This document discusses the potential for ostrich farming in Pakistan as a new opportunity within the poultry industry. It notes that ostriches are well-suited to Pakistan's climate and can be raised on marginal lands. Ostrich meat and other products like oil, leather, and feathers have economic value. The document argues that ostrich farming could provide an alternative for livestock production and benefit farmers through high profitability and low costs compared to other livestock. However, it notes that awareness and support are needed to encourage more farmers to adopt this new approach scientifically.
This document discusses the future prospects of ostrich farming in Pakistan. It notes that ostrich farming is a new emerging industry globally and that Pakistan has potential to be a leader in ostrich farming due to its cheap labor and feed. However, currently ostrich producers in Pakistan are only meeting 10% of customer demand. The document recommends that more research is needed on ostrich welfare in Pakistan's climate and that academia and livestock departments should promote ostrich farming to help Pakistan capture a larger share of the local and international markets for ostrich meat, feathers and other products.
This document discusses ostrich farming as a new development in the poultry industry of Pakistan. It provides details on ostrich biology, including that ostriches are the largest birds in the world, can reach over 6 feet tall, and are capable of running up to 65 km/hr. Ostrich meat is described as healthy and similar to beef. The document outlines ostrich anatomy, physiology, breeding behaviors such as mating displays, and farming practices like egg incubation which typically lasts 42-44 days. Ostrich farming is presented as an emerging industry with potential in Pakistan.
This document discusses ostriches and their characteristics. It notes that ostriches are flightless birds called ratites that lack a breastbone keel. Examples given of ratites include ostriches, emus, rheas and cassowaries. Ostriches are distinguished from other birds by not having a crop and by having a gallbladder like horses. The document provides details on ostrich taxonomy, subspecies, breeding, egg production, incubation, and uses for ostrich meat, eggs and feathers. It notes that ostrich arteries have been successfully transplanted in pigs with hopes for future human use.
Brief Introduction of 1st National Training on COMMERCIAL OSTRICH FARMING organized by STATION FOR OSTRICH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
Brief Introduction of 1st National Training on COMMERCIAL OSTRICH FARMING organized by STATION FOR OSTRICH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
The document discusses the history and domestication of various types of poultry. It notes that domestic fowl were domesticated from red jungle fowl over 8,000 years ago and formed the basis for modern breeds by Roman times. It also discusses the domestication of turkeys in the Americas over 2,000 years ago, as well as quail in Japan about 1,000 years ago. The document provides brief histories of other domesticated birds such as guinea fowl, pheasants, ducks, geese, pigeons, and ostriches.
Egiyok presents here the varying poultry farming prevalent. There are detailed descriptions and illustrations, so as to make sure that the viewer could understand the categories. Egiyok is a B to B website that fulfills all the needs of the poultry industry in India.
This document discusses the future prospects of ostrich farming in Pakistan. It notes that ostrich farming is a new emerging industry globally and that Pakistan has potential to be a leader in ostrich farming due to its cheap labor and feed. However, currently ostrich producers in Pakistan are only meeting 10% of customer demand. The document recommends that more research is needed on ostrich welfare in Pakistan's climate and that academia and livestock departments should promote ostrich farming to help Pakistan capture a larger share of the local and international markets for ostrich meat, feathers and other products.
This document discusses ostrich farming as a new development in the poultry industry of Pakistan. It provides details on ostrich biology, including that ostriches are the largest birds in the world, can reach over 6 feet tall, and are capable of running up to 65 km/hr. Ostrich meat is described as healthy and similar to beef. The document outlines ostrich anatomy, physiology, breeding behaviors such as mating displays, and farming practices like egg incubation which typically lasts 42-44 days. Ostrich farming is presented as an emerging industry with potential in Pakistan.
This document discusses ostriches and their characteristics. It notes that ostriches are flightless birds called ratites that lack a breastbone keel. Examples given of ratites include ostriches, emus, rheas and cassowaries. Ostriches are distinguished from other birds by not having a crop and by having a gallbladder like horses. The document provides details on ostrich taxonomy, subspecies, breeding, egg production, incubation, and uses for ostrich meat, eggs and feathers. It notes that ostrich arteries have been successfully transplanted in pigs with hopes for future human use.
Brief Introduction of 1st National Training on COMMERCIAL OSTRICH FARMING organized by STATION FOR OSTRICH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
Brief Introduction of 1st National Training on COMMERCIAL OSTRICH FARMING organized by STATION FOR OSTRICH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi Pakistan
This document discusses poultry production in Pakistan. It begins by defining poultry and describing common poultry species. It then discusses the history and development of the commercial poultry industry in Pakistan from the 1960s onward. Key points include that poultry provides a source of income and employment for many Pakistanis and plays an important role in meeting the country's protein demand. The poultry sector has grown significantly in recent decades and contributes substantially to Pakistan's economy and agriculture.
