1. Advantages of dividing a complex system into layers or modules
2. Taking example of airline system to explain advantage of layering
3. OSI model and Internet Protocol Stack
4. Functions of each layers in OSI model
Threads in Operating System | Multithreading | Interprocess CommunicationShivam Mitra
This document provides an introduction to threads. It discusses the differences between processes and threads, how threads are implemented in Linux, and challenges with multithreading like race conditions. Interprocess communication methods like shared memory and message passing are also covered. The benefits of multithreading include improved responsiveness and resource sharing. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPU cores to run programs in parallel while multithreading shares memory between threads.
Process Synchronization in operating system | mutex | semaphore | race conditionShivam Mitra
1. Race condition and critical section problem
2. Software and hardware solutions to critical section problem
3. Mutex and semaphore
4. Producer-consumer and reader writer problem
5. Deadlock in operating system
Process Scheduling Algorithms | Interviews | Operating systemShivam Mitra
IO Bound Process vs CPU Bound process
Types of scheduling queues and schedulers
Preemptive vs Nonpreemptive scheduling
Role of Dispatcher
Context Switch
Scheduling criteria
Scheduling algorithms ( FCFS, SJF, SRTF, Priority, Round Robin)
Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Process management in operating system | process states | PCB | FORK() | Zomb...Shivam Mitra
This is the second part of the operating system interview series.
In this session, we will look at the following:
1. Program vs process
2. Process states
3. Process control block
4. Process lifecycle using fork(), exec(), exit() and wait()
5. Zombie and orphan process
Memory management in operating system | Paging | Virtual memoryShivam Mitra
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It begins by covering contiguous memory allocation approaches like fixed and variable partitioning. It then discusses non-contiguous techniques like paging and segmentation. Key concepts covered include logical vs physical addresses, page tables, translation lookaside buffers, demand paging, and virtual memory. The document provides examples and links to detailed video explanations of these important OS memory management topics.
This lecture is an overview for the topics that will be covered in the course along with some course logistics
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
Threads provide concurrency within a process by allowing parallel execution. A thread is a flow of execution that has its own program counter, registers, and stack. Threads share code and data segments with other threads in the same process. There are two types: user threads managed by a library and kernel threads managed by the operating system kernel. Kernel threads allow true parallelism but have more overhead than user threads. Multithreading models include many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many depending on how user threads map to kernel threads. Threads improve performance over single-threaded processes and allow for scalability across multiple CPUs.
Threads in Operating System | Multithreading | Interprocess CommunicationShivam Mitra
This document provides an introduction to threads. It discusses the differences between processes and threads, how threads are implemented in Linux, and challenges with multithreading like race conditions. Interprocess communication methods like shared memory and message passing are also covered. The benefits of multithreading include improved responsiveness and resource sharing. Multiprocessing uses multiple CPU cores to run programs in parallel while multithreading shares memory between threads.
Process Synchronization in operating system | mutex | semaphore | race conditionShivam Mitra
1. Race condition and critical section problem
2. Software and hardware solutions to critical section problem
3. Mutex and semaphore
4. Producer-consumer and reader writer problem
5. Deadlock in operating system
Process Scheduling Algorithms | Interviews | Operating systemShivam Mitra
IO Bound Process vs CPU Bound process
Types of scheduling queues and schedulers
Preemptive vs Nonpreemptive scheduling
Role of Dispatcher
Context Switch
Scheduling criteria
Scheduling algorithms ( FCFS, SJF, SRTF, Priority, Round Robin)
Multilevel Queue Scheduling
Process management in operating system | process states | PCB | FORK() | Zomb...Shivam Mitra
This is the second part of the operating system interview series.
In this session, we will look at the following:
1. Program vs process
2. Process states
3. Process control block
4. Process lifecycle using fork(), exec(), exit() and wait()
5. Zombie and orphan process
Memory management in operating system | Paging | Virtual memoryShivam Mitra
This document discusses memory management techniques in operating systems. It begins by covering contiguous memory allocation approaches like fixed and variable partitioning. It then discusses non-contiguous techniques like paging and segmentation. Key concepts covered include logical vs physical addresses, page tables, translation lookaside buffers, demand paging, and virtual memory. The document provides examples and links to detailed video explanations of these important OS memory management topics.
