This document provides information about osteosarcoma, including:
- It is a primary malignant bone tumor most common in children and adolescents.
- Signs and symptoms include bone pain, swelling, decreased joint motion, and pathological fractures.
- Diagnosis involves imaging like x-rays, CT, MRI along with biopsy.
- Staging uses systems like Enneking staging which considers tumor grade and compartmentalization.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery such as wide resection and reconstruction with prosthetics or grafts, and sometimes radiation. Prognosis has improved to a 5-year survival rate of 60-85% with current therapies.
This document discusses chondrosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. It is a malignant tumor originating from cartilage that makes up 9% of primary bone cancers. The document covers the classification, most common sites in the body, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging like CT and MRI, histological examination, treatment including wide resection or amputation, and prognosis which depends on grade and size of the tumor. Chondrosarcoma can be primary, arising directly in bone, or secondary from pre-existing benign cartilage lesions. Low-grade lesions have over 90% 10-year survival while high-grade have 20-40% 10-year survival.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
This document provides information about soft tissue tumors. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of both benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign soft tissue tumors are more common than sarcomas. Common benign tumors include lipomas, schwannomas and giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath.
- Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include exposure to herbicides/pesticides, radiation exposure, genetic conditions and viral infections.
- MRI is usually the best imaging modality for evaluating soft tissue tumors. Biopsy is needed for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Benign tumors may
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
This document provides an overview of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, including their genetic basis, clinical presentation, radiological findings, biopsy, management, and prognosis. Osteosarcoma is the second most common primary bone cancer and most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in adolescents and young adults. Presentation includes pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Diagnosis involves imaging such as X-ray, CT, MRI and biopsy. Treatment typically involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins, and additional chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on stage and response to treatment, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 60-80% for localized disease.
This patient is a 13-year-old girl presenting with right thigh pain and elevated markers. Imaging shows erosion of the tumor through the cortex with no metastases. Biopsy reveals malignant spindle cells producing osteoid. This represents Stage IIb osteosarcoma - a high grade tumor with extra-compartmental growth and no metastases. The next steps are neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by wide excision and reconstruction with adjuvant chemotherapy to treat micrometastatic disease.
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor that occurs mostly in middle-aged and older adults. It is associated with cartilage matrix production and lacks osteoid. Risk factors include malignant transformation of osteochondromas or enchondromas. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI followed by biopsy. Treatment depends on histologic grade and location. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, while radiotherapy may be used for intermediate to high grade or unresectable tumors. Several studies have shown good local control rates with combined surgery and radiotherapy for chondrosarcoma.
This document discusses chondrosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. It is a malignant tumor originating from cartilage that makes up 9% of primary bone cancers. The document covers the classification, most common sites in the body, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging like CT and MRI, histological examination, treatment including wide resection or amputation, and prognosis which depends on grade and size of the tumor. Chondrosarcoma can be primary, arising directly in bone, or secondary from pre-existing benign cartilage lesions. Low-grade lesions have over 90% 10-year survival while high-grade have 20-40% 10-year survival.
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
This document provides information about soft tissue tumors. It discusses the epidemiology, classification, etiology, diagnosis and treatment of both benign and malignant soft tissue tumors. Some key points include:
- Benign soft tissue tumors are more common than sarcomas. Common benign tumors include lipomas, schwannomas and giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath.
- Risk factors for soft tissue sarcoma include exposure to herbicides/pesticides, radiation exposure, genetic conditions and viral infections.
- MRI is usually the best imaging modality for evaluating soft tissue tumors. Biopsy is needed for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on whether the tumor is benign or malignant. Benign tumors may
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
This document provides an overview of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma, including their genetic basis, clinical presentation, radiological findings, biopsy, management, and prognosis. Osteosarcoma is the second most common primary bone cancer and most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in adolescents and young adults. Presentation includes pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Diagnosis involves imaging such as X-ray, CT, MRI and biopsy. Treatment typically involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins, and additional chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on stage and response to treatment, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 60-80% for localized disease.