The document discusses the history and domestication of various types of poultry. It notes that domestic fowl were domesticated from red jungle fowl over 8,000 years ago and formed the basis for modern breeds by Roman times. It also discusses the domestication of turkeys in the Americas over 2,000 years ago, as well as quail in Japan about 1,000 years ago. The document provides brief histories of other domesticated birds such as guinea fowl, pheasants, ducks, geese, pigeons, and ostriches.
Egiyok presents here the varying poultry farming prevalent. There are detailed descriptions and illustrations, so as to make sure that the viewer could understand the categories. Egiyok is a B to B website that fulfills all the needs of the poultry industry in India.
The document discusses plans for starting an emu farm business in India. It proposes a farm with 160 birds divided into 8 flocks on 2 acres of land. It provides details on the capital required for land, fencing, shelters, emu chicks, and building facilities. It also discusses operating costs for feed, salaries, and veterinary expenses. The rationale is that emu farming has low risk and maintenance but high profit potential, and would provide flexibility to pursue other career opportunities.
This document provides an overview of the poultry farming industry, focusing on broiler chicken farms that raise chickens for meat. It describes the different sectors of the industry including hatcheries, farms, and distribution. Broiler farms are classified as either manual farms, which take 60 days with less control, or controlled farms, which complete the process in 35 days but have higher costs. The document outlines the feeding, vaccination, disease prevention, and pricing processes for broiler chicken farms. It concludes with some of the challenges facing the industry and recommendations to address issues like high feed prices.
Reviving the Indigenous Poultry Breed - Kadaknath - Enhancing Livelihoods of ...copppldsecretariat
This Note showcases a government initiative to promote and introduce in new areas, indigenous poultry - Kadaknath, in order to enable bio-diversity conservation as well as enhance livelihoods that can reap benefits for the tribal poultry rearers as well as maintain their poultry heritage.
Although the project is fairly recent and support of the implementing agency is presently continuing, a number of lessons emerging from the practice can help future replication thereby establishing it as a sustainable community initiative.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document discusses different breeds of poultry, including their classification and characteristics. It begins by explaining that the red jungle fowl is considered the main ancestor of domestic chickens. Several breeds are then described in detail, focusing on their appearance, size, egg production qualities, and uses for meat or eggs. The breeds discussed include Australorp, Orpington, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Leghorn, Minorca, Wyandotte, Sussex, and Anconas. The document provides information on each breed to help farmers select the right type for their needs and situation.
- Worldwide consumption of poultry is increasing, with India emerging as the 2nd largest market growing at over 14% annually. However, per capita consumption in India remains well below recommended levels.
- The poultry industry in Jharkhand is growing at 20% annually but local production meets only a fraction of daily demand. A market study identified potential for expansion.
- A proposed commercial poultry farm in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand was estimated to generate a net profit within 6 years, through rearing broiler chickens in batches of 500 birds each week for meat production. Infrastructure, equipment, feed and operating costs were calculated.
- While demand exceeds supply locally, opportunities exist
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's poultry industry. It summarizes key statistics on production volumes, growth rates, and contributions to GDP. It also discusses trends in production and prices of broilers, eggs, and feed ingredients. Challenges like disease outbreaks and inconsistent electricity access are also summarized.
This document discusses the emerging poultry industry in India. It notes that poultry farming can be economically profitable, providing a good source of protein and income. However, it also identifies weaknesses such as high initial investment, lack of quality chicks and trained labor, high electricity costs, and disease incidence. Overall, the document argues that with more government support in areas like breeding stock, feed, and vaccines, the poultry industry has potential for growth and diversification in India.
Poultry Project designed by NSPDT is very unique project, Government of Maharashtra and NSPDT are working together to implement the project in Maharashtra in tribal areas. Under this project we create women poultry producer company which is formed by women common interest groups and around 1000 members are partner in the company as share holders.
This project provides livelihood for the women, the model works veyr simple every beneficiary is given infrastructure to rear birds and 500 one day old chicks to rear, all the necessary suppliments are provided and at the end of the cycle of 40 days the team does the buy back thus giving maximum benefits to the women producer company. Every women earns $ 1500 to $ 1800 annually.
Ostrich farming provides an environmentally friendly and profitable alternative to traditional livestock. Ostriches are the largest birds in the world and can produce meat, leather, feathers, and eggs. They reach sexual maturity between 2-4 years and females can lay 70 eggs per year. Ostrich meat is similar to beef and they are very efficient converters of feed into high quality protein. Ostrich farming requires less land and resources than cattle farming and can be highly profitable.
it gives you brief about origin of poultry and how they diffused through out the world, when their domestication was started ,about their ancestors & their origin genetic classification of poultry .
This document defines and describes different types of poultry. It notes that poultry includes domesticated birds kept for their eggs, meat, and feathers. The main kinds of poultry discussed are chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and quail. Poultry is one of the most widely eaten meats in the world, with chickens being the most common. Poultry meat and eggs provide a nutritious food source, as they are high in protein but low in fat.
