
201
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203
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205
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207
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TOPOLOGY
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209
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210
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22. 211
211
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morfologica
topologica
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Es.
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215
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
a b
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Es. a
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
b
29-Jan-23 219
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 220
23. 221
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
29-Jan-23
Mesolivello
-
morfologico
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 229 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 230
24. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 231 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 232
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
29-Jan-23 235 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 236
237
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
Fundamental steps of the BG evolutionary process
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
240
29-Jan-23
25. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 241
Macrolivello
-
topologico
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 243 244
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
29-Jan-23
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
29-Jan-23 249 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 250
26. STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
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2023
29-Jan-23 252
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2023
29-Jan-23 254
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
29-Jan-23 255
Maillart’s Bridges
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 257
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29-Jan-23
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29-Jan-23
27. STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 261
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29-Jan-23
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29-Jan-23
Maillart
29-Jan-23 264
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29-Jan-23 265
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 266
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 268
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
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Ponti Maillart
29-Jan-23 270
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28. SHORTCUTS: DISCRETE MODELS
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Nb: vhange in topology
Morphology Optimization via OC
273
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275
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277
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Es.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 278
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29. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 281
1° Step
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 282
2° Step
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29-Jan-23 285
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 289
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30. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 291 29-Jan-23 292
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 293
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 294
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
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29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 297 298
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
298
Smoothing / Streamlining
29-Jan-23
299
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
299
29-Jan-23
Design Process
300
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
31. Filters
301
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303
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 304
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION
2023
Engineering Design Phases
29-Jan-23
Engineering …
• Minimum / maximum thicknesses
• Minimum / maximum lengths
•Symmetries
•Industrialized elements / components
•Manufacturing Procedures
(forging, bending, weldability, ...)
• Constructability
•Maintenability
•Inspectability
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 305
REFINED DESIGN
29-Jan-23 306
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
PROBLEM
29-Jan-23 307
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Meccanismo a cursore: 1a fase, aperto
29-Jan-23 308
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Meccanismo a cursore: 2a fase, chiuso
29-Jan-23 309
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
PORTATA MENSOLA
• La stragrande maggioranza dei tegoli (più dell’80% del
mercato USA) necessitano di una mensola con
capacità portante ULTIMA (UL) intorno ai 70 Kips.
• Dalle analisi siamo convinti che sarà possibile ridurre,
almeno in parte, il peso della mensola. In ogni caso il
peso complessivo della mensola non potrà superare i
7 Kg.
• Note:
• 70 Kips ULS = 70 x 4.45 kN = 312 kN = 31.2 t
• 70 / 2.5 = 28 Kips -> 312/2.5 = 125 kN = 12.5 t
29-Jan-23 310
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32. 29-Jan-23 311
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 312
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 313
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 314
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 315
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 316
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 317
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 318
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 319
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
33. 29-Jan-23 321
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 322
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 323
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 324
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 325
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 326
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 327
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1.0 1.6 0.6
ANCHORAGEFORCE
SHEAR
(SUPPORTREACTION)
RIGHT END REACTION
29-Jan-23 328
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1.0 1.6 0.6
ANCHORAGEFORCE
SHEAR
(SUPPORTREACTION)
RIGHT END REACTION
29-Jan-23 329
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Classe di resistenza acciaio
• Si è deciso di adottare per la forgiatura della mensola, acciaio tipo
S460M (ASTM 913 Grade 65) il cui valore di snervamento è 460
N/mm2 ed è particolarmente tenace e resiliente anche a basse
temperature.
• Il forgiatore ha già confermato la disponibilità ad usare questo acciaio.