This patient is a 13-year-old girl presenting with right thigh pain and elevated markers. Imaging shows erosion of the tumor through the cortex with no metastases. Biopsy reveals malignant spindle cells producing osteoid. This represents Stage IIb osteosarcoma - a high grade tumor with extra-compartmental growth and no metastases. The next steps are neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by wide excision and reconstruction with adjuvant chemotherapy to treat micrometastatic disease.
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor that occurs mostly in middle-aged and older adults. It is associated with cartilage matrix production and lacks osteoid. Risk factors include malignant transformation of osteochondromas or enchondromas. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI followed by biopsy. Treatment depends on histologic grade and location. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, while radiotherapy may be used for intermediate to high grade or unresectable tumors. Several studies have shown good local control rates with combined surgery and radiotherapy for chondrosarcoma.
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document summarizes information about osteoid osteoma, a benign bone tumor. It describes the typical presentation as a painful lesion most common in younger males, often located in the femur or tibia. Diagnosis typically involves x-ray, CT scan or bone scan to locate the lesion. While traditionally treated with open surgical excision, minimally invasive techniques like CT-guided percutaneous excision have high success rates with less morbidity.
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
- A 12-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling in his left tibia for one month with a history of intermittent fever. Differential diagnoses included osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
- Ewing's sarcoma most commonly affects children and young adults between 5-25 years old and presents with pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Definitive diagnosis is based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of specific gene fusions.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy with VACA/IE cycles alternating every 2-3 weeks for 17 cycles along with possible surgery and/or radiation therapy based on response and margins. The goal is
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
This document summarizes information about giant cell tumors (GCT), including their history, definition, epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and management. GCTs are benign bone tumors composed of stromal cells and multinucleated giant cells. They most commonly affect long bones of the extremities in patients aged 20-40. Diagnosis is made through imaging studies and biopsy. Treatment involves surgical curettage with or without adjuvants like phenol or liquid nitrogen. Wide excision or en bloc resection may be needed for more aggressive tumors.
I apologize, upon further reflection my previous response was inappropriate. Let me try to provide a more thoughtful answer:
The key factors here are the patient's age, smoking history, presentation of a new painful lytic lesion in the femur. Given her risk factors for primary or secondary bone malignancy, the most appropriate first step would be to obtain a biopsy of the lesion to determine if it is metastatic cancer, primary bone tumor, or something else. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment can be tailored accordingly and discussed with the patient based on her goals of care, functional status, support system and other relevant factors. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncology, orthopedic surgery, radiation oncology, palliative care would likely be most
This document provides an overview of osteochondroma, which is a benign bone tumor characterized by a bony projection with a cartilage cap. It summarizes the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging features, complications, and risk of malignant transformation. Osteochondroma most commonly involves the long bones such as the femur and humerus during childhood. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance for complications or malignant degeneration.
This document discusses skeletal metastases, or bone tumors that have spread from other primary cancers. The key points are:
- The most common primary cancers that metastasize to bone are breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancers.
- Metastases typically involve the axial skeleton and proximal long bones. Lytic lesions that destroy bone are most common, followed by sclerotic lesions with new bone formation.
- Radionuclide bone scans are very sensitive for detecting metastases, while other imaging like CT, MRI, and PET can provide additional details on location and extent of disease.
- It is important to distinguish solitary bone metastases from primary bone tumors or other bone diseases based on features like lesion size
Unicameral Bone Cysts are fluid-filled bone lesions most common in children under 20. They form due to venous occlusion in the bone marrow and contain substances that cause bone resorption. Clinically, they present as swelling and pain after trauma in the femur or humerus. Radiographs show expanded thin bone with fractures. Treatment involves injections or surgery to curette the cyst membrane and fill the cavity to prevent fractures and recurrence.
Bone tumors introduction and general principlesBarun Patel
This document discusses bone tumors. It covers the initial evaluation, presenting symptoms, history taking, physical examination, laboratory tests, investigations such as x-rays and scans, biopsy procedures and principles, classification, staging, principles of surgery including amputation vs limb salvage and achieving appropriate surgical margins, and treatment techniques such as curettage.
This document provides an overview of giant cell tumor, a type of benign bone tumor. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations, grading, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Giant cell tumor commonly involves the ends of long bones and is locally aggressive, destroying bone tissue. While benign, it can occasionally metastasize. Treatment typically involves curettage with the use of adjuvants like phenol or bone cement to reduce the high risk of recurrence. Reconstruction of residual defects is often done with bone grafts or cement.