This lecture is an overview for the topics that will be covered in the course along with some course logistics
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
Threads provide concurrency within a process by allowing parallel execution. A thread is a flow of execution that has its own program counter, registers, and stack. Threads share code and data segments with other threads in the same process. There are two types: user threads managed by a library and kernel threads managed by the operating system kernel. Kernel threads allow true parallelism but have more overhead than user threads. Multithreading models include many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many depending on how user threads map to kernel threads. Threads improve performance over single-threaded processes and allow for scalability across multiple CPUs.
The document provides a historical overview of Linux and its origins from Unix. It discusses how Unix was initially developed at Bell Labs in the 1960s-1970s and was then further developed into various commercial and non-commercial versions. It also outlines how the GNU project was founded to create a free Unix-like operating system and how Linux was later created by Linus Torvalds to provide the missing kernel to GNU. Finally, it briefly describes the structure of Linux systems including the kernel, user space, and popular desktop environments.
This document discusses processes and threads in Perl programming. It defines a process as an instance of a running program, while a thread is a flow of control through a program with a single execution point. Multiple threads can run within a single process and share resources, while processes run independently. The document compares processes and threads, and covers creating and managing threads, sharing data between threads, synchronization, and inter-process communication techniques in Perl like fork, pipe, and open.
This document discusses concurrency and processes. It begins by defining threads of execution and how operating systems provide the illusion of multiple processors through time-sharing techniques. It then discusses how modern operating systems abstract processes to provide protection between threads through separate address spaces and the virtualization of hardware resources. The document covers techniques like context switching, scheduling, and inter-process communication to enable concurrency while maintaining isolation between processes.
The document discusses three common multithreading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It also describes common high-level program structures for multithreaded programs like the boss/workers model, pipeline model, up-calls, and using version stamps to keep shared information consistent.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on Linux for embedded systems using the Raspberry Pi. The course is taught by Ahmed ElArabawy and will cover basic concepts of embedded systems through hands-on projects with the Raspberry Pi. Students will learn about interfaces like GPIO, I2C, SPI and programming languages like Python and C through building simple projects connecting sensors and motors. The course aims to provide students with practical skills in embedded development that can be applied to other platforms beyond the Raspberry Pi.
The document discusses different multi-threading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. The many-to-one model maps many user threads to a single kernel thread, allowing for efficient thread management but blocking all threads during system calls. The one-to-one model maps each user thread to its own kernel thread, enabling more concurrency and parallelism across processors but requiring more kernel resources. The many-to-many model multiplexes user threads to kernel threads, allowing scheduling around blocking system calls while using kernel resources efficiently.
This lecture covers the structure of the Linux filesystem layout and the concept of mounting different filesystems in the main filesystem
Video for this Lecture on youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YL1qjqcR9M
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
A thread is a lightweight process that shares resources like memory with other threads in the same process. Using threads allows a process to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Threads can improve responsiveness when one part of a program is blocked and allow for resource sharing. Creating threads is more efficient than processes. There are different models for how user-level threads map to kernel threads, including one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many mappings. Popular thread APIs include POSIX threads, Windows threads, and Java threads.
During the August 2015 meeting, Jordan Hubbard and Kip Macy spoke about their upcoming initiatives on NeXTBSD.
A video of the talk can be seen at the end of the video or here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49sPYHh473U
The document discusses threads and multithreading. It introduces threads as the fundamental unit of CPU utilization in multithreaded systems. It covers multithreading models including many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It also discusses thread libraries like Pthreads, Windows threads, and Java threads. It examines issues with multithreading like thread cancellation, signal handling, and thread-specific data. It provides examples of how threads are implemented in Windows XP and Linux.
The document discusses threads and processes in operating systems. It begins by distinguishing threads from processes, noting that threads are lightweight processes that share resources like memory within a process but have their own program counters and stacks. It then covers different threading models like user-level threads managed by a library versus kernel threads directly supported by the OS kernel. The rest of the document discusses threading issues, common threading APIs like POSIX threads, and how specific operating systems like Linux and Windows implement threading.
1) A thread is a basic unit of CPU execution that shares code, data, and resources with other threads in the same process. It has its own program counter, register set, and stack.
