it gives you brief about origin of poultry and how they diffused through out the world, when their domestication was started ,about their ancestors & their origin genetic classification of poultry .
2. Domestication
Species Period Country
Chicken 5400 BC
2500 to 2100 BC
China – cishan culture,but, the
contribution of these birds to modern
birds doubtful
From harappan culture of indus valley ;
may be main source of diffusion
the world
Geese and mallard ducks 2500 BC
1500 BC
China
Egypt – separately domesticated ; in
west,mallard duck was not
till middle ages
Ring necked pheasants 1300 BC Greece
Turkeys 200 BC to 700 AD Mexico
muscovy ducks 16th century Columbia , peru
Japanese quail 11th century Japan,china korea
Guinea fowl West African birds introduced to
by Portuguese explorers
3.
4.
5.
6. Effects of domestication
Seed/grass eating species are preferred.
Reproduction in captivity : reproduction became less
dependant on climatic and environmental factors.
Ability to imprint
Development of social order
7. consequences
Increase in bone length
Noticeable changes in plumage
Alterations to the limbs involving length ,muscle
attachments and joint structure .
Changes in skin covering ,muscling, fat deposition and
brain size ; these were accomplished at a later stage.
8. Purpose and utilization of domestic
birds
Initially used primarily for cultural needs
(religion,superstition),decorative arts and entertainment.
Later used as human food
In ancient rome ; geese were sacred initially & later on became a table
delicacy.
In spain ,turkeys – cultural activities food
Japanese quails – song birds food
9. Domestication – chicken or domestic
fowl
Only 3 fossils of Gallus species have been recorded .
Two of them from UK and one from Greece & Black sea
region .
Fossil from UK is coracoid bone resembling Gallus gallus
Assigned to new species gallus europaeus.
Fossil from Greece and Black sea region is tarsometatarsus
bone similar to Gallus gallus & coracoid bone much longer.
Assigned to new species Gallus aesculapi.
Totally 4 species are known to modern ornithology .
10. Genetic classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum : chordate
Class : aves
Order : Galliformes
sub order : Galli
Family : phasianidae
Sub family : phasianinae
Tribe : phasianini
Genus : Gallus
11. Wild Gallus species
4 recognised species under genus Gallus
:
G.gallus – Red Jungle Fowl ,RJF
G.sonneratti -grey or sonnerats
G .lafayetti – old name G.stanleyi, in Ceylon
G.varius –green, old name G.furcatus
12. Gallus gallus
5 Subspecies in males
G.g.gallus –Cochin – Chinese RJF
G.g.spadiceus – Burmese RJF
G.g.jabouillei – Tokinese RJF
G.g.murghi – Indian RJF
G.g.bankiva – Javan RJF
These differ in
Color of ear lobes ( white to red )
Shape and neck hackle feathers in males &
Shade of red plumage in males (golden yellow to mahogany)
13. Origin of modern poultry
Not clear
Might have begun in Burma
In Harappan culture (2500 -2100 BC ) of the indus valley reared chicken
and later on diffused westward to other parts of the world at a rate of 1.5-
3 km /year.
Except for Egypt ,diffusion of chicken into Africa is unknown.
India is likely to be source leads to well developed trade between India &
Africa
14. Gallus gallus (red jungle fowl )
Comb is single upright ,serrated blade; a pair of wattles.
Male exhibit spectacular coloring whereas females have drab color
but feathers have identical morphology in both the sexes .
15.
16.
17. Gallus lafayetti[Ceylon jungle fowl]
Male plumage is similar to RJF
except that breast feathers are
pointed and fringed .males have
a peculiar patch of bluish purple
feathers on the upper breast.
Plumage of the females is similar
to those of RJF
19. Gallus sonneratti [grey jungle fowl]
Male plumage is different from other species
“sealing wax” spots on rachis ;those that are
subterminal being white
terminal spots being shredded and yellow.
Occurs in neck hackle ,saddle, and wing coverts.
Body feathers are black with a white shaft and a
grey border.
Wing and tail feathers are black ; bird appears
grey.
Female plumage differs from RJF
in breast feathers which are white with broad
black/brown borders.
20.
21. Gallus varius[green jungle fowl]
Most primitive of four species
Plumage consists of 16 tail feathers rather
than 14 in other species.
Short truncate neck hackle feathers in males.
Male plumage is glossy black , but hackle and
saddle feathers are edged with bronze and
yellow imparting a distinctly green coloration
to the bird.