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage producing cells. It is the third most common primary bone malignancy, accounting for about 9% of primary bone cancers. There are several types of chondrosarcoma including primary, secondary, periosteal, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, radiographic findings of calcification patterns, and histological grading. Treatment involves wide surgical resection with clear margins. For high grade tumors, amputation may be required while low grade tumors can sometimes be treated with curettage and adjuvants. Long term follow up is important due to risk of local recurrence and late pulmonary metastases.
Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects young adults near the epiphysis of long bones. It appears lytic and expansile on imaging. Treatment has shifted from intralesional curettage, which has a high recurrence rate, to more extensive curettage with adjuvants like PMMA to fill the defect. For more advanced cases, en bloc resection is preferred but can require reconstruction. Close follow up is important due to the risk of local recurrence and rare pulmonary metastasis.
Bone metastases occur when cancer spreads from its original site, such as the breast, prostate, or lungs, to the bone. Common sites for bone metastases include the spine, pelvis, and ribs. Bone metastases can be either osteoblastic, causing abnormal bone growth, or lytic, creating holes in the bone. Imaging tests like MRI, bone scans, and PET scans can detect bone metastases. Radiation therapy is effective at reducing pain from bone metastases and can provide lasting symptom relief for many patients.
This document discusses various benign bone tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm and classifying tumors as benign, potentially malignant, or malignant. It then discusses the epidemiology and classification of benign bone tumors. Specific benign bone tumors discussed in detail include bone island, osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondromyxoid fibroma. For each tumor, the document outlines characteristics such as typical age, location, radiographic appearance, and distinguishing features.
This document provides information on the management of soft tissue sarcoma. It discusses the clinical presentation, patterns of spread, imaging, histology, grading, staging, prognostic factors and management of soft tissue sarcomas. The key points are:
1) Soft tissue sarcomas most commonly present as painless swellings in the extremities and can invade locally along fascial planes. Imaging like MRI is important for assessing tumor extent.
2) Histologically, the most common subtypes are undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and liposarcoma. Grading systems consider tumor differentiation, mitosis and necrosis.
3) Staging is based on tumor size, depth, nodal status and metastasis
Un sistema de información es un conjunto de elementos que procesan y administran datos e información para cubrir una necesidad u objetivo. Existen varios tipos de sistemas como los sistemas de información gerencial que ayudan a resolver problemas empresariales, los sistemas de soporte a decisiones que comparan variables para tomar mejores decisiones, y los sistemas de información ejecutiva que permiten a los gerentes acceder a datos internos y externos. Los sistemas de información ofrecen ventajas como un mejor control, integración y toma de decisiones adem
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
This document summarizes information about osteoid osteoma, a benign bone tumor. It describes the typical presentation as a painful lesion most common in younger males, often located in the femur or tibia. Diagnosis typically involves x-ray, CT scan or bone scan to locate the lesion. While traditionally treated with open surgical excision, minimally invasive techniques like CT-guided percutaneous excision have high success rates with less morbidity.
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
- A 12-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling in his left tibia for one month with a history of intermittent fever. Differential diagnoses included osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
- Ewing's sarcoma most commonly affects children and young adults between 5-25 years old and presents with pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Definitive diagnosis is based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of specific gene fusions.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy with VACA/IE cycles alternating every 2-3 weeks for 17 cycles along with possible surgery and/or radiation therapy based on response and margins. The goal is
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
This document summarizes information about giant cell tumors (GCT), including their history, definition, epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis and management. GCTs are benign bone tumors composed of stromal cells and multinucleated giant cells. They most commonly affect long bones of the extremities in patients aged 20-40. Diagnosis is made through imaging studies and biopsy. Treatment involves surgical curettage with or without adjuvants like phenol or liquid nitrogen. Wide excision or en bloc resection may be needed for more aggressive tumors.
