INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS
COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS
1. Case history
2. Clinical examination
3. Functional examination
4. Radiologic examination
5. Photographic analysis
Recent advances in diagnosis
a. Xeroradiography
b. Digi Graph
c. MRI
d. Tomography
e. Occlusograms
f. Digital Subtraction Radiography
g . Laser Holograph
Conclusion
References
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
This document provides an overview and instructions for Carey's analysis and Lundstrom analysis. Carey's analysis involves measuring the arch length and comparing it to the tooth material to determine if extractions are needed. It can indicate if a premolar extraction or first molar extraction is required based on the discrepancy. Lundstrom analysis divides the dental arch into segments and measures the tooth widths to calculate the net discrepancy. Both methods help assess dental arch perimeter and tooth size to determine appropriate treatment planning.
This document discusses class I malocclusion and its management. It defines occlusion and class I occlusion. Class I malocclusion occurs when the molar relationship is class I but the line of occlusion is incorrect. Common causes include genetic and developmental factors. Bimaxillary protrusion is the most common type, characterized by maxillary and mandibular anterior proclination. Management depends on the specific malocclusion, and may include appliances, extractions, and in severe cases, orthognathic surgery.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the various diagnostic aids used. It describes that diagnosis involves case history, clinical examination, study models, radiographs, and photographs. The diagnostic aids are categorized as essential (case history, clinical exam, study models, radiographs) and supplemental (specialized radiographs, EMG, hand wrist radiographs, etc.). It provides details on components of case history, clinical examination including extraoral and intraoral assessment, and functional examination.
This document provides an overview of Class II malocclusions, including:
- Classification systems for Class II malocclusions described by Angle and Moyers.
- Common etiological factors like heredity and habits.
- Clinical features both intraorally and extraorally.
- Diagnostic tools and assessments including study models, photographs, and cephalometrics.
- Treatment modalities for Class II malocclusions in growing and non-growing patients, including functional appliances, headgear, fixed appliances, and orthognathic surgery.
This document provides an overview and instructions for Carey's analysis and Lundstrom analysis. Carey's analysis involves measuring the arch length and comparing it to the tooth material to determine if extractions are needed. It can indicate if a premolar extraction or first molar extraction is required based on the discrepancy. Lundstrom analysis divides the dental arch into segments and measures the tooth widths to calculate the net discrepancy. Both methods help assess dental arch perimeter and tooth size to determine appropriate treatment planning.
This document discusses class I malocclusion and its management. It defines occlusion and class I occlusion. Class I malocclusion occurs when the molar relationship is class I but the line of occlusion is incorrect. Common causes include genetic and developmental factors. Bimaxillary protrusion is the most common type, characterized by maxillary and mandibular anterior proclination. Management depends on the specific malocclusion, and may include appliances, extractions, and in severe cases, orthognathic surgery.
Chin cup for treatment of growing class III patientbilal falahi
Chin cups are a traditional orthopedic appliance used to treat Class III malocclusions. While some studies have found chin cups can temporarily retard mandibular growth and correct the malocclusion through backward rotation, the effects are not consistently maintained long-term. Meta-analyses found chin cups significantly reduced SNB angle and increased ANB and Wits appraisal in the short-term, but heterogeneity between studies was high. Chin cups also increased SN-ML angle and decreased gonial angle, indicating a tendency for increased vertical growth and posterior mandibular rotation. However, long-term stability and the effects of vertical chin cups require more research due to limited data.
Ackerman & proffit classification of malocclusionAli Waqar Hasan
This document describes the Ackerman-Proffit analysis system for orthodontic malocclusions. It evaluates malocclusions based on Angle's classification plus five additional characteristics: transverse and vertical discrepancies, crowding, asymmetry, and incisor protrusion. It also assesses the dental arch, profile, lip posture, incisor display, and presence of crossbites or open bites. Rotational deviations around transverse, antero-posterior, and vertical axes (pitch, roll, yaw) are also evaluated. Scoring is done on a scale of 0 to 5 based on severity of the malocclusion characteristics.
Smile analysis from the orthodontic perspective.
Major determinants of smile esthetics are discussed based on the discussions of the Proffit and Graber
The document discusses orthodontic diagnosis and the various diagnostic aids used. It describes that diagnosis involves case history, clinical examination, study models, radiographs, and photographs. The diagnostic aids are categorized as essential (case history, clinical exam, study models, radiographs) and supplemental (specialized radiographs, EMG, hand wrist radiographs, etc.). It provides details on components of case history, clinical examination including extraoral and intraoral assessment, and functional examination.