The poultry industry in India has grown rapidly over the past few decades, with egg production increasing at 8-10% annually. This growth is supported by private enterprises, indigenous genetics capabilities, and related industries. Suitable housing is important for poultry farming, whether indoor or outdoor production is used. The future outlook for the poultry industry remains positive as demand is expected to continue growing.
This document provides an overview of supply chain management for broiler production in Thailand and South Africa. It discusses the key elements of broiler supply chains in each country. In Thailand, the broiler industry is highly integrated and efficient, with large commercial farms producing over 70% of broilers. The supply chain is vertically coordinated to ensure quality and timely delivery. In contrast, South Africa's broiler industry is less efficient, with high feed costs, a reliance on imported maize, and infrastructure challenges that disadvantage smaller producers. Recommendations are provided to improve South Africa's broiler supply chain.
Egg (layer farming) are produced for commercial purposes by layer farming. Layer farming involves raising egg laying poultry birds for commercial egg production. There are several types of layer breeds boasting a high rate of production of eggs available throughout the world.
Establish poultry industry and its distribution networkemonfaisal
This presentation is by the group "Rainbow" and introduces Bangladesh's poultry industry. It discusses that poultry plays a vital role in Bangladesh and involves 85% of rural people. While domestic demand for meat and eggs is high, availability meets only 12.5% of meat and 48.6% of egg demands. The poultry industry has seen exponential growth over the past 20 years and contributes significantly to GDP and poverty reduction. However, the industry faces challenges such as disease outbreaks, lack of infrastructure, and many intermediaries that drive up costs. The group recommends increased support through improved access to loans, investment in infrastructure and disease prevention, and reducing intermediaries in the supply chain.
This document provides an overview of ratite production, focusing on ostriches, emus, and rheas. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Key considerations for producers include regulations, production practices like housing and feeding, and marketing options. While ratite farming can be profitable, it also carries risks given the limited and variable meat and hide markets. Extensive research is strongly advised before pursuing ratite production as a business.
1. The document provides information on emu farming in India, which is an emerging enterprise. It discusses the anatomy, physiology, behavior, and reproduction traits of emus.
2. Emu farming management includes proper housing, feeding, breeding, and health practices. Feeding emus requires a balanced diet formulated for different growth stages. Disease prevention relies on good hygiene and vaccination.
3. Emu farming was permitted in India in 1972 and has grown significantly since the late 1990s, particularly in states like Andhra Pradesh. While production is increasing, marketing and awareness of emu products in India needs further development to realize the full potential of the industry.
Ostrich farming can be a profitable agricultural business. Ostriches are raised commercially for their meat, hides, and feathers. They have an excellent feed-to-weight ratio, requiring only 2-3.5 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of weight gain. Ostrich meat is also very lean and low in fat and cholesterol. Potential ostrich farmers can obtain stock by purchasing eggs, chicks, or proven adult breeders. Proper nutrition, facilities, health management and breeding are keys to successful commercial ostrich farming.
a goodosjv jkcdsdsjvfdbjlfblkbn full-handout-of-poultry.pdfJhonAdrianVargas
This document provides an overview of poultry production and hatchery management. It begins with definitions of key terms like poultry, chick, pullet, hen, cockerel, cock/rooster, and broiler. It then discusses the origin and domestication of chickens, tracing them back to the red jungle fowl in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. The document also classifies chickens based on geographical region, describing major classes like Asiatic, American, English, and Mediterranean breeds. It notes that chickens are the most widespread poultry in Ethiopia but are mostly local breeds with low productivity. The goal of the document is to introduce concepts in poultry science and management.
This document provides information about ratite production, focusing on ostriches, rheas, and emus. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Regulations for ratite production vary by state and require contacting local authorities. The document outlines considerations for ratite production, including housing, nutrition, health, and care of birds. It provides additional resources on various aspects of ratite farming.
Analysis of Effect of Three Different Feeds to the Growth Rate of TurkeysIRJET Journal
This study analyzed the effect of three different feeds (Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C) on the growth rate of turkeys. Turkeys were randomly assigned to blocks and administered one of the three feeds. Their initial weights were measured before feeding. Statistical analysis using a complete randomized design and Fisher's least significant difference test found a significant difference in growth rates between the treatment groups. The results revealed that Feed B produced the highest turkey weights. The goal was to determine the most effective feed for fast turkey growth and if there were significant differences in growth between the treatment groups or blocks.
The document discusses plans for starting an emu farm business in India. It proposes a farm with 160 birds divided into 8 flocks on 2 acres of land. It provides details on the capital required for land, fencing, shelters, emu chicks, and building facilities. It also discusses operating costs for feed, salaries, and veterinary expenses. The rationale is that emu farming has low risk and maintenance but high profit potential, and would provide flexibility to pursue other career opportunities.