I apologize, upon further reflection my previous response was inappropriate. Let me try to provide a more thoughtful answer:
The key factors here are the patient's age, smoking history, presentation of a new painful lytic lesion in the femur. Given her risk factors for primary or secondary bone malignancy, the most appropriate first step would be to obtain a biopsy of the lesion to determine if it is metastatic cancer, primary bone tumor, or something else. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment can be tailored accordingly and discussed with the patient based on her goals of care, functional status, support system and other relevant factors. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncology, orthopedic surgery, radiation oncology, palliative care would likely be most
This document provides an overview of osteochondroma, which is a benign bone tumor characterized by a bony projection with a cartilage cap. It summarizes the definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, imaging features, complications, and risk of malignant transformation. Osteochondroma most commonly involves the long bones such as the femur and humerus during childhood. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis and surveillance for complications or malignant degeneration.
This document discusses skeletal metastases, or bone tumors that have spread from other primary cancers. The key points are:
- The most common primary cancers that metastasize to bone are breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancers.
- Metastases typically involve the axial skeleton and proximal long bones. Lytic lesions that destroy bone are most common, followed by sclerotic lesions with new bone formation.
- Radionuclide bone scans are very sensitive for detecting metastases, while other imaging like CT, MRI, and PET can provide additional details on location and extent of disease.
- It is important to distinguish solitary bone metastases from primary bone tumors or other bone diseases based on features like lesion size
Unicameral Bone Cysts are fluid-filled bone lesions most common in children under 20. They form due to venous occlusion in the bone marrow and contain substances that cause bone resorption. Clinically, they present as swelling and pain after trauma in the femur or humerus. Radiographs show expanded thin bone with fractures. Treatment involves injections or surgery to curette the cyst membrane and fill the cavity to prevent fractures and recurrence.
Bone tumors introduction and general principlesBarun Patel
This document discusses bone tumors. It covers the initial evaluation, presenting symptoms, history taking, physical examination, laboratory tests, investigations such as x-rays and scans, biopsy procedures and principles, classification, staging, principles of surgery including amputation vs limb salvage and achieving appropriate surgical margins, and treatment techniques such as curettage.
This document provides an overview of giant cell tumor, a type of benign bone tumor. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations, grading, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Giant cell tumor commonly involves the ends of long bones and is locally aggressive, destroying bone tissue. While benign, it can occasionally metastasize. Treatment typically involves curettage with the use of adjuvants like phenol or bone cement to reduce the high risk of recurrence. Reconstruction of residual defects is often done with bone grafts or cement.
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage producing cells. It is the third most common primary bone malignancy, accounting for about 9% of primary bone cancers. There are several types of chondrosarcoma including primary, secondary, periosteal, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, radiographic findings of calcification patterns, and histological grading. Treatment involves wide surgical resection with clear margins. For high grade tumors, amputation may be required while low grade tumors can sometimes be treated with curettage and adjuvants. Long term follow up is important due to risk of local recurrence and late pulmonary metastases.
Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects young adults near the epiphysis of long bones. It appears lytic and expansile on imaging. Treatment has shifted from intralesional curettage, which has a high recurrence rate, to more extensive curettage with adjuvants like PMMA to fill the defect. For more advanced cases, en bloc resection is preferred but can require reconstruction. Close follow up is important due to the risk of local recurrence and rare pulmonary metastasis.
Bone metastases occur when cancer spreads from its original site, such as the breast, prostate, or lungs, to the bone. Common sites for bone metastases include the spine, pelvis, and ribs. Bone metastases can be either osteoblastic, causing abnormal bone growth, or lytic, creating holes in the bone. Imaging tests like MRI, bone scans, and PET scans can detect bone metastases. Radiation therapy is effective at reducing pain from bone metastases and can provide lasting symptom relief for many patients.
This document discusses various benign bone tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm and classifying tumors as benign, potentially malignant, or malignant. It then discusses the epidemiology and classification of benign bone tumors. Specific benign bone tumors discussed in detail include bone island, osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, chondroblastoma, and chondromyxoid fibroma. For each tumor, the document outlines characteristics such as typical age, location, radiographic appearance, and distinguishing features.
This document provides information on the management of soft tissue sarcoma. It discusses the clinical presentation, patterns of spread, imaging, histology, grading, staging, prognostic factors and management of soft tissue sarcomas. The key points are:
1) Soft tissue sarcomas most commonly present as painless swellings in the extremities and can invade locally along fascial planes. Imaging like MRI is important for assessing tumor extent.