In females feathers of the back and rump are
penciled (similar to dark Cornish),
upper breast feathers have dark edging ,
lower breast feathers are pale and
rest of the plumage has irregular barring.
23. Gallus gallus Gallus sonneratti Gallus lafayetti Gallus varius
Adult weight
Males, g
Females ,g
800 -1360
485 – 740
790-1136
705-790
790-1140
510-625
454-795
454 -795
Age at sexual maturity
in captivity (years)
1-2 2 2 1-2
Clutch size 4-8 4-8 2-4 6-10
Egg size,mm 45.3 *34.4 46*36.5 46.3*34.5 44.5*34.5
Egg shell color White – rosy
cream
White – rosy buff Pinkish to
buff,brown
stippled
Buffy white
Incubation period ,d 19-21 20-21 20-21 21
Eclipse plumage
(molting) ,and habitat
Most of the males molt after breeding season
Prefer forest habitat and forest clearings
Molt involves only cervical feather tract of
the neck ;long pointed hackles of males
replaced by around short feathers similar to
female;this plumage persists only for a few
weeks followed by complete annual molt
involving all feather tracts.
Prefer sea shore and rocky scrub land
bordering cultivated land
General Sedentary,omnivorous,behaviour similar to domestic chicken with different vocalizations
Distribution Pakistan to China
,Hainan and in East
India ,Burma,Indo
China,Islands of
West & South
India;sympatric with
RJF at boundaries of
its range
Restricted to Sri lanka Java and on the chain of islands eastwards
;sympatric with RJF in java but occupying
different habitats
24. Period Diffusion and sailent features
2500 -
2100 BC
Chicken used for sport
1500 BC Aryans invaded India;included chicken in their culture but not as food
1000-537
BC
Chicken had religious significance but forbidden as food ;fighting cocks reached Persia,
Persians carried westward to Mesopotamia and Asia Minor ; by 700 BC reached Greece where it
was primarily used for sport and poor folk as food .
Plato and Aristotle distinguished between high and low bred chicken ;egg production of high
bred chicken being poor.two breeds were recognised from Tangare[ near modern Athens] –one
for fighting and other was black with crest and wattles.
200 BC Bearded chicken reported .chicken reached Egypt and got firmly established .
100 BC Chicken reached Romans who knew about force feeding,hybrid vigor,caponizing,sperm
competition etc.adopted chicken as food source and employed for cock fighting ,religious
purposes ,superstition and divination.
Dawn of
Christian
era -1300
AD
Chicken probably reached Europe and then to Russia .main diffusion through Europe occurred
during the Neolithic and early Bronze age . Due to fall of Roman empire importance of chicken
reduced in Europe and became farmyard scavengers
1500-1600
AD
Spanish conquest brought chickens to America and rapidly spread to south and central America
.later, English ,Dutch and French brought them to east and north America
25. Sub class Order Family Genus Species Common name
Carinatae
(flying
birds)
Anseriformes
(ducks and geese)
Anseridae
Anatidae
Cairina
anser
Anas
C.moschata
A.anser
A.albiformis
A.platyrynchos
A.boscher
Muscovy duck
Grey legged goose
White legged goose
Mallard duck
Wild mallard
Galliformes(chicke
n,quail,turkeys,gui
nea fowl of
African origin and
pheasants)
Phasianidae Cortunix
gallus
Phasianus
Numida
Meleagris
C.cortunix japonica
G.domesticus
G.gallus
G.lafayetti
G.sonneratti
G.varius
P. colchicus
N.meleagris
N.ptylorirhyncha
M.gallipavo
Japanese quail
Domestic chicken
Red jungle fowl
Ceylon jungle fowl
Grey jungle fowl
Javan jungle fowl
Ring necked pheasant
Ring wattled G.fowl
Blue wattled G.fowl
Domestic turkey
Columbiformes
(Pigeons and
doves)
Columbiformidae Columba streptopelia C.Livea
S .turtus
Rock pigeon
Turtle dove
Ratite (
running
birds )
Strunthiformes Strunthionidae (
large running birds)
struthio S. camelus
S.austrialis
North African ostrich
South African ostrich
Rheiformes rheidae Rhea R.Americana abbscens Rhea
Casuriformes Dromoiidae Dromauis
Casuarius
D.novaechollandia
C.casuarius
Emu
cassowary
Apterygiformes Apterigidae Apterix A.australis
A.wenii owenii