This document discusses the treatment of deep bite malocclusions. It defines deep bite and provides descriptions from Graber and Nanda. It then discusses the prevalence based on racial groups. Treatment involves intrusion of incisors, extrusion of molars, and proclination of incisors. Stability depends on factors like growth, muscle strength, and retention. Extraction of premolars is generally not recommended for deep bites. The conclusion emphasizes early treatment and long-term retention for stability.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
This seminar discusses the classification and management of deep bites. It defines deep bites as having excessive overbite and classifies them as incomplete, complete, dental, or skeletal. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, study models, and cephalograms. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves intrusion or extrusion of teeth using removable appliances like bite planes, myofunctional appliances, or fixed appliances like utility arches to correct the overbite. Light forces are used to intrude incisors while heavier forces extrude posterior teeth. The goal is to reduce overbite through controlled tooth movement.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing dental study models, including analyzing models apart and in occlusion. It describes measuring arch length, tooth widths, and relationships to determine discrepancies and classify malocclusions. Mixed dentition analysis methods are also discussed, such as Huckaba's method which uses radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted teeth.
Myofunctional appliances in orthodonticbilal falahi
This document discusses different types of removable functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment, including activators, bionators, and Frankel function regulators. Activators are loose-fitting appliances that guide muscle forces to correct skeletal discrepancies like retrognathic mandibles. Bionators are less bulky than activators and can be worn full-time, using tongue posture modification to guide growth. Frankel function regulators aim to re-educate muscle balance through controlled orthopedic exercises.
Classification of Occlusion and Malocclusion Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
This document defines and classifies different types of occlusion and malocclusion. It begins by defining ideal occlusion as having specific traits such as a class I molar relationship and overbite between 2-4mm. Malocclusion is then defined as any deviation from ideal or normal occlusion. Malocclusion is classified based on intra-arch problems affecting individual teeth or groups of teeth within the same arch, and inter-arch problems affecting the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches in the sagittal, transverse, and vertical planes. Specific types of malocclusion such as deep bite, open bite, class II and III malocclusions are defined and described.
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses Class II Division 2 malocclusion. It begins by introducing Edward Hartley Angle, the father of modern orthodontics. It then defines Class II Division 2 malocclusion as a type of Class II malocclusion where the maxillary molars are mesially positioned relative to the mandibular molars. The document covers the etiology, features, diagnosis and treatment of Class II Division 2 malocclusion, noting that it can be caused by dental factors like tooth size discrepancies or skeletal factors like mandibular deficiency or maxillary excess. Muscular patterns are also discussed, noting that strong muscles may not allow proper bite opening in adult patients with this malocclusion.
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in OrthodonticsAnalhaq Shaikh
Canine Impaction, Its Importance in Orthodontics, Etiology, Diagnosis and Management.
by Dr Analhaq Shaikh, 2nd year Postgraduate student, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimoga, Karnataka
Canine Impaction can also be termed as Shy Canine.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
1. The document discusses features, etiology, and treatment of anterior open bite and deep bite. It describes skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and growth features of high and low angle cases.
2. Cephalometric measurements used to assess open bite and deep bite tendencies are described, including overbite depth indicator, Jarabak ratio, and UAFH-LAFH ratio.
3. Causes of open bite discussed include habits, enlarged adenoids, and posterior rotation of the mandible. Deep bite causes include class II skeletal pattern and anterior rotation of the mandible.
Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysisMasuma Ryzvee
This document summarizes methods for Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysis. Bolton analysis measures tooth size ratios to determine excess tooth material. Mixed dentition analysis predicts widths of unerupted canines and premolars using methods like radiographs, Moyer's tables, or equations. Radiographic analysis measures primary tooth and unerupted tooth widths on radiographs. Moyer's tables and equations like Tanaka-Johnston predict canine and premolar widths based on measured incisor widths.
Midline shift /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses midline shift, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Midline shift can be caused by dental factors like tooth loss or retention, or skeletal factors like condylar fractures or hemimandibular hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, functional analysis, radiographs, and determining if the shift is dental or skeletal. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve correcting tooth positioning, expanding the arch, or orthognathic surgery for severe skeletal discrepancies. Maintaining compensatory tooth inclinations is important to properly address underlying skeletal asymmetries.
This document provides an overview of various methods for classifying malocclusion and summarizes key etiological factors. It describes Angle's classification system, the first and most widely used method based on molar relationships. It also discusses modifications by Dewey, Lischer, and others. Etiological classifications introduced include Moyer's system distinguishing osseous, muscular and dental origins, and Salzmann's prenatal and postnatal factors. The document aims to explain different approaches and highlight the importance of identifying causes to determine appropriate treatment.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
This document discusses the treatment of deep bite malocclusions. It defines deep bite and provides descriptions from Graber and Nanda. It then discusses the prevalence based on racial groups. Treatment involves intrusion of incisors, extrusion of molars, and proclination of incisors. Stability depends on factors like growth, muscle strength, and retention. Extraction of premolars is generally not recommended for deep bites. The conclusion emphasizes early treatment and long-term retention for stability.