2) Histologically, the most common subtypes are undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and liposarcoma. Grading systems consider tumor differentiation, mitosis and necrosis.
3) Staging is based on tumor size, depth, nodal status and metastasis
Un sistema de información es un conjunto de elementos que procesan y administran datos e información para cubrir una necesidad u objetivo. Existen varios tipos de sistemas como los sistemas de información gerencial que ayudan a resolver problemas empresariales, los sistemas de soporte a decisiones que comparan variables para tomar mejores decisiones, y los sistemas de información ejecutiva que permiten a los gerentes acceder a datos internos y externos. Los sistemas de información ofrecen ventajas como un mejor control, integración y toma de decisiones adem
Carey Prelow has over 30 years of experience in healthcare, including 20 years serving in the US Navy as a Hospital Corpsman. She is currently employed as a Health Technician at the Naval Medical Center in San Diego, where she assists doctors and ensures optimal patient care. Prelow is seeking new permanent, full-time healthcare opportunities in southern California, preferably in San Diego. She has a proven track record of efficient and caring service, and her supervisors have consistently praised her work.
La ceguera es la pérdida total o parcial de la vista y puede deberse a factores como enfermedades, accidentes o falta de desarrollo visual en bebés prematuros. Aproximadamente 285 millones de personas en el mundo padecen discapacidad visual y 1.4 millones de menores de 15 años son ciegos. Los países de bajos ingresos concentran el 90% de la carga mundial de discapacidad visual. El sistema Braille creado por Louis Braille en el siglo XIX permite la lectura y escritura a través
Tweaking the Purchase Funnel and Some of Our Campaign ObjectivesFrank Wong
- Does “awareness” exist only at the top of the purchase funnel?
- Is Awareness and Direct Response the only way to categorize our campaigns?
- How should we factor in the element of “time” when measuring success?
- Where does social play as part of the purchase funnel?
La salud pública en Venezuela enfrenta graves desafíos. El sistema de salud pública sufre de escasez de medicamentos y suministros médicos básicos, así como de infraestructura y personal médico inadecuados. La hiperinflación y la crisis económica han empeorado drásticamente la capacidad del gobierno para proporcionar atención médica básica a los ciudadanos venezolanos.
El documento presenta dos herramientas para trabajar con audio y presentaciones: HelloSlide, que permite añadir comentarios de voz a diapositivas de forma gratuita con algunas limitaciones, y Audacity, un programa de código abierto para grabar, editar y mezclar audio de forma gratuita y sin instalación.
The document discusses osteosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. It provides background on the history and terminology of osteosarcoma, risk factors, common sites in the body, clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, staging systems, and treatments. Osteosarcoma most commonly affects the distal femur and proximal tibia in children and adolescents. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery such as wide resection and reconstruction, and sometimes radiation. Prognosis has improved in recent decades with 5-year survival rates now around 60-85%.
This document discusses different types of malignant bone tumors. It describes chondrosarcoma, which arises from cartilage and most commonly affects men in their fourth and fifth decades. Primary chondrosarcoma occurs in tubular bones and shows radiolucent areas with central calcification on X-rays. Secondary chondrosarcoma arises from osteochondromas that have been present since childhood. Osteosarcoma is another type of malignant bone tumor that most commonly involves long bone metaphyses in children and adolescents. It appears as hazy osteolytic areas alternating with dense areas on X-rays. Treatment for these tumors involves wide resection or prosthetic replacement followed by chemotherapy.
The document describes several different bone lesions and tumors that can occur in the jaw. It provides radiographs and microscopic images of osteoma, Gardner syndrome, osteoblastoma, cementoblastoma, desmoplastic fibroma, hemangioma, osteosarcoma, chondroblastic osteosarcoma, fibroblastic osteosarcoma, pigmented neuroectodermal tumor, Burkitt's lymphoma, angiocentric T-cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis. For each condition, it shows the characteristic radiographic or microscopic appearance.