2) In a single-threaded process there is one thread of control, while a multithreaded process can have multiple threads running concurrently.
3) Benefits of using threads include improved responsiveness, resource sharing, reduced overhead, and better utilization of multiprocessor systems.
Motivation for multithreaded architecturesYoung Alista
The document discusses the motivation for and design of multithreaded architectures. It aims to increase processor utilization by allowing multiple independent instruction streams, or threads, to execute simultaneously. This can compensate for a lack of instruction-level parallelism in individual threads. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) processors in particular issue instructions from multiple threads each cycle without hardware context switching. SMT achieves high throughput with minimal performance degradation to individual threads by sharing most hardware resources between threads.
This document discusses Python and FreeBSD. It begins with an introduction to FreeBSD, highlighting some of the companies and websites that use it. It then discusses the python@FreeBSD mailing list and resources for using Python on FreeBSD, including installing Python via ports or packages. The document provides guidance on running Python applications and developing Python projects on FreeBSD using tools like virtualenv, ZFS, and jails. It also covers creating Python ports and submitting them to be included in the FreeBSD ports collection.
This chapter discusses threads and multithreaded programming. It covers thread models like many-to-one, one-to-one and many-to-many. Common thread libraries like Pthreads, Windows and Java threads are explained. Implicit threading techniques such as thread pools and OpenMP are introduced. Issues with multithreaded programming like signal handling and thread cancellation are examined. Finally, threading implementations in Windows and Linux are overviewed.
This document provides an outline for a Linux hosting training course. It covers topics like networking, hardware, operating systems, client to client communication, and client/server models. The networking section defines LANs and WANs, network elements like switches and routers. It also discusses communication protocols, IP addressing, and ports. The hardware section examines CPU components, memory, storage devices and compares processor specifications. The operating systems focus on Linux distributions. Client to client examples demonstrate chat conversations while client/server models list common network server types.
A thread is a portion of code that may be executed independently of the main program.
For example, a program may have an open thread waiting for a specific event to occur or running a separate job, allowing the main program to perform other tasks.
A program is capable of having multiple threads open at once and will either terminate or suspend them after a task is completed, or the program is closed.
Save 10% off ANY FITC event with discount code 'slideshare' - http://www.fitc.ca
OVERVIEW
Node.js is a runtime environment and library for running JavaScript applications outside the browser. Node.js is mostly used to run real-time server applications and shines through its performance using non-blocking I/O and asynchronous events. This talk will introduce you to Node.js by showcasing the environment and its two most popular libraries: express and socket.io.
TARGET AUDIENCE
Beginner web developers
ASSUMED AUDIENCE KNOWLEDGE
Working knowledge of JavaScript and HTML5.
OBJECTIVE
Learn how to build a chat engine using Node.js and WebSockets.
FIVE THINGS AUDIENCE MEMBERS WILL LEARN
Node.js environment and basics
Node Package Manager overview
Web Framework, express, basics
WebSockets and Socket.io basics
Building a chat engine using Node.js
This document provides an overview of Google App Engine for Java, including its key features and limitations. It discusses the App Engine stack, how to configure and run Java applications on App Engine using the Java Datastore, Mail, URL Fetch, Images, Memcache, and XMPP services. The document also covers quotas, the development SDK, and deploying/managing apps through the App Engine administration console.
02-ProtocolArchitecture william stellings.pptstriker78669
Data and Computer Communications" by William Stallings is a comprehensive textbook that covers a wide range of topics related to data communications and networking. It is considered a foundational resource for students, professionals, and researchers in the field of computer science and telecommunications.
The book provides an in-depth exploration of data transmission techniques, network protocols, network architectures, and various communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to data communications and networking concepts, including the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, data transmission modes, and multiplexing techniques.
Subsequent chapters delve into topics such as data link layer protocols, error detection and correction mechanisms, medium access control methods, and routing algorithms. The book also covers network layer protocols, including IP (Internet Protocol), IPv6, and routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
Furthermore, it explores transport layer protocols, such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol), and application layer protocols, including HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
The book also discusses network security, wireless communications, and emerging technologies like software-defined networking (SDN) and network virtualization. Each chapter includes illustrative examples, diagrams, and exercises to reinforce the understanding of the concepts presented.