29-Jan-23 330
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34. 29-Jan-23 331
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
1.0 1.6 0.6
ANCHORAGE FORCE
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION)
RIGHT END REACTION
29-Jan-23 332
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
12/20/2012 333
Limit
Stat
e
λ Shear
(slice 1.9685
inch)
Anchorage
(slice
1.9685
inch)
Right end
(slice
1.9685
inch)
Slice 0.3937
inch
(model)
Slice 3.1496
inch
(suggested)
kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips kN Kips
SLS 1.0 120 26.98 190 42.71 72 16.19 24 5.40 192 43.16
ULS 1.5 180 40.47 285 64.07 108 24.28 36 8.09 288 64.74
SILS 1.9 230 51.71 365 82.06 139 31.25 45 10.12 365 82.06
1.0 1.6 0.6
ANCHORAGE FORCE
SHEAR
(SUPPORT REACTION)
RIGHT END REACTION
29-Jan-23 333
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BASIC ANALYSIS
29-Jan-23 334
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 335
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Comportamento Stringer&Panel
29-Jan-23 336
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Airframe Stringer & Panel
29-Jan-23 337
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Stringer Panel Method (SPM)
29-Jan-23 338
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
STRINGERS
29-Jan-23 339
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
STRINGERS PROPERTIES
29-Jan-23 340
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
35. CONNECTION PROPERTIES
29-Jan-23 341
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
PANELS
29-Jan-23 342
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
PANELS PROPERTIES
29-Jan-23 343
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 344
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 345
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 346
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
SWL elastic behavior
29-Jan-23 347
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
SWL elastic behavior
29-Jan-23 348
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
USL elastic behavior
29-Jan-23 349
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
USL elastic behavior
29-Jan-23 350
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
36. USL elasto-plastic behavior
29-Jan-23 351
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
USL elasto-plastic behavior
29-Jan-23 352
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
USL elasto-plastic behavior
29-Jan-23 353
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 354
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
HOLES
29-Jan-23 355
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 356
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
correnti
fori
29-Jan-23 357
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Forgiatura
29-Jan-23 358
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
COMPARISON
ANSYS - ABAQUS
29-Jan-23 359
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Ansys
29-Jan-23 360
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
37. Ansys
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN
Total mechanical strain intensity
29-Jan-23 361
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Ansys
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN
Total mechanical strain intensity
29-Jan-23 362
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN
Total mechanical strain intensity
29-Jan-23 363
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Effettivo F = 260 KN
Total mechanical strain intensity
29-Jan-23 364
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
29-Jan-23 365
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN
29-Jan-23 366
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Effettivo F = 170 KN
29-Jan-23 367
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN
29-Jan-23 368
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Effettivo F = 195 KN
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN
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38. Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Effettivo F = 275 KN
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Ansys Vs Abaqus
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Abaqus
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN
Ansys
Stato Limite di Esercizio Richiesto F = 120 KN
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Abaqus
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN
Ansys
Stato Limite Ultimo Richiesto F=180 KN
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Abaqus
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN
Ansys
Stato Limite di Collasso Richiesto F=230 KN
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PUSHOVER
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 5 10 15
Force
[KN]
Vert_Displ [mm]
Abaqus_ottimizzata (3D model) Ansys_Ottimizzata (2D model)
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REFINED DESIGN
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REFINED DESIGN
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Mesh
Str
Str
Str
Str
Str
o
Str
Str
Str
Str
Str
N
o
o N
N
GER
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Mesh
Str
Str
Str
Str
Str
o
Str
Str
Str
Str
Str
N
o
o N
N
GER
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40. Structural Response
λ=1.9 – 230 kN – 52 Kips
λ=1.5 – 180 kN – 40 Kips
λ=1.0 – 120 kN – 28 Kips
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UNDER FIRE
(ISO Fire - Steel Temperature)
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Steel mechanical properties degradation
T
<=100°C
200°C
400°C
600°C
800°C
500°C
2%
e
20%
0.2% 15%
s
fyk
29-Jan-23 393
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
ISO 834
θ steel
ISO Fire - Steel Temperature
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ANSYS
ABAQUS
PANEL STRESS, t= 0 sec, T= 20 °C, Yield stress 450 N/mm2
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ANSYS
ABAQUS
PANEL STRESS, t= 565 sec, T= 576 °C, Yield stress 245 N/mm2
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PANEL STRESS, t= 650 sec, T= 618 °C, Yield stress 192 N/mm2
ANSYS
ABAQUS
29-Jan-23 397
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PANEL STRESS, t= 730 sec, T= 651 °C, Yield stress 156 N/mm2
ANSYS
ABAQUS
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PANEL STRESS, t= 770 sec, T= 665 °C, Yield stress 141 N/mm2
ANSYS
ABAQUS
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 200 400 600 800
displ
[mm]
TEMP [°C]
Ansys
Abaqus
Structural Response (1)
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
41. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 5 10 15
displ
[mm]
Time [min]
Ansys
Abaqus
Structural Response (2)
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
ISO 834
Acciaio non protetto
pittura intumescente
schiuma PROMAFOAM d=7mm
Gesso
Time [min]
TEMP
[°C]
Protective Measures
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
29-Jan-23 403
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 404
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 405
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 406
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 407
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Mensola ottimizzata peso ≈ 5.3 kg
Roma, 03 dicembre 2012
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2D
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 409
STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 410
42. 411
3D
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 412
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
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415
415
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 416
416
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
Vincoli funzionali
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 417 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 418
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 419 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 420
43. 421
421
Es.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
http://www.dezeen.com/2013/08/22/qatar-national-convention-centre-by-arata-isozaki/
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 422
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 423 424
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
425
425
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 426
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 427 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 428
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 429 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 430
44. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 431 432
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
433
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 434
GENERATIVE
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 435 436
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
437
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 438
Script
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 439 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 440
45. 441
441
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 442
443
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 444
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 445
http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/cgi-crowd-simulation-battle
446
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 447
8. Constructive approach
• Insight in a structural problem
• Simple observations
9. Algorithms
• Direct way: basic aspects
• Surrogate
• Not so basic aspects
• Heuristics
• In another (indirect) way:
optimality criteria
10.Levels I action
• Sizing
• Morphology
• Topology
• Generative
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 448
Index Part II
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 449 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 450
46. 29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 451
Abstract
• Structural engineering can nowadays make use of very remarkable computational
tools. This availability can lead to affirm that the entire process of designing and
verifying the quality of a structure can be automated.
