The document discusses network models and the OSI model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model which are physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer has a specific function like the physical layer is responsible for bit transmission between nodes, the data link layer handles frame transmission between nodes, and the transport layer provides reliable transmission of messages between processes. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. It describes the different address types used in TCP/IP like physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
CCN notes for &th EC students, VTU, UNIT 1 Network MOdels explanation like OSI model ,TCP/IP model and tlepohone networks and cable network for data transmission
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
CCN notes for &th EC students, VTU, UNIT 1 Network MOdels explanation like OSI model ,TCP/IP model and tlepohone networks and cable network for data transmission
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Overview of UDP protocol.
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a simple extension of the Internet Protocol services. It basically provides simple packet transport service without any quality of service functions.
Unlike TCP, UDP is connection-less and packet-based. Application PDUs (application packets) sent over a UDP socket are delivered to the receiving host application as is without fragmentation.
UDP is mostly used by applications with simple request-response communication patterns like DNS, DHCP, RADIUS, RIP or RPC.
Since UDP does provide any error recovery such as retransmission of lost packets, the application protocols have to take care of these situations.
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about the TCP/ IP framework, the backbone of every ebusiness.
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IP specifies the format of packets, also called #datagrams, and the addressing scheme. Most networks combine IP with a higher-level protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual connection between a destination and a source.
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Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Quantitative Data AnalysisReliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha) Common Method...2023240532
Quantitative data Analysis
Overview
Reliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha)
Common Method Bias (Harman Single Factor Test)
Frequency Analysis (Demographic)
Descriptive Analysis
The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
Talk Delivered at Valencia Codes Meetup 2024-06.
Traditionally, databases have treated timestamps just as another data type. However, when performing real-time analytics, timestamps should be first class citizens and we need rich time semantics to get the most out of our data. We also need to deal with ever growing datasets while keeping performant, which is as fun as it sounds.
It is no wonder time-series databases are now more popular than ever before. Join me in this session to learn about the internal architecture and building blocks of QuestDB, an open source time-series database designed for speed. We will also review a history of some of the changes we have gone over the past two years to deal with late and unordered data, non-blocking writes, read-replicas, or faster batch ingestion.
Data Centers - Striving Within A Narrow Range - Research Report - MCG - May 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) expects to see demand and the changing evolution of supply, facilitated through institutional investment rotation out of offices and into work from home (“WFH”), while the ever-expanding need for data storage as global internet usage expands, with experts predicting 5.3 billion users by 2023. These market factors will be underpinned by technological changes, such as progressing cloud services and edge sites, allowing the industry to see strong expected annual growth of 13% over the next 4 years.
Whilst competitive headwinds remain, represented through the recent second bankruptcy filing of Sungard, which blames “COVID-19 and other macroeconomic trends including delayed customer spending decisions, insourcing and reductions in IT spending, energy inflation and reduction in demand for certain services”, the industry has seen key adjustments, where MCG believes that engineering cost management and technological innovation will be paramount to success.
MCG reports that the more favorable market conditions expected over the next few years, helped by the winding down of pandemic restrictions and a hybrid working environment will be driving market momentum forward. The continuous injection of capital by alternative investment firms, as well as the growing infrastructural investment from cloud service providers and social media companies, whose revenues are expected to grow over 3.6x larger by value in 2026, will likely help propel center provision and innovation. These factors paint a promising picture for the industry players that offset rising input costs and adapt to new technologies.
According to M Capital Group: “Specifically, the long-term cost-saving opportunities available from the rise of remote managing will likely aid value growth for the industry. Through margin optimization and further availability of capital for reinvestment, strong players will maintain their competitive foothold, while weaker players exit the market to balance supply and demand.”
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
2. 2.2
2-1 LAYERED TASKS2-1 LAYERED TASKS
We use the concept ofWe use the concept of layerslayers in our daily life. As anin our daily life. As an
example, let us consider two friends who communicateexample, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to athrough postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no servicesfriend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.available from the post office.
Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
4. 2.4
2-2 THE OSI MODEL2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International StandardsEstablished in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (Organization (ISOISO) is a multinational body dedicated to) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISOworldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of networkstandard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnectioncommunications is the Open Systems Interconnection
((OSIOSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
9. 2.9
2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of eachIn this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.layer in the OSI model.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
11. 2.
11
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
Representation of bits. Represent by (0 s&1 s)
Data rate :the number of bits sent each second .
Note
13. 2.
13
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
Framing: divides the stream of bits into manageable data
called frames.
Note
22. 2.
22
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.
Dialog control= It to allows the communication between two
processes
Note
25. 2.
25
Translation . The processes (running programs) in two
systems are usually exchanging information in the form of
character strings, numbers, and so on. Because different
computers use different encoding systems.
Encryption. To carry sensitive information a system must be
able to assure privacy.
Compression. Data compression reduces the number of bits
contained in the information. such as text, audio, and video.
31. 2.
31
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in theThe layers in the TCP/IP protocol suiteTCP/IP protocol suite do not exactlydo not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IPmatch those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers:protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-host-to-
networknetwork,, internetinternet,, transporttransport, and, and applicationapplication. However,. However,
when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that thewhen TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physicalphysical,,
data linkdata link,, networknetwork,, transporttransport, and, and applicationapplication..
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
33. 2.
33
2-5 ADDRESSING2-5 ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employingFour levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols:the TCP/IP protocols: physicalphysical,, logicallogical,, portport, and, and specificspecific..
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Topics discussed in this section:Topics discussed in this section:
36. 2.
36
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.
Example 2.1
38. 2.
38
As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks
use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
39. 2.
39
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.
Example 2.3
40. 2.
40
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via
the Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.
Example 2.4
41. 2.
41
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.
Note
42. 2.
42
Example 2.5
As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit
address represented by one decimal number as shown.
753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
43. 2.
43
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.
Note