Overall, "Data and Computer Communications" by William Stallings provides a comprehensive and well-structured resource for anyone seeking to gain a thorough understanding of data communications and networking principles and technologies.William Stallings is a renowned author in the field of computer science and information technology. His book "Data and Computer Communications" is a comprehensive resource for understanding the principles and practices of data communication and networking.
You can find more information about William Stallings and his book "Data and Computer Communications" on his official website: https://www.williamstallings.com/
You can also purchase the book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Data-Computer-Communications-William-Stallings/dp/0133506487
If you have any specific questions or need help with a particular code related to data and computer communications, please provide more details so I can assist you accordingly.
Computer design and Architechure and Algorithmmirzaahmadali
This document summarizes key concepts in protocol architectures and networking from William Stallings' Data and Computer Communications textbook. It discusses the need for protocol architectures to break communication tasks like file transfer into modular layers. The key elements of protocols like syntax, semantics, and timing are described. Common protocol architectures like the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP stack are explained. The roles of different layers in each model are defined, including the network access, transport, and application layers. Concepts like protocol data units, addressing, and the operation of protocols across network nodes are also summarized.
The document provides a historical overview of Linux and its origins from Unix. It discusses how Unix was initially developed at Bell Labs in the 1960s-1970s and was then further developed into various commercial and non-commercial versions. It also outlines how the GNU project was founded to create a free Unix-like operating system and how Linux was later created by Linus Torvalds to provide the missing kernel to GNU. Finally, it briefly describes the structure of Linux systems including the kernel, user space, and popular desktop environments.
This document discusses processes and threads in Perl programming. It defines a process as an instance of a running program, while a thread is a flow of control through a program with a single execution point. Multiple threads can run within a single process and share resources, while processes run independently. The document compares processes and threads, and covers creating and managing threads, sharing data between threads, synchronization, and inter-process communication techniques in Perl like fork, pipe, and open.
This document discusses concurrency and processes. It begins by defining threads of execution and how operating systems provide the illusion of multiple processors through time-sharing techniques. It then discusses how modern operating systems abstract processes to provide protection between threads through separate address spaces and the virtualization of hardware resources. The document covers techniques like context switching, scheduling, and inter-process communication to enable concurrency while maintaining isolation between processes.
The document discusses three common multithreading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It also describes common high-level program structures for multithreaded programs like the boss/workers model, pipeline model, up-calls, and using version stamps to keep shared information consistent.
This document provides an overview of an introductory course on Linux for embedded systems using the Raspberry Pi. The course is taught by Ahmed ElArabawy and will cover basic concepts of embedded systems through hands-on projects with the Raspberry Pi. Students will learn about interfaces like GPIO, I2C, SPI and programming languages like Python and C through building simple projects connecting sensors and motors. The course aims to provide students with practical skills in embedded development that can be applied to other platforms beyond the Raspberry Pi.
The document discusses different multi-threading models: many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. The many-to-one model maps many user threads to a single kernel thread, allowing for efficient thread management but blocking all threads during system calls. The one-to-one model maps each user thread to its own kernel thread, enabling more concurrency and parallelism across processors but requiring more kernel resources. The many-to-many model multiplexes user threads to kernel threads, allowing scheduling around blocking system calls while using kernel resources efficiently.
This lecture covers the structure of the Linux filesystem layout and the concept of mounting different filesystems in the main filesystem
Video for this Lecture on youtube:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YL1qjqcR9M
Check the other Lectures and courses in
http://Linux4EnbeddedSystems.com
or Follow our Facebook Group at
- Facebook: @LinuxforEmbeddedSystems
Lecturer Profile:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/ahmedelarabawy
A thread is a lightweight process that shares resources like memory with other threads in the same process. Using threads allows a process to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Threads can improve responsiveness when one part of a program is blocked and allow for resource sharing. Creating threads is more efficient than processes. There are different models for how user-level threads map to kernel threads, including one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many mappings. Popular thread APIs include POSIX threads, Windows threads, and Java threads.
During the August 2015 meeting, Jordan Hubbard and Kip Macy spoke about their upcoming initiatives on NeXTBSD.