This document provides an overview of the poultry farming industry, focusing on broiler chicken farms that raise chickens for meat. It describes the different sectors of the industry including hatcheries, farms, and distribution. Broiler farms are classified as either manual farms, which take 60 days with less control, or controlled farms, which complete the process in 35 days but have higher costs. The document outlines the feeding, vaccination, disease prevention, and pricing processes for broiler chicken farms. It concludes with some of the challenges facing the industry and recommendations to address issues like high feed prices.
Reviving the Indigenous Poultry Breed - Kadaknath - Enhancing Livelihoods of ...copppldsecretariat
This Note showcases a government initiative to promote and introduce in new areas, indigenous poultry - Kadaknath, in order to enable bio-diversity conservation as well as enhance livelihoods that can reap benefits for the tribal poultry rearers as well as maintain their poultry heritage.
Although the project is fairly recent and support of the implementing agency is presently continuing, a number of lessons emerging from the practice can help future replication thereby establishing it as a sustainable community initiative.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
This document discusses different breeds of poultry, including their classification and characteristics. It begins by explaining that the red jungle fowl is considered the main ancestor of domestic chickens. Several breeds are then described in detail, focusing on their appearance, size, egg production qualities, and uses for meat or eggs. The breeds discussed include Australorp, Orpington, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Leghorn, Minorca, Wyandotte, Sussex, and Anconas. The document provides information on each breed to help farmers select the right type for their needs and situation.
- Worldwide consumption of poultry is increasing, with India emerging as the 2nd largest market growing at over 14% annually. However, per capita consumption in India remains well below recommended levels.
- The poultry industry in Jharkhand is growing at 20% annually but local production meets only a fraction of daily demand. A market study identified potential for expansion.
- A proposed commercial poultry farm in Hazaribagh, Jharkhand was estimated to generate a net profit within 6 years, through rearing broiler chickens in batches of 500 birds each week for meat production. Infrastructure, equipment, feed and operating costs were calculated.
- While demand exceeds supply locally, opportunities exist
The document provides an overview of Pakistan's poultry industry. It summarizes key statistics on production volumes, growth rates, and contributions to GDP. It also discusses trends in production and prices of broilers, eggs, and feed ingredients. Challenges like disease outbreaks and inconsistent electricity access are also summarized.
This document discusses the emerging poultry industry in India. It notes that poultry farming can be economically profitable, providing a good source of protein and income. However, it also identifies weaknesses such as high initial investment, lack of quality chicks and trained labor, high electricity costs, and disease incidence. Overall, the document argues that with more government support in areas like breeding stock, feed, and vaccines, the poultry industry has potential for growth and diversification in India.
Poultry Project designed by NSPDT is very unique project, Government of Maharashtra and NSPDT are working together to implement the project in Maharashtra in tribal areas. Under this project we create women poultry producer company which is formed by women common interest groups and around 1000 members are partner in the company as share holders.
This project provides livelihood for the women, the model works veyr simple every beneficiary is given infrastructure to rear birds and 500 one day old chicks to rear, all the necessary suppliments are provided and at the end of the cycle of 40 days the team does the buy back thus giving maximum benefits to the women producer company. Every women earns $ 1500 to $ 1800 annually.
Ostrich farming provides an environmentally friendly and profitable alternative to traditional livestock. Ostriches are the largest birds in the world and can produce meat, leather, feathers, and eggs. They reach sexual maturity between 2-4 years and females can lay 70 eggs per year. Ostrich meat is similar to beef and they are very efficient converters of feed into high quality protein. Ostrich farming requires less land and resources than cattle farming and can be highly profitable.
it gives you brief about origin of poultry and how they diffused through out the world, when their domestication was started ,about their ancestors & their origin genetic classification of poultry .
This document defines and describes different types of poultry. It notes that poultry includes domesticated birds kept for their eggs, meat, and feathers. The main kinds of poultry discussed are chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, and quail. Poultry is one of the most widely eaten meats in the world, with chickens being the most common. Poultry meat and eggs provide a nutritious food source, as they are high in protein but low in fat.
The poultry industry in India has grown rapidly over the past few decades, with egg production increasing at 8-10% annually. This growth is supported by private enterprises, indigenous genetics capabilities, and related industries. Suitable housing is important for poultry farming, whether indoor or outdoor production is used. The future outlook for the poultry industry remains positive as demand is expected to continue growing.
This document provides an overview of supply chain management for broiler production in Thailand and South Africa. It discusses the key elements of broiler supply chains in each country. In Thailand, the broiler industry is highly integrated and efficient, with large commercial farms producing over 70% of broilers. The supply chain is vertically coordinated to ensure quality and timely delivery. In contrast, South Africa's broiler industry is less efficient, with high feed costs, a reliance on imported maize, and infrastructure challenges that disadvantage smaller producers. Recommendations are provided to improve South Africa's broiler supply chain.