• Paradoxically, the opposite is true: powerful tools require deep reflections on what
are the bases of structural design in order to consciously address the procedures
of representation and optimization available today.
• In this only in this way, that optimization can represent an effective fundamental
component of structural design, in order to try to maximize the performance of
the structures and their sustainability.
• In order to obtain a correct optimization, it is therefore necessary to examine the
roots of the design, to understand its meanings and evaluate the limits of the
different numerical implementations.
• The lessons of the course will develop the concepts underlying structural
optimization while presenting specific significant applications
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 452
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 453
• Monday 30 January
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi
• Basis of structural design
• The art of structural engineering. The
principles of design. The creative process.
Structural concept. Design context and
structural requirements. Structural values.
Design by evolution and innovation.
Integration and specialization. Path of
loads. Structural schemes and their limits.
Structural analysis.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 454
DAY 1
• D. Billington, The Tower and the Bridge: The New Art of
Structural Engineering
• E. S. Ferguson, Engineering and the Mind’s Eye.
• H. Simon, The Science of Artificial.
• G. Madhavan, Come pensano gli ingegneri. Intelligenze
applicate.
• B. Munari, Da cosa nasce cosa. Appunti per una
metodologia progettuale.
• P. L. Nervi, Scienza o arte del costruire?
• E. Torroja, La concezione Strutturale.
• L.E. Robertson, The Structure of Design.
• W. Lidwell, K. Holden, J. Butler, Universal Principle of Design.
• U. Kirsch, Structural Optimization. Fundamentals and
Applications.
• S. Adriaenssens, P. Block, D. Veenendaal, C.Williams. Shell
Structures for Architecture: Form Finding and Optimization.
• M. Sarkisian, Designing Tall Buildings: Structure as
Architecture.
• Tuesday 31 January
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Franco Bontempi
• Qualitative and quantitative aspects of
structural optimization
• Setting up the structural problem.
Uncertainties and undefinitions. Limited
rationality and partial knowledge.
Structural modeling. Solution of the
structural problem and its critical
judgment. Naïve setting of optimization
problems. Optimization algorithms.
Stochastic aspects. Heuristic approaches.
Discrete structural schemes.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 455
DAY 2
• Tuesday 31 January
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Dr. Valentina Tomei
• Optimization strategies for the design of
gridshell type structures
• Notes on the types of structural optimization
and on the single-objective and multi-
objective optimization algorithms of an
evolutionary type. Notes on strategies for
finding the optimal shape: form-finding.
Gridshell type structures. The role of form in
gridshells. The role of structural optimization
in gridshell design: examples of design
strategies.
• Wednesday 1st February
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Elena Mele
• Optimization of structures for tall
buildings
• Behavior of tall buildings, "premium for
height" and structural types. Notes on the
evolution of the structural design of tall
buildings and recent trends: the search for
efficiency and the role of robustness.
Diagrid structures and structural patterns:
sectional and topological optimization.
Patterns inspired by isostatic lines.
Generative design and shape grammar.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 456
DAY 3
• Wednesday 1st February
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Francesco Petrini
• Optimization in the performance design of
buildings under wind action and seismic
action
• Application of optimization methods to real
problems. Performance-based design: general
aspects and specific characteristics.
Optimization of devices for the control of
vibrations of tall buildings under the action of
the wind. Risk-based design of reinforced
concrete frames in seismic zone with
development of an optimization procedure
based on the gradient method.
29-Jan-23 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION 2023 457
DAY 4
• Thursday 2nd February
10.00-13.00 (3 hours)
• Dr. Innocenzo Becci
• Seismic recovery of prefabricated buildings
with the use of dissipation systems and
decoupling systems
• With a technical practice setting, the
presentation concerns the seismic
improvement design approach on
prefabricated structures with the use of
mechanical connection and dissipation
devices. For the typological conception of the
mechanisms and for the materials used in the
systems, the selection criteria and the
experiences of experimental feedback which
have made it possible to validate the expected
operating principles will be exposed.
• Thursday 2nd February
15.00-18.00 (3 hours)
• Prof. Arch. Patrizia Trovalusci
• The construction of form in architectural
works: critical issues and advantages of
the mathematical/numerical approach
• The lesson presents, explores and
discusses mainly qualitative aspects
concerning works of architecture and is
accompanied by some examples of study
addressed in some degree theses (which
are available at this link:
https://sites.google.com/a/uniroma1.it/pa
triziatrovalusci/tesi-di-laurea/tesi-di-
laurea-sdc)
Structural Design and Optimization
Part II – V edition, 2023
Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi
Docente di TEORIA E PROGETTO DI PONTI – GESTIONE DI PONTI E GRANDI STRUTTURE
Facoltà di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale
Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza
franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it