A video of the talk can be seen at the end of the video or here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49sPYHh473U
The document discusses threads and multithreading. It introduces threads as the fundamental unit of CPU utilization in multithreaded systems. It covers multithreading models including many-to-one, one-to-one, and many-to-many. It also discusses thread libraries like Pthreads, Windows threads, and Java threads. It examines issues with multithreading like thread cancellation, signal handling, and thread-specific data. It provides examples of how threads are implemented in Windows XP and Linux.
The document discusses threads and processes in operating systems. It begins by distinguishing threads from processes, noting that threads are lightweight processes that share resources like memory within a process but have their own program counters and stacks. It then covers different threading models like user-level threads managed by a library versus kernel threads directly supported by the OS kernel. The rest of the document discusses threading issues, common threading APIs like POSIX threads, and how specific operating systems like Linux and Windows implement threading.
1) A thread is a basic unit of CPU execution that shares code, data, and resources with other threads in the same process. It has its own program counter, register set, and stack.
2) In a single-threaded process there is one thread of control, while a multithreaded process can have multiple threads running concurrently.
3) Benefits of using threads include improved responsiveness, resource sharing, reduced overhead, and better utilization of multiprocessor systems.
Motivation for multithreaded architecturesYoung Alista
The document discusses the motivation for and design of multithreaded architectures. It aims to increase processor utilization by allowing multiple independent instruction streams, or threads, to execute simultaneously. This can compensate for a lack of instruction-level parallelism in individual threads. Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) processors in particular issue instructions from multiple threads each cycle without hardware context switching. SMT achieves high throughput with minimal performance degradation to individual threads by sharing most hardware resources between threads.
This document discusses Python and FreeBSD. It begins with an introduction to FreeBSD, highlighting some of the companies and websites that use it. It then discusses the python@FreeBSD mailing list and resources for using Python on FreeBSD, including installing Python via ports or packages. The document provides guidance on running Python applications and developing Python projects on FreeBSD using tools like virtualenv, ZFS, and jails. It also covers creating Python ports and submitting them to be included in the FreeBSD ports collection.
This chapter discusses threads and multithreaded programming. It covers thread models like many-to-one, one-to-one and many-to-many. Common thread libraries like Pthreads, Windows and Java threads are explained. Implicit threading techniques such as thread pools and OpenMP are introduced. Issues with multithreaded programming like signal handling and thread cancellation are examined. Finally, threading implementations in Windows and Linux are overviewed.
This document provides an outline for a Linux hosting training course. It covers topics like networking, hardware, operating systems, client to client communication, and client/server models. The networking section defines LANs and WANs, network elements like switches and routers. It also discusses communication protocols, IP addressing, and ports. The hardware section examines CPU components, memory, storage devices and compares processor specifications. The operating systems focus on Linux distributions. Client to client examples demonstrate chat conversations while client/server models list common network server types.
A thread is a portion of code that may be executed independently of the main program.
For example, a program may have an open thread waiting for a specific event to occur or running a separate job, allowing the main program to perform other tasks.
A program is capable of having multiple threads open at once and will either terminate or suspend them after a task is completed, or the program is closed.
Save 10% off ANY FITC event with discount code 'slideshare' - http://www.fitc.ca
OVERVIEW
Node.js is a runtime environment and library for running JavaScript applications outside the browser. Node.js is mostly used to run real-time server applications and shines through its performance using non-blocking I/O and asynchronous events. This talk will introduce you to Node.js by showcasing the environment and its two most popular libraries: express and socket.io.
TARGET AUDIENCE
Beginner web developers
ASSUMED AUDIENCE KNOWLEDGE
Working knowledge of JavaScript and HTML5.
OBJECTIVE
Learn how to build a chat engine using Node.js and WebSockets.
FIVE THINGS AUDIENCE MEMBERS WILL LEARN
Node.js environment and basics
Node Package Manager overview
Web Framework, express, basics
WebSockets and Socket.io basics
Building a chat engine using Node.js
This document provides an overview of Google App Engine for Java, including its key features and limitations. It discusses the App Engine stack, how to configure and run Java applications on App Engine using the Java Datastore, Mail, URL Fetch, Images, Memcache, and XMPP services. The document also covers quotas, the development SDK, and deploying/managing apps through the App Engine administration console.