Egg (layer farming) are produced for commercial purposes by layer farming. Layer farming involves raising egg laying poultry birds for commercial egg production. There are several types of layer breeds boasting a high rate of production of eggs available throughout the world.
Establish poultry industry and its distribution networkemonfaisal
This presentation is by the group "Rainbow" and introduces Bangladesh's poultry industry. It discusses that poultry plays a vital role in Bangladesh and involves 85% of rural people. While domestic demand for meat and eggs is high, availability meets only 12.5% of meat and 48.6% of egg demands. The poultry industry has seen exponential growth over the past 20 years and contributes significantly to GDP and poverty reduction. However, the industry faces challenges such as disease outbreaks, lack of infrastructure, and many intermediaries that drive up costs. The group recommends increased support through improved access to loans, investment in infrastructure and disease prevention, and reducing intermediaries in the supply chain.
This document provides an overview of ratite production, focusing on ostriches, emus, and rheas. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Key considerations for producers include regulations, production practices like housing and feeding, and marketing options. While ratite farming can be profitable, it also carries risks given the limited and variable meat and hide markets. Extensive research is strongly advised before pursuing ratite production as a business.
1. The document provides information on emu farming in India, which is an emerging enterprise. It discusses the anatomy, physiology, behavior, and reproduction traits of emus.
2. Emu farming management includes proper housing, feeding, breeding, and health practices. Feeding emus requires a balanced diet formulated for different growth stages. Disease prevention relies on good hygiene and vaccination.
3. Emu farming was permitted in India in 1972 and has grown significantly since the late 1990s, particularly in states like Andhra Pradesh. While production is increasing, marketing and awareness of emu products in India needs further development to realize the full potential of the industry.
Ostrich farming can be a profitable agricultural business. Ostriches are raised commercially for their meat, hides, and feathers. They have an excellent feed-to-weight ratio, requiring only 2-3.5 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of weight gain. Ostrich meat is also very lean and low in fat and cholesterol. Potential ostrich farmers can obtain stock by purchasing eggs, chicks, or proven adult breeders. Proper nutrition, facilities, health management and breeding are keys to successful commercial ostrich farming.
a goodosjv jkcdsdsjvfdbjlfblkbn full-handout-of-poultry.pdfJhonAdrianVargas
This document provides an overview of poultry production and hatchery management. It begins with definitions of key terms like poultry, chick, pullet, hen, cockerel, cock/rooster, and broiler. It then discusses the origin and domestication of chickens, tracing them back to the red jungle fowl in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. The document also classifies chickens based on geographical region, describing major classes like Asiatic, American, English, and Mediterranean breeds. It notes that chickens are the most widespread poultry in Ethiopia but are mostly local breeds with low productivity. The goal of the document is to introduce concepts in poultry science and management.
This document provides information about ratite production, focusing on ostriches, rheas, and emus. It discusses the history and characteristics of each bird species. Regulations for ratite production vary by state and require contacting local authorities. The document outlines considerations for ratite production, including housing, nutrition, health, and care of birds. It provides additional resources on various aspects of ratite farming.
Analysis of Effect of Three Different Feeds to the Growth Rate of TurkeysIRJET Journal
This study analyzed the effect of three different feeds (Feed A, Feed B, and Feed C) on the growth rate of turkeys. Turkeys were randomly assigned to blocks and administered one of the three feeds. Their initial weights were measured before feeding. Statistical analysis using a complete randomized design and Fisher's least significant difference test found a significant difference in growth rates between the treatment groups. The results revealed that Feed B produced the highest turkey weights. The goal was to determine the most effective feed for fast turkey growth and if there were significant differences in growth between the treatment groups or blocks.
This document provides an overview of pig production. It discusses the history and origins of pig farming, important pig breeds, and pig breeding systems. It also covers the pig production cycle and management considerations for young pigs. Some key points:
- Pig farming has a long history and was an important part of medieval agriculture. Modern pig production has become highly specialized and intensive.
- Important pig breeds include Large White, Landrace, Hampshire, and Duroc. Breeding systems like inbreeding and crossbreeding can be used to improve certain traits.
- The pig production cycle includes gestation, farrowing, suckling, and growing periods. Good management is important for young piglets' health and survival.
This document provides information about raising ducks and quails for profit in India. It discusses popular duck and quail breeds raised in India, their housing and management needs. Key points covered include India has a population of 36 million ducks, ducks are mainly raised in coastal regions, and quails require less space and capital to raise than chickens but produce more eggs relative to their body weight. The document also provides an example economic analysis of setting up a duck farm and quail farming operation.
The document provides information on the Chukar Partridge, including:
1. It describes the appearance, distribution, habitat, feeding, breeding and behaviors of the Chukar Partridge.
2. The population of the Chukar Partridge is declining due to factors like habitat destruction, hunting, and climate change.
3. Conservation efforts include protected areas, awareness campaigns, and sustainable breeding programs, but hybridization with other species remains a threat.