Cancer of Oesophagus and Stomach - Treatment & Information in Kuching, SarawakTimberlandMedicalCentre
For more information, visit https://www.timberlandmedical.com
This presentation is by Dr. Wong Kwong Hieng (MBBch,FRCS,AM) General Surgeon at Timberland Medical Centre.
Timberland Medical Centre is a private hospital that has been in operation since 1994. We are strategically located at the 3rd Mile roundabout on Jalan Rock, Kuching, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Our hospital is 10 minutes from the Kuching International Airport and 15 minutes from the Central Bus Terminal. We continually seek to improve and upgrade our services and facilities, as we strive to provide the best medical care for our patients and customers.
1362576264 lab measures in diabetic foot mumbaidfsimedia
The document discusses laboratory measures for evaluating the diabetic foot, including sensory and vascular assessments. Sensory tests include Semmes-Weinstein monofilament, vibration perception with tuning fork, and biothesiometry. Vascular tests include examination of pulses, ankle-brachial index, and Doppler ultrasound. Other evaluations include foot pressure studies, x-rays, MRI, and wound cultures to guide antibiotic treatment of foot infections in diabetes. Regular foot exams emphasizing sensory and vascular assessments can help prevent costly and life-threatening diabetic foot ulcers and amputations.
Hypospadias is a birth defect where the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It occurs when the urethra fails to fuse completely during development in the womb between 8-15 weeks of gestation. Hypospadias is associated with chordee, where the penis curves downward, and can be associated with other anomalies like cryptorchidism. Surgical repair is usually done between ages 4-18 months to correct the urethral opening, straighten any chordee, and for cosmetic and functional reasons. Investigations help assess the severity and rule out other anomalies while medical treatment may help with microphallus prior to surgery.
This document discusses kyphoplasty for treating acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. It begins by thanking various professors and outlines the purpose of studying kyphoplasty's role in managing such fractures by analyzing clinical and radiographic outcomes to evaluate its efficacy and safety. Vertebral compression fractures are a common osteoporosis complication and can cause spinal deformities, pain, disability and reduced function. Kyphoplasty is a minimally invasive procedure that can restore height and provide immediate pain relief with fewer complications than vertebroplasty. The document discusses patient selection criteria, technique, potential complications, and outcomes of kyphoplasty for treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.
This document provides an overview of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. It describes the pituitary gland's location and structure, including its anterior and posterior lobes. The anterior lobe contains cells that secrete hormones like growth hormone and prolactin. Common pituitary tumors are also summarized, such as prolactin-secreting prolactinomas. Conditions of hyper- and hypopituitarism are outlined as well as symptoms of pituitary disease.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
1. Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor derived from primitive mesenchymal cells. It most commonly occurs in the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults.
2. Conventional intramedullary osteosarcoma is the most common subtype. It is an aggressive tumor characterized by the production of osteoid matrix. Treatment involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins, and adjuvant chemotherapy.
3. Other subtypes include telangiectatic, surface/juxtacortical, and intracortical osteosarcomas, which have varying presentations, imaging characteristics, histology, and clinical behaviors. Accurate diagnosis and subtyping is important for
Bone tumours and principles of limb salvage surgeryPaudel Sushil
This document discusses various types of bone tumors including benign and malignant lesions. It covers topics such as hyperplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia, and the TNM classification system. Various bone forming, cartilage, fibrogenic, round cell, vascular, and miscellaneous tumors and tumor-like lesions are described. The principles of limb salvage surgery for extremity sarcomas are also mentioned.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. It begins with a brief history of the condition and its early treatments. It then covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, and grading scales used to evaluate the severity of myelopathy. Key points include the natural degenerative processes that cause spinal canal narrowing, common symptoms like neck stiffness and leg weakness, and the use of MRI to identify cord/canal compression and signal changes indicative of edema or cystic necrosis. Surgical intervention aims to decompress the spinal cord through procedures like laminectomy or laminoplasty to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
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Otosclerosis is a metabolic bone disease that causes abnormal bone growth in the ossicles of the middle ear, commonly fixing the stapes bone. It most often presents between ages 15-45 and risk factors include family history and metabolic abnormalities. Symptoms include hearing loss and tinnitus. Diagnosis involves audiometry, otoscopic examination, and CT scan. Treatment options include stapedotomy or stapedectomy surgery as well as hearing aids or fluoride therapy for non-surgical candidates or those who decline surgery. The goal of treatment is to restore hearing by improving sound conduction through the middle ear.