This document provides information on headgear, including its components, principles of use, types, and applications in orthodontic treatment. Headgear delivers extraoral force from a cranial support to intraoral appliances. It consists of a facebow, force element, and head cap. Forces from headgear can distalize teeth and maxilla through different anchorage points. Types include cervical, occipital, and high pull headgear. Headgear is useful for orthopedic effects, anchorage reinforcement, molar distalization, and space maintenance.
Orthodontic Case History and ExaminationAhmed Gamil
The document discusses essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontic diagnosis. Essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids provide additional information and include specialized radiographs, electromyography, and biopsy. A thorough case history covers chief complaint, medical/dental history, and family history. Clinical examination assesses facial symmetry, profile, jaw relationships, and soft tissues. Essential radiographs aid in case evaluation and treatment planning.
This seminar discusses the classification and management of deep bites. It defines deep bites as having excessive overbite and classifies them as incomplete, complete, dental, or skeletal. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, study models, and cephalograms. Treatment depends on the type but generally involves intrusion or extrusion of teeth using removable appliances like bite planes, myofunctional appliances, or fixed appliances like utility arches to correct the overbite. Light forces are used to intrude incisors while heavier forces extrude posterior teeth. The goal is to reduce overbite through controlled tooth movement.
The document discusses various methods for analyzing dental study models, including analyzing models apart and in occlusion. It describes measuring arch length, tooth widths, and relationships to determine discrepancies and classify malocclusions. Mixed dentition analysis methods are also discussed, such as Huckaba's method which uses radiographs to estimate the sizes of unerupted teeth.
Myofunctional appliances in orthodonticbilal falahi
This document discusses different types of removable functional appliances used in orthodontic treatment, including activators, bionators, and Frankel function regulators. Activators are loose-fitting appliances that guide muscle forces to correct skeletal discrepancies like retrognathic mandibles. Bionators are less bulky than activators and can be worn full-time, using tongue posture modification to guide growth. Frankel function regulators aim to re-educate muscle balance through controlled orthopedic exercises.
Classification of Occlusion and Malocclusion Dr. Nabil Al-ZubairNabil Al-Zubair
This document defines and classifies different types of occlusion and malocclusion. It begins by defining ideal occlusion as having specific traits such as a class I molar relationship and overbite between 2-4mm. Malocclusion is then defined as any deviation from ideal or normal occlusion. Malocclusion is classified based on intra-arch problems affecting individual teeth or groups of teeth within the same arch, and inter-arch problems affecting the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches in the sagittal, transverse, and vertical planes. Specific types of malocclusion such as deep bite, open bite, class II and III malocclusions are defined and described.
The document discusses the history and use of expansion screws in removable orthodontic appliances. It describes how expansion screws work to move teeth and skeletal structures as needed. Guidelines are provided for properly positioning expansion screws. Various types of expansion screw appliances are outlined, including the Schwarz expander, transverse expander, fan expander, Nord expander, and lower Schwarz appliance. Advantages and disadvantages of expansion screw appliances are also summarized.
This document discusses the management of open bite malocclusions. It begins by defining open bite and classifying it as either skeletal or dental in nature. Skeletal open bite is caused by excessive vertical growth of the jaws while dental open bite is due to reduced incisor height. Common etiologies of open bite include thumb sucking habits, tongue thrusting, and abnormal skeletal growth patterns. The document outlines various treatment approaches for different open bite classifications and etiologies.
This document discusses molar distalization, which is an alternative method for gaining space when treating orthodontic patients with space deficiencies. It provides the history of molar distalization, indications and contraindications for its use, different appliance options, and considerations for appliance selection. Molar distalization involves using orthodontic appliances to distalize or move the molars backwards in the dental arch in order to gain space.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses Class II Division 2 malocclusion. It begins by introducing Edward Hartley Angle, the father of modern orthodontics. It then defines Class II Division 2 malocclusion as a type of Class II malocclusion where the maxillary molars are mesially positioned relative to the mandibular molars. The document covers the etiology, features, diagnosis and treatment of Class II Division 2 malocclusion, noting that it can be caused by dental factors like tooth size discrepancies or skeletal factors like mandibular deficiency or maxillary excess. Muscular patterns are also discussed, noting that strong muscles may not allow proper bite opening in adult patients with this malocclusion.
Canine Impaction and Its Importance in OrthodonticsAnalhaq Shaikh
Canine Impaction, Its Importance in Orthodontics, Etiology, Diagnosis and Management.
by Dr Analhaq Shaikh, 2nd year Postgraduate student, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimoga, Karnataka
Canine Impaction can also be termed as Shy Canine.
This document provides an overview of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in orthodontics. It discusses the history of RME dating back to 1860. It also covers anatomy related to RME, including the midpalatal suture. Key topics covered include indications and contraindications for RME, types of expansion screws used, jackscrew turn schedules, and different types of RME appliances such as the Haas expander and Hyrax expander. The document is an educational resource on the clinical use and mechanics of RME.
