WINDSOR HOTEL MADRID
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The document summarizes an investigation into a fire that occurred at the Windsor Hotel in Madrid, Spain. It describes the structure of the building, outlines the progression and spread of the fire, analyzes the structural behavior and performance of fire protections during the fire, and discusses the causes and factors that contributed to the fire and its impacts. The fire originated on the 21st floor and spread rapidly downwards, eventually causing the progressive collapse of the upper floors due to a lack of adequate compartmentalization and fire stopping between the building's curtain wall and structure.
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WINDSOR HOTEL MADRID
- 1. WINDSOR HOTEL MADRID Franco Bontempi Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale Sapienza Universita’ di Roma franco.bontempi@uniroma1.it
- 10. Built during 70’s Offices and commercial use 106 metres high 32 storeys above ground level 5 storeys underground Outline of the structure 08/03/2023 Windsor 10
- 11. Outline of the structure 08/03/2023 Windsor 11
- 15. Spanish Fire Regulations Main fire Protection System At time of Construction (1970s Spanish Codes At time of Fire (Refurbishment in Process) Fire compartmentation no Under construction Fire stopping between cladding & structure no Under construction Fire protection to steelwork no 17th floor & above: Not yet commencement (18th floor partly completed) 4th - 15th floor: Completed (except 9 & 15th floors) Fire protection to concrete members no no Sprinkler system no Under construction Fire alarm system yes yes Dry riser system yes yes 08/03/2023 Windsor 15
- 16. Updating works Works carried out to update the building going further than regulations in force: • National regulations (1996) • Regional regulations from Region of Madrid (2003). They consists in: • Construction of an exterior staircase • Renovation of electrical wiring • Protection of metallic structure with fire resisting material • Sealing of concealed spaces • Fire barriers in curtain-walls • Renovation of smoke detectors • Installation of new sprinkler system 08/03/2023 Windsor 16
- 18. 1st section: floors 3 to 16 1st technical floor reception 5 basements 2nd technical floor 2nd section: floors 17 to roof empty floors 08/03/2023 Windsor 18
- 27. SISTEMA STRUTTURALE SCENARIO D’INCENDIO 1 2 COMPARTIMENTO STRUTTURALE SUPERIORE COMPARTIMENTO STRUTURALE INFERIORE 3 3 08/03/2023 Windsor 27
- 30. Outline of the fire 12 February 23:05 smoke alarm on 21st floor 23:05-23:21 Security staff goes to check alarm and attempts to tackle fire 23:21 Call to fire brigade 23:25 Firemen arrive 23:25-00:00 Quick spreading of flames 00:00 Firemen leave the building 08/03/2023 Windsor 30
- 31. Outline of the fire 13 February 01.00 four storeys were on fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 31
- 32. Outline of the fire 02.00 flames almost all over the building 08/03/2023 Windsor 32
- 33. 33 Outline of the fire 03.30 first collapse 04.00 fire revives 08/03/2023 Windsor 33
- 34. 34 Outline of the fire Metallic structure strongly damaged. Collapse of upper floors supported by steel columns. Unforeseenly fire spread downwards very quickly. 08/03/2023 Windsor 34
- 35. Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 35
- 36. Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 36
- 37. Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 37
- 38. Outline of the fire 07.00 firemen in adjacent buildings 08/03/2023 Windsor 38
- 39. Outline of the fire 14.00 fire is still active 17.00 automatic hoses cooling the building and its surroundings are closed 08/03/2023 Windsor 39
- 40. The aftermath Lower section Bays adjacent to facades in bad conditions Next bays parallel to north facade also badly damaged Other areas: concrete columns diversely damaged Central core slightly damaged 08/03/2023 Windsor 40
- 41. The aftermath Upper section Bays adjacent to facades almost compleatly collapsed Next bays parallel to north facade also collapsed 08/03/2023 Windsor 41
- 43. 01:00: some floors above 21st floor in fire The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 43
- 44. 02:00: all floors above 21st floor in fire The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 44
- 45. 02:00: chunks of façade fall off The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 45
- 46. 02:15: steel columns deform like spaghetti The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 46