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Gout is a metabolic disorder resulting from elevated uric acid levels and deposition of urate crystals in the joints. It involves a spectrum of conditions including hyperuricemia, acute inflammatory arthritis attacks, tophaceous deposits of urate crystals in and around joints, renal disease, and kidney stones. Gout typically involves recurrent attacks of severe pain and swelling in joints like the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Chronic untreated gout can cause permanent joint damage and deformity from urate tophi. Diagnosis involves identifying urate crystals in joint fluid or tissues.
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3. OSTEOSARCOMAOSTEOSARCOMA
Osteosarcoma is primary malignant boneOsteosarcoma is primary malignant bone
forming tumorforming tumor
Common in young children and adolescents atCommon in young children and adolescents at
growing ends of bonesgrowing ends of bones
7. HIST0RYHIST0RY
An ancient disease present in Greek, EgyptianAn ancient disease present in Greek, Egyptian
& Indian literature.& Indian literature.
SARCOMA derived from Greek roots, meansSARCOMA derived from Greek roots, means
fleshy excrescence, used first time by Englishfleshy excrescence, used first time by English
Surgeon, JOHN ABERNATHY in 1804.Surgeon, JOHN ABERNATHY in 1804.
OSTEOSARCOMA, first time used by FrenchOSTEOSARCOMA, first time used by French
Surgeon, Alexis Boyer in 1805Surgeon, Alexis Boyer in 1805
(PERSONEL SURGEON TO NAPOLEON)(PERSONEL SURGEON TO NAPOLEON)
8. HISTORYHISTORY
1847,BORON GUILLAUME DUPUYTREN1847,BORON GUILLAUME DUPUYTREN
demonstrated gross pathologic appearance asdemonstrated gross pathologic appearance as
Osteosarcoma is a true cancerous degenerationOsteosarcoma is a true cancerous degeneration
of bone, manifest itself in the form of white orof bone, manifest itself in the form of white or
reddish mass, lardaceous and firm at an earlyreddish mass, lardaceous and firm at an early
stage of disease but presenting at latter stagestage of disease but presenting at latter stage
points of softening, cerebriform matter,points of softening, cerebriform matter,
extravasating blood, and white or strawextravasating blood, and white or straw
colored fluid of viscid consistence in itscolored fluid of viscid consistence in its
interior.interior.
9. HISTORYHISTORY
1900,VITTORIO PUTTI,SCAGLIETTI &1900,VITTORIO PUTTI,SCAGLIETTI &
COMPANACCI from ITLAY shaped treatment forCOMPANACCI from ITLAY shaped treatment for
Bone Tumor.Bone Tumor.
1921,ERNEST AMROY CODMAN &JAMES1921,ERNEST AMROY CODMAN &JAMES
EWING created registry for Bone Sarcoma.EWING created registry for Bone Sarcoma.
1950,HENRY L.JAFFE,LOUIS LICTENSTEIN1950,HENRY L.JAFFE,LOUIS LICTENSTEIN
established all key histological criteria used toestablished all key histological criteria used to
diagnose most of Bone Tumors.diagnose most of Bone Tumors.
10. HIST0RYHIST0RY
1970,NORMAN JAFFE, introduced1970,NORMAN JAFFE, introduced
Chemotherapeutic agents such asChemotherapeutic agents such as
METHOTREXATE & ADRIAMYCIN,METHOTREXATE & ADRIAMYCIN,
dramatically improved the treatment ofdramatically improved the treatment of
Osteosarcoma through their ability to treatOsteosarcoma through their ability to treat
Micro metastasis.Micro metastasis.
1976,ROSEN introduced Custom made1976,ROSEN introduced Custom made
Prosthesis.Prosthesis.
13. INCIDENCEINCIDENCE
Sixth leading cancer under age of 15Sixth leading cancer under age of 15
In USA 400 cases per Year.In USA 400 cases per Year.