1. The document discusses features, etiology, and treatment of anterior open bite and deep bite. It describes skeletal, dental, soft tissue, and growth features of high and low angle cases.
2. Cephalometric measurements used to assess open bite and deep bite tendencies are described, including overbite depth indicator, Jarabak ratio, and UAFH-LAFH ratio.
3. Causes of open bite discussed include habits, enlarged adenoids, and posterior rotation of the mandible. Deep bite causes include class II skeletal pattern and anterior rotation of the mandible.
Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysisMasuma Ryzvee
This document summarizes methods for Bolton analysis and mixed dentition analysis. Bolton analysis measures tooth size ratios to determine excess tooth material. Mixed dentition analysis predicts widths of unerupted canines and premolars using methods like radiographs, Moyer's tables, or equations. Radiographic analysis measures primary tooth and unerupted tooth widths on radiographs. Moyer's tables and equations like Tanaka-Johnston predict canine and premolar widths based on measured incisor widths.
Midline shift /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
This document discusses midline shift, including its causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Midline shift can be caused by dental factors like tooth loss or retention, or skeletal factors like condylar fractures or hemimandibular hypertrophy. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, functional analysis, radiographs, and determining if the shift is dental or skeletal. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve correcting tooth positioning, expanding the arch, or orthognathic surgery for severe skeletal discrepancies. Maintaining compensatory tooth inclinations is important to properly address underlying skeletal asymmetries.
This document provides an overview of various methods for classifying malocclusion and summarizes key etiological factors. It describes Angle's classification system, the first and most widely used method based on molar relationships. It also discusses modifications by Dewey, Lischer, and others. Etiological classifications introduced include Moyer's system distinguishing osseous, muscular and dental origins, and Salzmann's prenatal and postnatal factors. The document aims to explain different approaches and highlight the importance of identifying causes to determine appropriate treatment.
Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause of the problem.
definition
category
case history
radiographic method
hand wrist radiograph
palpation method for muscle
general history
gingival type
different age term
smile arc
sime line
tongue analysis
teeth evalution
lips
competent lip
incompetent lips
potentially incompetent lips
pre and post natal history
nose examination
test for mouth breathing
treatment for tounge tie
frenectomy
high frenum attachmnet
low frenum attachment
covid -19 article
Overview of Diagnostic Aids
Case History and Clinical Examination- General examination
Extra-oral examination
Functional examination
Photographic Analysis
This document provides an overview of orthodontic diagnosis procedures. It discusses the importance of collecting pertinent data in a systematic manner to identify the nature and cause of orthodontic problems. The summary includes:
1. Essential diagnostic aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs to assess the malocclusion.
2. The document outlines procedures for examining a patient's medical history, dental history, facial symmetry, jaw relationships, dentition, and functional assessment.
3. Functional examination assesses factors like postural rest position, path of closure, respiration, swallowing, and temporomandibular joint function to evaluate normal function.
This document provides information about the steps involved in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It discusses essential diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination including extra-oral and intra-oral examination, study casts, radiographs, and facial photographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids like specialized radiographs and electromyography are also mentioned. The conclusion restates that orthodontic diagnosis involves systematically collecting data to identify the nature and cause of a malocclusion.
Essential diagnostic aids in orthodonticsHariprasadL3
1. Orthodontic diagnosis involves collecting data through various diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination, study models, and radiographs to identify the nature and cause of a malocclusion.
2. Essential diagnostic aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, periapical radiographs, and bitewing radiographs which provide information on the patient's medical history, dentition, occlusion, and underlying bone and tissue.
3. Additional diagnostic aids like cephalometric radiographs, photographs, and specialized radiographic views provide supplementary information to develop a comprehensive orthodontic diagnosis.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic diagnostic aids. It discusses that orthodontic diagnosis involves recognizing characteristics of malocclusions based on scientific knowledge and clinical experience. Essential diagnostic aids that are important for all cases include case history, clinical examination, study models, periapical radiographs, and facial photographs. Supplemental diagnostic aids like cephalometric radiographs or electromyography may require specialized equipment and are not essential for all cases. The document then provides details on components of case history, clinical examination procedures, and assessments used in orthodontic diagnosis.
The document provides details on examining the extra oral structures including the head, neck, face, lips, lymph nodes, salivary glands, and articulatory system. It describes examining each area visually and through palpation to check for abnormalities. For the articulatory system, it examines the temporomandibular joints range of movement, tenderness, sounds, locking, and dislocation, as well as palpating the muscles of mastication for tenderness.
This document outlines the steps involved in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. It discusses the importance of a thorough clinical examination, including extraoral and intraoral assessments. Diagnostic records such as photos, casts, and radiographs are also highlighted. The document emphasizes developing a problem list and treatment plan that identifies the treatment aims, details of tooth movement/appliances, estimated time, and prognosis. Overall, it provides an overview of the full orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning process.