- 48. 05:30: fire spread below 16th floor, crossing over the upper technical floor The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 48
- 50. 08:30: fire spread beneath 4th floor The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 50
- 51. 13:30: fire under control The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 51
- 53. After the fire The fire in progress 08/03/2023 Windsor 53
- 54. Primary contributor: detection • Long response time of detectors to give alarm • Closed doors in the room where fire started • Lack of effective fire fighting measures for first intervention (automatic sprinklers, training of security guards, …) Secondary contributor: Internal intervention • Lack of water pressure for fire brigade intervention The fire initiation 08/03/2023 Windsor 54
- 55. Primary Contributor • Gap between curtain wall and floor slab never fire stopped • Smoke & flame pass through breach of compartment: ➢ no fire doors ➢ no penetration seals ➢ no shaft protection • Burning droplets allowed to pass down. Fire started on floor 21, but spread as far down as floor 2 !!! Secondary contributor • Glazed façade had no fire rating • Windows failed at early stag The fire spread & path 08/03/2023 Windsor 55
- 56. Curtain wall → Vertical parapets Mechanism of fire barrier parapet between the floors Height in Windsor Tower: 1.5 m The fire spread & path 08/03/2023 Windsor 56
- 57. Curtain wall → Horizontal fire barrier ➢ Chimney effect for fire spread upwards ➢ Falling pieces for fire spread downwards The fire spread & path 57 08/03/2023 Windsor
- 58. Perimeter steel column protection Unprotected columns: Buckled steel Protected columns: Remained in place The performance of fire protection 08/03/2023 Windsor 58
- 59. Curtain wall parapet Properly fixed: Remained in place Not properly fixed: disappeared The performance of fire protection 08/03/2023 Windsor 59
- 71. Technical shafts Remained in place where installed The performance of fire protection 08/03/2023 Windsor 71
- 75. The progressive collapse 08/03/2023 Windsor 75
- 78. Collasso progressivo (1) 08/03/2023 Windsor 78
- 79. Collasso progressivo (2) 08/03/2023 Windsor 79
- 80. Collasso progressivo (3) 08/03/2023 Windsor 80
- 81. Collasso progressivo (4) 08/03/2023 Windsor 81
- 82. Collasso progressivo (5) 08/03/2023 Windsor 82
- 88. Windsor Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 88
- 89. Windsor Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 89
- 90. Windsor Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 90
- 91. Windsor Outline of the fire 08/03/2023 Windsor 91
- 96. SIMULATION & INVESTIGATION Understand 08/03/2023 Windsor 96
- 98. COSE – STRUTTURE - SISTEMI THINGS – STRUCTURES - SYSTEMS PERSONE – COMPORTAMENTI PEOPLE – HUMAN BEHAVIOR COSA WHAT CHI WHO ROTTURA – COLLASSO - CRISI FAILURE – COLLPASE - CRISIS PERCHE’ WHY SPIEGAZIONE – CAUSE REASON - DISCLOSURE CONOSCENZA KONWLEDGE 08/03/2023 Windsor 98
- 99. spiegazióne s. f. [der. di spiegare; cfr. lat. explicationis] 1. L’atto, il fatto e il modo di rendere chiaro ciò che è oscuro e difficile da comprendere: chiedere la s. di ciò che non si è riusciti a capire; se non ti è ancora tutto chiaro, ti darò un’ulteriore s.; la s. di un indovinello, di una sciarada; un enigma di difficile spiegazione. 2. Ciò che serve a spiegare un fatto, cioè a giustificarlo, a capirne le ragioni: non so darmi una s. del suo comportamento; non riesco a trovare una s. alla sua violenta reazione; la s. da lui fornita non ha convinto nessuno; la s. di quanto è accaduto non può essere che questa; per fatti come questi non c’è una s. plausibile. 08/03/2023 Windsor 99
- 100. Forensic Engineering: definitions • Forensic Engineering is the application of engineering methods in determination and interpretation of causes of damage to, or failure of, equipment, machines, or structures. • Forensic Engineering is the application of the art and science of engineering in matters which are in, or may possibly relate to, the jurisprudence system, inclusive of alternative dispute resolution. 08/03/2023 Windsor 100
- 101. Sensibility to initial conditions: FORWARD ANALYSIS INITIAL CONDITIONS FOR #1 - #2 FINAL STATE FOR #1 FINAL STATE FOR #2 evolutive analysis decomposability course predictability 101 08/03/2023 Windsor
- 102. Sensibility to initial conditions: BACKWARD ANALYSIS FINAL CONDITIONS FOR #1 - #2 INITIAL STATE FOR #1 INITIAL STATE FOR #2 investigative analysis decomposability course predictability 102 08/03/2023 Windsor
- 107. WINDSOR HOTEL MADRID Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale Universita’ degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”