02-ProtocolArchitecture william stellings.pptstriker78669
Data and Computer Communications" by William Stallings is a comprehensive textbook that covers a wide range of topics related to data communications and networking. It is considered a foundational resource for students, professionals, and researchers in the field of computer science and telecommunications.
The book provides an in-depth exploration of data transmission techniques, network protocols, network architectures, and various communication technologies. It begins with an introduction to data communications and networking concepts, including the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, data transmission modes, and multiplexing techniques.
Subsequent chapters delve into topics such as data link layer protocols, error detection and correction mechanisms, medium access control methods, and routing algorithms. The book also covers network layer protocols, including IP (Internet Protocol), IPv6, and routing protocols like OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol).
Furthermore, it explores transport layer protocols, such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol), and application layer protocols, including HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), and SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol).
The book also discusses network security, wireless communications, and emerging technologies like software-defined networking (SDN) and network virtualization. Each chapter includes illustrative examples, diagrams, and exercises to reinforce the understanding of the concepts presented.
Overall, "Data and Computer Communications" by William Stallings provides a comprehensive and well-structured resource for anyone seeking to gain a thorough understanding of data communications and networking principles and technologies.William Stallings is a renowned author in the field of computer science and information technology. His book "Data and Computer Communications" is a comprehensive resource for understanding the principles and practices of data communication and networking.
You can find more information about William Stallings and his book "Data and Computer Communications" on his official website: https://www.williamstallings.com/
You can also purchase the book on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Data-Computer-Communications-William-Stallings/dp/0133506487
If you have any specific questions or need help with a particular code related to data and computer communications, please provide more details so I can assist you accordingly.
Computer design and Architechure and Algorithmmirzaahmadali
This document summarizes key concepts in protocol architectures and networking from William Stallings' Data and Computer Communications textbook. It discusses the need for protocol architectures to break communication tasks like file transfer into modular layers. The key elements of protocols like syntax, semantics, and timing are described. Common protocol architectures like the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP stack are explained. The roles of different layers in each model are defined, including the network access, transport, and application layers. Concepts like protocol data units, addressing, and the operation of protocols across network nodes are also summarized.
ET3003-2 OSI-TCPIP (Semester II 2013-2014)Tutun Juhana
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite for computer networks. It discusses that while the OSI model was intended as a standard, TCP/IP became the dominant model used on the internet. It then describes each layer of the OSI model and its functions. It also summarizes the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and how they compare to the OSI layers. Key areas like addressing, encapsulation, and the roles of different address types are also summarized.
The document discusses protocol architectures and networking standards. It describes:
1) Protocol architectures break communication tasks into modular layers, with each layer communicating with its peer on other systems. This allows independent development and flexibility.
2) Key elements of protocols include syntax, semantics, and timing. Standards define protocol specifications, data unit formats, and service definitions to allow interoperability.
3) Popular standards are the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP protocol suite used in the Internet. TCP/IP is more widely implemented and has application, transport, internet, and network access layers.
OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP (Lecture #3 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)Tutun Juhana
This document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite for computer networks. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their functions. It then explains that while the OSI model was intended as a standard, TCP/IP became dominant in practice. The four layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite are also outlined - the physical and data link layers have no standard protocols, while the network layer uses IP and the transport layer includes TCP and UDP. The application layer combines functions from several OSI layers.
TCP/IP is the standard communication protocol on the internet. It is comprised of several layers including application, transport, internet, and link layers. The transport layer includes TCP and UDP which provide connection-oriented and connectionless data transmission respectively. TCP ensures reliable data delivery through features like connections, acknowledgments, and flow control. IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol which addresses the shortcomings of IPv4 like limited address space. IPv6 features include a larger 128-bit address space, simplified header format, built-in security, and autoconfiguration capabilities.
The document discusses network devices, communication protocols, and related topics. It describes the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, detailing the layers and functions of each. It provides information on IP addressing, DNS, and gateway addressing. The OSI model has 7 layers including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers comprising network interface, internet, transport, and application layers.