This document provides an overview of orthodontic diagnosis. It defines diagnosis and introduces essential and supplemental diagnostic aids used in orthodontics. The essential aids include case history, clinical examination, study models, and certain radiographs. Supplemental aids require specialized equipment like cephalometric radiographs. Case history involves collecting patient details, chief complaint, medical/dental/family history. Clinical examination assesses the head, face, lips, nose, chin. Diagnosis aids in identifying the nature and cause of malocclusion to inform treatment planning.
This document discusses soft tissue analysis in orthodontic treatment planning and diagnosis. It begins by explaining the importance of soft tissue evaluation in addition to traditional hard tissue analysis. It then describes various clinical examination techniques for analyzing the soft tissues of the face, including at the frontal view, lower third of the face, and profile view. It also discusses several cephalometric analyses that can be used to evaluate soft tissues, such as the E-line and H-line. Overall, the document emphasizes the need to consider soft tissue changes during treatment planning to achieve optimal facial esthetics.
Orthodontic diagnostic procedures part 3 Maher Fouda
This document discusses various diagnostic procedures used in orthodontics, including examining muscle function, breathing patterns, facial morphology, tongue posture, and radiographs. Specific findings are described that are indicative of issues like hyperactivity of the mentalis muscle, mouth breathing, adenoid size, and tongue position. Differential diagnosis is important to determine if breathing problems are due to nasal obstruction or oral breathing habits. Myofunctional exercises and oral screens can be used to help patients transition from oral to nasal breathing. A functional analysis form is presented to record joint and muscle findings, occlusal relationships, dysfunctions, and respiratory patterns.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses normal occlusion versus malocclusion and the diagnostic aids used to assess them. It outlines essential diagnostic aids like case history, clinical examination, study models, radiographs, and photographs. Supplementary diagnostic aids include specialized radiographs, EMG, TMJ imaging, and hormonal tests. A thorough case history and clinical examination involving extraoral soft tissue analysis, TMJ assessment, and intraoral evaluation of the teeth, gingiva and occlusion are essential to diagnosis. Radiographs like lateral cephalograms aid in determining underlying skeletal discrepancies.
Orthodontic diagnosis /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental a...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides an overview of cleft lip and palate, including embryology, classification, anatomy, timing of repair, and surgical techniques. It discusses the formation of clefts during embryonic development and lists common syndromes associated with clefts. Clefts are classified based on location and severity. The document outlines the principles of cleft lip repair and describes several techniques, including the Millard rotation-advancement flap and modifications like the Mohler and Delaire repairs. Prenatal diagnosis and nasoalveolar molding are also covered.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
4. o Recent advances in diagnosis
a. Xeroradiography
b. Digi Graph
c. MRI
d. Tomography
e. Occlusograms
f. Digital Subtraction Radiography
g . Laser Holograph
o Conclusion
o References
4
5. Introduction:-
Definition-
“Orthodontic diagnosis deals with recognition of
the various characteristics of the malocclusion. It
involves collection of pertinent data in a systemic
manner to help in the identifying the nature and cause
of the problem.
Diagnostic aids – comprehensive orthodontic
diagnosis is established by use of certain clinical
implements called diagnostic aids.
5
6. They are of two types –
a. Essential diagnostic aids -
i. Case history
ii. Clinical examination
iii. Study models
iv. Certain radiographs –
Periapical radiograph
bite wing
Panoramic radiograph
v. Facial radiographs
6
7. 7
b. Supplemental diagnostic aids –
i. Specialized radiographs
ii. Electro myographic examination of muscle activity
iii. Hand – wrist radiograph
iv. Endocrine tests
v. Estimation of basal metabolic rate
8. COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSIS
CASE HISTORY:-
1. Personal details –
NAME –
Communication
Identification
Psychological benefits
AGE –
Diagnosis and treatment planning
Growth modification procedures
Surgical resective procedures
Developmental considerations
8
9. 2. SEX –
Treatment planning
e. g. the timing of growth events such as growth
spurts are different in males and females
3. Address and occupation –
Evaluation of socio – economic status
In selection of an appropriate appliance
Future correspondence
9
10. 4. CHIEF COMPLAINT –
There are three major reasons for patient concern about the
alignment and occlusion of the teeth:
Impaired dento-facial esthetics that can lead to psychosocial
problems,
Impaired function, and
A desire to enhance dento-facial esthetics and thereby the
quality of life.
10
11. In obtaining the medical history, the orthodontist or assistant
must always ask a few important questions, as
• Hospitalizations,
• Medications.
• Allergies, especially latex or nickel sensitivity;
• Blood transfusions;
• Heart problems such as mitral valve prolapse or rheumatic
fever .
11
5. MEDICAL HISTORY :-
12. 12
6. DENTAL HISTORY :-
The dental history of the patient should include
• Age of eruption of the deciduous and permanent teeth,
• History of extraction, decay, restorations and
• History of trauma to the dentition.
13. 7. PRE – NATAL HISTORY :-
It includes –
The condition of the mother during
pregnancy and the type of delivery.