Ps 101 itroduction to poultry production full coursemithu mehr
This document provides an overview of poultry production and incubation. It begins with an introduction to poultry science and the importance of the poultry industry. It then discusses different types of poultry including broilers, layers, and breeders. The document outlines the classification of poultry breeds and varieties. It also describes the development of poultry from initial uses for entertainment to specialized breeding for food production. A large portion of the document is dedicated to describing the process of incubation, including natural incubation using broody hens and artificial incubation using incubators. It provides details on the requirements, types, and operation of different incubators.
Poultry science is the study of breeding, housing, nutrition, management, disease control and marketing of poultry and poultry products. Poultry includes chickens, ducks, turkeys and other birds that are economically important. Broilers are chickens raised for meat that reach 1.5kg by 6-7 weeks, while layers are chickens raised for egg production that may lay 150-300 eggs per year. Breeders are birds used for breeding to produce chicks. Poultry farming is important as it provides nutritious food and employment opportunities while requiring less space and resources than other forms of animal agriculture.
1. Backyard poultry production plays an important role in Pakistan's rural economy, accounting for 3878 million eggs and 108,000 tons of meat annually.
2. Three popular native chicken breeds reared in backyard systems are Aseel, Naked Neck, and Desi breeds, which are well-adapted to local environments and disease resistance.
3. However, these native breeds face problems like low growth and egg production rates. Their populations are declining as commercial breeds are substituted, putting the native breeds at risk of extinction or inbreeding issues. Higher authorities should focus on preserving and improving production of these indigenous breeds through research and support.
The document provides an introduction to poultry farming in India. It notes that India is the 6th largest producer of poultry in the world. Poultry farming has grown in India due to factors like low investment needs, quick income generation, and availability of government support. The two main systems of poultry farming discussed are semi-intensive and intensive systems. Intensive farming, using deep litter or cage housing systems, aims to provide optimal conditions for growth.
This document provides information on ostriches and ostrich farming. It discusses ostriches' evolutionary history and taxonomy, physical characteristics, breeding behaviors, and farming for their meat and leather. Key points include:
- Ostriches are the largest living birds and can run up to 70 km/hr. They live in Africa and have existed for over 40 million years.
- Males are mostly black while females are brownish-gray. Males have red skin on their beaks and legs due to testosterone.
- Ostriches reach sexual maturity at 2-4 years. A male mates with 2-3 females. Females lay cream-colored eggs every other day during breeding season.
- Their meat and
This document summarizes a course on small ruminant management taught by Prof. E.E. Ndemanisho at Sokoine University of Agriculture in Morogoro, Tanzania. The key points are:
1) The course covers the management of small ruminants like goats and sheep. These animals are well-suited for grazing in arid areas and an important source of meat, milk, and other products worldwide.
2) While goats and sheep are closely related, they differ in aspects like production potential and behavior. The document will treat them separately to avoid confusion.
3) Small ruminants represent an underutilized resource in developing countries. Increased research and
This document discusses ostrich farming and is presented by a group of 5 students with their roll numbers. It provides information on the history and origins of ostriches, their physical characteristics, farming practices for ostriches, and the products obtained from ostriches. Requirements for starting an ostrich farm are also outlined, including obtaining land, food, water, labor, and purchasing ostriches.
Zoological fauna of Khurum Dam and Muhabbat Khel Dams of KarakDr.Zawar Ahmad
The document summarizes a study of the zoological fauna found in Khurum Dam and Muhabbat Khel Dam in Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study was conducted from April 2016 to December 2016. A variety of vertebrates including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals as well as invertebrates were found in both dams. Some key species identified include various fish such as Cyprinus carpio and Crossocheilus diplochielus, amphibians such as Rana tigrina and Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis, reptiles such as Chamaeleo zeylanicus and
Role of livestock in national economy and population dynamics.
Provide livelihood to 2-3rd of rural community.
Also provides employment to 8.8% of the population in India.
20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood.
Livestock contribute to 16% to the income of small farm households.
Contributes to 4.11% of GDP and 25.6% of total agriculture GDP.
Livestock play an important role in India's national economy and rural livelihoods. They provide livelihood support to 2-3rd of the rural population and employ 8.8% of the total population. Livestock also contribute 16% of income for small farm households. India has large livestock populations, being world's highest owner of livestock. Livestock provide food such as milk, meat and eggs, fiber such as wool, and other outputs such as draft power and dung for fuel or manure. Integrating livestock into farming systems through dairy and crop production can help increase farmers' revenues and reduce risks of financial distress or suicide.
Many farmers have been unable to successfully breed African Catfish.Several attempts made have given unfruitful results. In this guide, Lanre Ogunsina lists his own simple 19 proven steps to efficiently breed the African Catfish.
Due to the difficulties of getting consistent, fast growing, disease resistant and uniform sized catfish fingerlings and juveniles, the African Catfish Hatchery came into existence.