(4.8 per Million <20 Y ),(4.8 per Million <20 Y ),
More common in black AmericansMore common in black Americans
Male 5.2 per Million per year,Male 5.2 per Million per year,
Female 4.2 per Million per yearFemale 4.2 per Million per year
Rare below 5 year(0.5 per Million per year)Rare below 5 year(0.5 per Million per year)
300 die in each year300 die in each year
22NDND
peak in incidence in Elderly, associated with Pagetpeak in incidence in Elderly, associated with Paget
disease, Bone infarct, or Post radiation.disease, Bone infarct, or Post radiation.
26. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
Exact cause is unknownExact cause is unknown
Risk factorsRisk factors
1;Rapid Bone Growth1;Rapid Bone Growth
2;2; RadiationRadiation
3;Genetic predisposition3;Genetic predisposition
27. ETIOLOGYETIOLOGY
Bone Dysplasias, including Paget Disease,
Fibrous Dysplasias, Enchondromatosis,
Hereditary Multiple Exostosis &
Retinoblastoma (Germ Line)
*Mutations in Tumor Suppressor Genes,P53
& Rb have major role in Osteosarcoma
development
30. PATHOLOGYPATHOLOGY
Localized at Metaphyseal ends of Long BonesLocalized at Metaphyseal ends of Long Bones
Solid, Hard, Irregular due to Tumor Spicules ofSolid, Hard, Irregular due to Tumor Spicules of
Calcified Bone, Surrounding Tissue infiltratedCalcified Bone, Surrounding Tissue infiltrated
31. PATHOLOGYPATHOLOGY
Microscopically, Tumor Cells are Pleomorphic,someMicroscopically, Tumor Cells are Pleomorphic,some
are Giant with numerous Mitosis, producingare Giant with numerous Mitosis, producing
Amorphous, Eosinophilic Osteoid with or withoutAmorphous, Eosinophilic Osteoid with or without
central Calcification.central Calcification.
46. CLINICAL PRESENTATIONCLINICAL PRESENTATION
Bone PainBone Pain
Most Common Symptom present atMost Common Symptom present at
night or afternight or after
exerciseexercise
SwellingSwelling
Decreased Joint MotionDecreased Joint Motion
Pathological FracturePathological Fracture
Respiratory symptomsRespiratory symptoms
Due to MetastasisDue to Metastasis
47. CLINICAL SIGNSCLINICAL SIGNS
MassMass
Palpable mass may or may not present,Palpable mass may or may not present,
may be warm & tender, firm to hard, increasedmay be warm & tender, firm to hard, increased
skin vascularity over mass.skin vascularity over mass.
Decreased Joint MobilityDecreased Joint Mobility
LymphadenopathyLymphadenopathy
Respiratory FindingsRespiratory Findings
48.
49.
50. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLSDIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Plain X-RayPlain X-Ray
Total Body ScanTotal Body Scan
MRI of Primary TumorMRI of Primary Tumor
CT Scan LungCT Scan Lung
BiopsyBiopsy
Laboratory StudiesLaboratory Studies
79. PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS
5 year Survival ranges from 60% to 85%5 year Survival ranges from 60% to 85%
60 to 65% Treated 5 years ago (2000) will60 to 65% Treated 5 years ago (2000) will
be alive todaybe alive today
Stage 1 Osteosarcoma has goodStage 1 Osteosarcoma has good
prognosis >90% just requiresprognosis >90% just requires
SurgerySurgery
80. PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS
Stage 11b Prognosis dependsStage 11b Prognosis depends
1.1. Site of Tumor (worse for Axial Skeletal)Site of Tumor (worse for Axial Skeletal)
2.2. Size of Tumor Mass in cmSize of Tumor Mass in cm
3.3. Degree of necrosis from NeoadjuvantDegree of necrosis from Neoadjuvant
ChemotherapyChemotherapy
81. PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS
Stage 111 with Lung Metastasis,Stage 111 with Lung Metastasis,
overall Prognosis is 30% depends onoverall Prognosis is 30% depends on
1.1. Resectability of primary tumor& LungResectability of primary tumor& Lung
NodulesNodules
2.2. Degree of Necrosis of primary TumorDegree of Necrosis of primary Tumor
3.3. Number of MetastasisNumber of Metastasis
4.4. Duration of development of MetastasisDuration of development of Metastasis