The use of certain drugs like
thalidomide.
Affection with some infections during
pregnancy like German measles.
13
15. 8. POST – NATAl HISTORY :-
It include –
The type of feeding,
Presence of habits and
The milestones of normal development.
15
16. 9. FAMILY HISTORY :-
Congenital conditions like cleft lip and palate, skeletal
Class ii and Class iii malocclusion are hereditary in
nature.
16
17. 17
10. SOCIALAND BEHAVIORAL EVALUATION :-
Social and behavioral evaluation should explore several
related areas –
The patient’s motivation for treatment,
Expectations from treatment and
Compliance of the patient.
18. CLINICAL EXAMINATION :-
GENERAL EXAMINATION :-
a. Height and Weight –
They provide a clue to the physical growth and
maturation of the patient.
18
19. 19
b. Gait –
It is the manner of walking.
Abnormalities of gait are usually
associated with neuro-muscular disorders.
20. 20
c. Posture –
- Posture refers to the way a person stands.
- Abnormal postures can predispose to malocclusion
due to alteration in maxillo-mandibular relationship.
21. o BODY BUILD(PHYSIQUE) :-
a. Aesthetic – they have a thin physique and usually
posses narrow dental arches.
b. Plethoric – they are obese and have large, square
dental arches.
c. Athletic – they are normally built and have normal
sized dental arches.
21
25. oFACIAL FORM :-
• simple classification – round, oval or square.
• scientific classification –
a. Mesoprosopic – average or normal face form
b. Euryprosopic – broad and short face form
c. Leptoprosopic – long and narrow face form
25
Euryprosopic
Leptoprosopic
•Orthodontic diagnosis by Thomas Rakosi, Irmtrud Jonas, Thomas M. Graber
27. ASSESMENT OF FACIAL
SYMMETRY :-
In most people the right and left sides are not identical , so
some degree of asymmetry is considered normal.
Gross facial asymmetries can occur as a result of ;
• Congenital defects
• Hemi – facial atrophy/hypertrophy
• Unilateral condylar ankylosis and hyperplasia
27
28. Composite photographs are the best way to indicate
normal facial asymmetry.
The true photograph is in the centre.
On the right is a composite of the two right sides, While
on the left is a composite of the two left sides..
28
William R. Proffit, Henry W.Fields.jr -Contemporary orthodontics, 4th Edition.—2004
Mosby Elsevier publication
29. Facial proportions and symmetry in the
frontal plane.
An ideally proportional face can be divided
into central , medial ,and lateral equal fifths.
The separation of the eyes and the width of
the eyes, which should be equal ,determine
the central and medial fifths.
29
30. Vertical facial proportions in the frontal and lateral views are
best evaluated in the context of the facial thirds, which were
equal in height in well-proportioned faces.
30
31. FACIAL PROFILE :-
The profile is assessed by joining the following two
reference lines:
1. A line joining the forehead and the soft tissue point A.
2. A line joining point A and the soft tissue pogonion.
31
32. Profile convexity or concavity results from a
disproportion in the size of the jaws, but does not by
itself indicate which jaw is at fault.
32
33. Facial divergence :-
Facial divergence is defined as anterior or posterior
inclination of the lower face relative to the forehead.
Facial divergence can be of 3 types :
33
Anterior divergence Posterior divergence Straight divergence
34. Assessment of antero – posterior
jaw relation :-
34
Class I skeletal pattern
The hand is at an level
Class II skeletal pattern
The hands points
upwards.
Class III skeletal pattern
The hand points
downward
35. Assessment of vertical skeletal
relation :-
The angle formed between the lower border of the mandible
and the frankfort horizontal plane.
- Reduced lower facial height - deep bite
- Increased lower facial height -anterior open bites.
35William R. Proffit, Henry W.Fields.jr- contemporary orthodontics,4th edition -2004 mosby elesvier publications.
36. Examination of lips :-
Lip posture – should be evaluated by viewing the profile
with the patient’s lips relaxed.
- upper lip to a true vertical line passing through soft tissue
point A.
- the lower lip to a similar true vertical line soft tissue point
B.
If the lip is significantly forward from this line – it can be
judged to be prominent.
If the lip falls behind the line, it is retrusive.
36
37. Lip length: -
The length of the lips can be examined by gently parting the
lips.
Usually the upper lip covers the entire labial surface of
upper anteriors except the incisal third or 2 to 3 mm and the
lower lip extends on to the incisal one third of the upper
anterior teeth.
37
38. 38
Texture and color:-
usually both the lips are of same color.
When one lips is of a color or texture different from that of
the other , it should be examined further.
Less active or hypoactive upper lip is lighter in color.
39. 39
Tonicity: - Feel the lip for consistency,
Normal lip – minimal tonicity,
Hypertonic lip – tend to be firm and redder,
Hypotonic lip is flaccid.