In the African Catfish Hatchery, catfish fry ‘come out’ from eggs under an artificial condition in commercial numbers. These fry grow into fingerlings and they later become juveniles.
This study evaluated the effects of different levels of probiotic (Protexin) supplementation in broiler feed on blood parameters. 375 broilers were divided into 5 treatment groups that received either 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100 g/ton of probiotic in their feed. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. Results showed that hematological values, serum urea, creatinine, triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol and LDL were not affected by treatments. However, hemoglobin, serum glucose and total protein were significantly increased in birds receiving 100 g/ton probiotic compared to the control group. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation at different levels may improve some blood parameters of broilers.
This document summarizes a study that compared three techniques for treating auricular hematoma in dogs: conventional suturing, skin staples, and surgical glue. Fifteen dogs were divided into three groups and treated with one of the three techniques. The techniques were compared based on closure time, cosmetic appearance, and healing time. Surgical glue had the fastest closure time, the best cosmetic appearance results, and the shortest healing time, making it the most effective technique according to this study.
This document provides guidelines for health and hygiene for ostriches farmed commercially. It discusses some common diseases that can affect ostriches, including Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, and clostridiosis. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination protocols and biosecurity measures to prevent disease outbreaks. Specific recommendations are provided for vaccination schedules and practices. Maintaining strict hygiene, isolating sick birds, and disinfecting equipment and facilities can help control the spread of pathogens. Further research is needed on diseases that may affect ostriches in Pakistan.
Gross Examination, Selection, Collection and Fixation of Specimen ghulam abbas
The document discusses the gross examination, selection, collection and fixation of specimens in pathology. It covers identifying and labeling specimens, performing a gross examination, selecting relevant portions for microscopic examination, and principles of proper fixation. Fixation preserves tissue morphology and prevents autolysis and contamination. Common fixatives include 10% neutral buffered formalin, Bouin's solution, B5, and Zenker's solution. Proper handling and fixation are important for accurate laboratory diagnosis.
Feasibility report for 25 ostriche by dr. ghulam abbasghulam abbas
This feasibility report analyzes starting an ostrich farm with 25 ostriches on 4 kanals of land. It finds that the project has an 18.5% internal rate of return and 5.5 year payback period. Total project costs are Rs. 34.85 lakhs, including Rs. 1.25 lakhs for ostriches. Revenue of Rs. 12.25 lakhs is expected annually from selling 70 kg birds at Rs. 700/kg. The annual gross profit is Rs. 6.45 lakhs. Space, infrastructure like shelters and fencing, equipment, labor and feeding costs are also considered. Rearing involves housing chicks indoors for 3 months and then outdoors until 12 months
1) The document provides a feasibility report for starting a business rearing 1000 layers (egg-laying chickens) in a shed.
2) It estimates the total start-up costs will be Rs. 1084250 which includes expenses for equipment, day old chicks, feed, medical supplies, labor, and electricity.
3) It estimates that with 300,000 eggs produced in a year at Rs. 9 per egg, the total revenue will be Rs. 2700000, providing a gross profit of Rs. 1615750.
This study compared the efficacy of three hemostatic agents in controlling bleeding during canine liver surgery: Surgical gauze, Surgicel Snow, and Surgicel Fibrillar. Hemostasis time was shortest with Surgicel Snow at 31.5 seconds on average, followed by Surgicel Fibrillar at 44.5 seconds, and longest with Surgical gauze at 201 seconds. Liver function tests showed some significant differences between groups after surgery but returned to normal by 14 days. Ultrasound found no abnormalities in any group at 7 and 14 days post-op. Surgicel Snow was the most effective hemostatic agent with minimum blood loss and least impact on
This document discusses the potential for ostrich farming in Pakistan as a new opportunity within the poultry industry. It notes that ostriches are well-suited to Pakistan's climate and can be raised on marginal lands. Ostrich meat and other products like oil, leather, and feathers have economic value. The document argues that ostrich farming could provide an alternative for livestock production and benefit farmers through high profitability and low costs compared to other livestock. However, it notes that awareness and support are needed to encourage more farmers to adopt this new approach scientifically.
This study evaluated the effects of replacing maize gluten with rice bran as a feed supplement on fish growth in a composite culture system. Two earthen ponds were stocked with three fish species and provided different feed ratios: Pond 1 received maize gluten and rice bran at a 5:0 ratio, while Pond 2 received a 1:4 ratio. Fish growth was measured in terms of weight gain, fork length, and total length. Results showed that all growth measures were significantly higher for fish in Pond 2 that received the 1:4 maize gluten to rice bran ratio, indicating it is a more effective supplemental feed for improved fish yields compared to maize gluten alone.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of salicylic acid on salt tolerance in wheat. It finds that salt stress decreases plant growth by reducing chlorophyll content and potassium concentration. Salicylic acid improves plant growth under saline and non-saline conditions. It enhances parameters like biomass, root length, sodium and potassium concentrations, chlorophyll content, protein levels, and antioxidant enzyme activity. Saline conditions increase sodium uptake and decrease potassium uptake, while salicylic acid reverses this by moderating sodium accumulation. The study suggests that salicylic acid helps wheat plants tolerate salt stress by improving various physiological and biochemical processes.