The document discusses networking concepts such as protocols, protocol layering, and network devices. It describes how protocols define rules for communication and how protocol layering separates networking functions into layers. The key networking layers and their responsibilities are outlined, such as the physical layer handling signal transmission and the network layer handling routing. Common network devices like switches, routers, and wireless access points are also explained in terms of their functions.
The document discusses the OSI model and networking fundamentals. It defines the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP model. The physical layer defines cables and physical components. The data link layer provides error-free transmission using frames and MAC addresses. The network layer uses IP addresses for routing. The transport layer segments messages and ensures reliable delivery. The session, presentation and application layers establish communication sessions and enable user applications.
The document discusses communications and network security basics including telecommunications, protocols, network architectures, and the OSI model. It provides an overview of each layer of the OSI model and how data is encapsulated as it moves through the layers. Key concepts covered include TCP/IP, IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, tunneling methods, wired transmission types, cable types, and plenum cable requirements.
Sargation university's open system interconnectionKingPinYT
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides details on the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then explains the 4 layers of the TCP/IP model - network interface, internet, transport, and application layers. Key protocols at each layer like IP, TCP, UDP, FTP, SMTP, Telnet, and HTTP are also mentioned. The differences between OSI and TCP/IP models are summarized focusing on their layered architecture and approach to reliability.
The document discusses network layer models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on each layer of the models and their functions. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. The TCP/IP model combines some of these layers and has 5 layers - physical, data link, network, transport and application. Each layer is responsible for distinct networking functions and passes messages to the adjacent layers for delivery. [/SUMMARY]
The document discusses network protocols and protocol layering. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and four layers of the TCP/IP model. It explains the functions of each layer, including physical addressing at layer 2, logical addressing and routing at layer 3, transport functions like segmentation and error checking at layer 4, and application functions at layer 7. Common protocols are assigned to each layer, such as IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP. Protocol layering allows dividing network designs into functional layers and assigning protocols to perform each layer's tasks.
The document provides an overview of protocol architectures and the TCP/IP protocol stack. It discusses how protocol architectures establish rules for exchanging data between systems using layered protocols. The TCP/IP model is then explained in detail through its five layers - physical, network access, internet, transport and application - and core protocols like IP, TCP and UDP. Key differences between IPv4 and IPv6 are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of protocols and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It discusses what protocols are, the need for mutually agreed upon conventions and rules for communication. It then covers protocol architecture principles like layered structures and peer-to-peer protocols. The document explains concepts like the network access layer, transport layer, application layer, and addressing requirements. It also summarizes standard protocol architectures like OSI and TCP/IP and their layered models.
The document discusses the transport layer of the OSI model. It describes how the transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication over a network by managing error correction and reliability. The two main protocols of the transport layer are UDP and TCP. UDP provides unreliable data transmission while TCP establishes connections and provides reliable in-order delivery through mechanisms like acknowledgments and flow control.
The document describes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It explains:
- The OSI model has 7 layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application) while TCP/IP has 4 layers (network interface, internet, transport, application).
- The transport layer in TCP/IP includes TCP and UDP protocols which handle segmentation and reassembly of data.
- The network layer adds headers to data segments and handles addressing and routing between hosts using IP addresses.
- The data link and physical layers in OSI correspond to the network interface layer in TCP/IP, which deals with framing data and transmitting bits.
The document provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which is a seven-layer structure that specifies requirements for communication between two computers. It describes each of the seven layers from the physical layer, which deals with physically moving data, to the session layer, which manages dialog between networked devices. The document also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP model and explains how data is encapsulated as it moves between layers.
Here are the number of broadcast and collision domains for each case:
1. A single switch with 10 connected devices:
- Broadcast domain: 1
- Collision domain: 10 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
2. Two switches connected by a single trunk link with 10 devices on each switch:
- Broadcast domain: 2 (each switch is its own broadcast domain)
- Collision domain: 20 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
3. A router connecting two switches, each with 10 devices:
- Broadcast domain: 3 (each physical network segment is its own broadcast domain)
- Collision domain: 20 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
Here are the number of broadcast and collision domains for each case:
1. A single switch with 10 connected devices:
- Broadcast domain: 1
- Collision domain: 10 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
2. Two switches connected by a single trunk link with 10 devices on each switch:
- Broadcast domain: 2
- Collision domain: 20 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
3. A router connected to two switches, with 10 devices on each switch:
- Broadcast domain: 3
- Collision domain: 20 (each switch port is its own collision domain)
Similar to OSI Model Layers and Internet Protocol Stack (20)