41. oLIP STEP ACCORDING TO KORKHAUS :-
Positive lip Slightly negative lip Marked negative lip 41
42. Examination of the nose :-
Nose size : normally the nose is 1/3rd of the total facial
height.
Nasal contour : the shape of the nose can be straight,
convex or crooked as a result of nasal injuries.
Nostrils : they are oval and should be bilaterally
symmetrical.
42•Orthodontic diagnosis by Thomas Rakosi, Irmtrud Jonas, Thomas M. Graber
43. Alar base width: - The width of the alar base should be
approximately the same as intercanthal distance,which
should be the same as the width of an eye.
Collumella :- between nasal tip and base of the nose.
Divide into anterior lobular, intermediate and basal
portions.
All segments – equal.
43•Orthodontic diagnosis by Thomas Rakosi, Irmtrud Jonas, Thomas M. Graber
44. Examination of chin :-
Mentolabial sulcus : the mento – labial sulcus is a
concavity seen below the lower lip.
Mentalis activity : hyperactive mentalis activity is seen in
some malocclusion cases. It causes puckering of the chin.
44
Deep mento labial sulcus and hyperactive
mentalis activity in Class II div. 1Mentolabial sulcus
45. oNASOLABIAL ANGLE :-
•This angle is normally 110◦ .
• Proclined upper anteriors or prognathic maxilla.
• Retrognathic maxilla or retroclined maxillary anteriors.
45
46. oEXAMINATION OF TONGUE :-
•Abnormalities of the tongue can upset
the muscle balance and equilibrium
leading to malocclusion.
•Macroglossia - scalloping on the lateral
margins of the tongue.
• Tongue–tie as it alters the resting tongue
position and impairs the tongue
movement.
46
47. Examination of the palate :-
The palate should be examined for the following findings :
•Variation in palatal depth
•Presence of swelling
•Mucosal ulceration and indentations
•Presence of clefts
47
48. oEXAMINATION OF GINGIVA :-
•Anterior marginal gingivitis - mouth breathers due to
dryness of the mouth caused by the open lip posture.
•Bleeding on probing indicates active disease, which must be
brought under control before treatment is undertaken.
48
49. oEXAMINATION OF FRENAL ATTACHMENTS :-
•A heavy maxillary labial frenum.
•An abnormally high attachment of the mandibular labial
frenum
49
50. Assessment of the dentition :-
Status of dentition i.e. erupted and missing teeth.
Presence of caries, restorations, malformations,
hypoplasia, wear and discoloration.
50
51. Antero – posterior relation :
Angle’s class I (neutrocclusion, normal antero-posterior relationship)
Angle’s class II div. 1( distoclusion with labioversion of the maxillary
incisors)
51
52. Angle’s class II div. 2 (distoclusion with linguo-version of
the upper incisors)
Angle’s class III (mesioclusion)
52
53. Over jet and overbite :
Transverse malrelations, like cross bite and shift of midline :
53
54. Individual tooth irregularities such as rotations,
displacements, intrusion and extrusion.
Rotation Transposition
Arch form and symmetry.
54
55. Functional examination :-
a. Assessment of postural rest position and inter occlusal
space
b. Path of closure
c. Assessment of respiration
d. Examination of TMJ
e. Examination of swallowing
f. Examination of speech
55
56. Assessment of postural rest
position and inter – occlusal
clearance :-
Normally the freeway space is 3mm in canine region.
Methods :
•Phonetics : ‘m’ or ‘c’ or ‘Mississippi’
•Command method : e.g. swallowing
•Non command method :
e.g. visual examination
56
57. Measurement of inter occlusal clearance;
•Direct intra oral procedure : vernier caliper
•Direct extra oral procedure
•Indirect extra oral procedure : e.g. radiographs, Kinesiography
57
58. 58
The mandibular kinesiographic, according to jankelson(1984),
allows the mandibular rest position to be registered three
dimensionally.
The position of the mandible is recorded electronically by:
• A permanent magnet, which is fixed with rapid-setting acrylic
to the lower anterior teeth.
• A sensor system of six magnetometers mounted on the
spectacle frames.
59. Evaluation of path of closure :-
The path of closure is the movement of the mandible from
rest position to habitual occlusion.
a. Forward path of closure : occurs in patients with mild
skeletal prenormalcy or edge to edge incisor contact.
b. Backward path of closure : class II div.2 cases exhibit
premature incisor contact due to retroclined maxillary
incisors.
c. Lateral path of closure : it is associated with occlusal
prematurity and a narrow maxillary arch.
59
60. Assessment of respiration :-
Humans may exhibit 3 types of breathing : nasal, oral and
oro-nasal.
Tests to diagnose the type of respiration :
a. Mirror test
b. Cotton test
c. Water test
d. observation
60
61. Examination of T.M.J. :-
The maximum mouth opening is determined by measuring
the distance between the maxillary and mandibular incisal
edges with the mouth wide open.