Fortnight effect-of-replacing-maize-gluten-32-40ghulam abbas
This study examined the fortnight effect of replacing a maize gluten and rice bran feed supplement ratio of 5:0 with a ratio of 1:4 on the physiochemical characteristics of water in a composite fish culture system over a 6-month period. Water samples were collected every two weeks from two earthen ponds stocked with three fish species and fed the different supplement ratios. The results showed that fortnight and feed supplement significantly impacted several water parameters, including temperature, pH, carbonates, dissolved solids, and plankton biomass. Plankton biomass peaked at the fifth fortnight in the pond receiving the 1:4 supplement ratio. However, total hardness, calcium and magnesium were unaffected.
Comparative effect-of-azadirachta-indica-moringa-oleifera-and-cichorium-intyb...ghulam abbas
This study investigated the effects of supplementing broiler drinking water with leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Moringa oleifera, and Cichorium intybus on growth performance, immune response, and carcass characteristics. Broilers given water supplemented with A. indica extract exhibited better growth, immunity, and some carcass traits compared to other groups. Specifically, A. indica supplemented broilers had higher weight gain, feed intake, antibody levels against diseases, dressing percentage, and breast meat yield. Therefore, the study concluded that A. indica leaf extract is an effective and inexpensive herbal growth promoter for broilers that improves performance without harmful residual effects.
Effect of Herbal Medicine Supplementations (Arsilvon Super, Bedgen40 and Hepa-cure Herbal Medicines) on Growth Performance, Immunity and Haematological Profile in Broilers
This document summarizes a study that evaluated various fungicidal chemicals for controlling Fusarium wilt of cucumber. First, chemicals were tested in the lab against the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, where Redomil and Score showed the greatest inhibition of fungal mycelial growth. These two chemicals were then applied to cucumber plants in the field. Redomil and Score both significantly reduced disease incidence compared to the untreated control, with Redomil showing the lowest incidence of 47.5%. Overall, the study found that Redomil and Score have potential for effectively managing Fusarium wilt of cucumber under both laboratory and field conditions.
The document compares the efficacy of three commercial herbal products (Livol, Livotal, Hepatopromoter) on the performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Supplementation of the herbal products significantly improved weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and lowered mortality compared to the control group without supplementation. While the herbal products did not significantly affect organ weights, they did significantly improve antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease viruses. Overall, supplementation with Hepatopromoter resulted in the highest broiler weight gain and profitability.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
The Limited Role of the Streaming Instability during Moon and Exomoon FormationSérgio Sacani
It is generally accepted that the Moon accreted from the disk formed by an impact between the proto-Earth and
impactor, but its details are highly debated. Some models suggest that a Mars-sized impactor formed a silicate
melt-rich (vapor-poor) disk around Earth, whereas other models suggest that a highly energetic impact produced a
silicate vapor-rich disk. Such a vapor-rich disk, however, may not be suitable for the Moon formation, because
moonlets, building blocks of the Moon, of 100 m–100 km in radius may experience strong gas drag and fall onto
Earth on a short timescale, failing to grow further. This problem may be avoided if large moonlets (?100 km)
form very quickly by streaming instability, which is a process to concentrate particles enough to cause gravitational
collapse and rapid formation of planetesimals or moonlets. Here, we investigate the effect of the streaming
instability in the Moon-forming disk for the first time and find that this instability can quickly form ∼100 km-sized
moonlets. However, these moonlets are not large enough to avoid strong drag, and they still fall onto Earth quickly.
This suggests that the vapor-rich disks may not form the large Moon, and therefore the models that produce vaporpoor disks are supported. This result is applicable to general impact-induced moon-forming disks, supporting the
previous suggestion that small planets (<1.6 R⊕) are good candidates to host large moons because their impactinduced disks would likely be vapor-poor. We find a limited role of streaming instability in satellite formation in an
impact-induced disk, whereas it plays a key role during planet formation.
Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Earth-moon system (436)
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Physics Investigatory Project on transformers. Class 12thpihuart12
Physics investigatory project on transformers with required details for 12thes. with index, theory, types of transformers (with relevant images), procedure, sources of error, aim n apparatus along with bibliography🗃️📜. Please try to add your own imagination rather than just copy paste... Hope you all guys friends n juniors' like it. peace out✌🏻✌🏻
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Rodents, Birds and locust_Pests of crops.pdfPirithiRaju
Mole rat or Lesser bandicoot rat, Bandicotabengalensis
•Head -round and broad muzzle
•Tail -shorter than head, body
•Prefers damp areas
•Burrows with scooped soil before entrance
•Potential rat, one pair can produce more than 800 offspringsin one year
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.