1. Intro to SRE role
2. SRE vs DevOps vs SDE
3. How to prepare for SRE interviews ?
4. What specific skills to acquire for working as a SRE ?
5. How should we start our career as SRE straight out of college?
6. Study materials that can help
PART 4 - Python Tutorial | If Else In Python With ExamplesShivam Mitra
Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
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This document discusses Python for loops and lists. It covers iterating through lists with for loops, avoiding indentation errors, creating numerical lists with the range function, slicing lists to access subsets of elements, copying lists, and using list comprehensions. Examples are provided like printing a multiplication table using a one-line list comprehension and slicing a fruits list to print elements at odd and even positions.
PART 9 - Python Tutorial | While Loop In Python With ExamplesShivam Mitra
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PART 8 - Python Tutorial | User Input In Python With ExamplesShivam Mitra
Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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Python Tutorial
Python tutorial for beginners
Learn Python Programming
Python3 Tutorial
Python programming tutorial
Python youtube tutorial
Python online tutorial
Best Python Tutorial on Youtube
Jobs for python programmers
stackoverflow survey
Best Python tutorial
Best Python course
Python full course
Python job interview
Python job for fresher
Python job salary in India
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
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dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
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The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
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the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
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2. • How does the communication take place between different devices
on internet?
• End systems(hosts), switch, routers
• How do we make the internet architecture simple?
4. ARE YOU ABLE TO CONNECT
TO COMPUTER NETWORKS?
• You are being shipped from source to
destination by the airline
• A packet is shipped from source host to
destination host in the Internet.
• We have still not been able to find a
structure.
7. ADVANTAGE OF LAYERED
ARCHITECTURE
• Each layer provides a service by
• Performing some actions within that layer
• Using the services of layer directly below it
• Gate layer in the airline architecture
• Modularity – break complex system into well defined modules
• Changing implementation of a layer becomes easy
• Gate layer onboards and deboards people according to their height
8. INTERNET PROTOCOLS
A protocol defines the format and the
order of messages exchanged between
two or more communicating entities, as
well as the actions taken on the
transmission and/or receipt of a message
or other event.
10. OSI MODEL
• Proposed in 1970s
• Protocols were still being developed
• The inventors of the original OSI model probably did not have the Internet in
mind when creating it
• But some books and training courses picked up OSI model
• Are the services provided by additional two layers unimportant?
12. Application Layer
• Contains protocols used by network
applications
• HTTP, SMTP, FTP
• Network functions: DNS, PING, TELNET,
DHCP
• Distributed on end systems(hosts)
• Takes help of transport layer to transfer this
data
• Protocol Data Unit(PDU) – message(request
and response)
13. TRANSPORT LAYER
• Transfers application layer messages between hosts
• TCP and UDP
• TCP – reliable transfer of messages
• Each networking application runs on a port
• Header: Source port and destination port
• PDU - Segment
• Takes help of the the network layer to transfer segment packet
14. NETWORK LAYER
• Transport layer passes the segment packet and a destination address to the network layer
• Network layer helps in delivering the segment to transport layer in the destination host.
• Unreliable
• IP protocol
• Source and destination IP address
• Routing protocols
• PDU – Datagrams
• Asks data link layer to transfer datagram from one host or router to another
15. Data Link Layer
• Moves a datagram from one node(host or router) to the next node on the route.
• Ethernet, WiFi and PPP
• A datagram may be handled by different link-layer protocols at different links in the
route
• Source and destination MAC address
• PDU – Frames
• Data link layer asks the physical layer to transfer the frames from one node to another
16. PHYSICAL LAYER
• Move individual bits within the frames from one node to next node
• Different protocols for different mediums like twisted-pair copper wire, fiber,
coaxial cable etc.
17. QUESTIONS?
• Are these layers implemented in software, hardware or a combination of
both?
• Does these layers reside on my laptop or router or the server?
• Where are all these layers/protocol implemented?
• How does communication takes place using these protocols?