The normal inter – incisal distance is 40 – 45 mm.
61
62. oSPEECH :-
Certain malocclusions may cause defects in speech
due to interference with movement of the tongue
and lips.
62
William R. Proffit, Henry W.Fields.jr- contemporary orthodontics,4th edition -2004 mosby elesvier publications.
63. Evaluation of swallowing :-
The persistence of the infantile swallowing can be a cause
for malocclusion.
The persistence of infantile swallow is indicated by the
presence of the following features :
a. Protrusion of the tip of the tongue.
b. Contraction of perioral muscles during swallowing.
c. No contact at the molar region during swallowing.
63
64. Orthodontic study model :-
Orthodontic study models are accurate plaster reproduction
of the teeth and their surrounding soft tissues.
Uses of the study models :-
•The study of the occlusion from all aspects.
•Accurate measurements.
•Assessment of treatment progress.
64
65. •Assessing the nature and severity of malocclusion.
•Motivation of the patient.
•To simulate treatment procedures on the cast.
•Useful in transfer of records.
65
66. Diagnostic set up :-
First proposed by H. D. Kesling.
Made from an extra set of trimmed and polished study
model.
Uses of diagnostic set up :-
• Useful in visualizing and testing the effects of
complex tooth movements and extractions on
occlusion.
•The patient can be motivated by simulating the various
corrective procedures on the cast.
•Tooth size – arch length discrepancies can be
visualized.
66
67. Facial photographs :-
Facial photographs offer a lot of information on the soft
tissue morphology and facial expression.
The extra oral photographs :-
These are taken by positioning the patient in such a manner
that the F – H plane is parallel to the floor.
67
Frontal view Profile view Oblique
68. oThe intra oral photographs :-
Frontal view Right lateral
view
Left lateral view
Maxillary occlusal view Mandibular occlusal
view
68
69. Electromyography :-
Electromyography is a procedure used for recording the
electrical activity of the muscles.
The electromyograph is a machine that is used to receive,
amplify and record the action potential during muscle
activity.
The action potential is picked up by electrodes that are of
two types : a) surface electrodes and b) needle
electrodes
69
70. EMG is used to detect the abnormal muscle activity in
certain forms of malocclusion.
For e.g. in severe class II, div. 1 malocclusion the upper lip is
hypo-functional, Abnormal buccinator activity.
• EMG can be carried out after orthodontic therapy to see if
muscle balance is achieved.
70
71. RADIOGRAPPHIC
EXAMINATION :-
A valuable tool in orthodontic diagnosis.
Uses of radiographs in orthodontics –
i. General development of the dentition, presence, absence
and state of eruption of the teeth.
ii. The presence or absence of supernumerary teeth.
iii. Extent of root resorption of deciduous teeth.
iv. To study the extent of root formation of the permanent
teeth.
71
72. i. The presence and extent of pathological and traumatic
conditions
ii. Character of alveolar bone.
iii. Axial inclination of the roots of teeth.
iv. Morphologically abnormal teeth.
72
73. o Radiographs routinely used for diagnosis in
orthodontics can be classified into two groups :-
1. Intra oral radiographs –
• Intra oral periapical radiographs
• Bitewing radiographs
• Occlusal radiographs
73
74. 2. EXTRA ORAL RADIOGRAPHS :-
a. Panoramic radiographs –
b. Cephalometric radiographs –
74
76. Recent advances in diagnostic
aids :-
1. XERORADIOGRAPHY :-
• Xeroradiography is a completely dry, non – chemical
process that makes use of the electrostatic process as in
Xerox machine.
• It was invented by Chaster f. Carlson in 1937.
• It makes use of an aluminium plate that is coated with a
layer of vitreous selenium.
76
77. • The unique feature of it is that it is possible to have both
positive and negative image.
• It exhibit high edge contrast due to a phenomenon called
edge enhancement.
• The xeroradiographic image is on paper and is viewed in
reflected light.
77
78. 78
2. DIGI GRAPH :-
•The digi graph is a synthesis of video imaging, computer
technology and sonic digitizing.
•The digi graph enables the clinician to perform non – invasive
and non – radiographic cephalometric analysis.
•The system allows cephalometric evaluation and treatment
progress as often as necessary without radiographic exposure.
79. 79
3. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) :-
•MRI makes use of two fundamental properties of
protons, i.e. spin and small magnetic movement.
•The advantages of MRI are:
It does not have hazards as it uses non ionizing
electromagnetic radiation.
Anatomical details are good as in CT scan.
Greater tissue characterization is possible.
Imaging of blood vessels, blood flow, visualization
of thrombus is possible.
80. 80
4. TOMOGRAPHY :-
• Tomography can be used to visualize a section or slice of the
object and thereby eliminate undesirable overlap.
• Tomography can be conventional or computed tomography.
81. 81
5. OCCLUSOGRAMS :-
•It is a tracing of a photograph or a photocopy of a
dental arch.
•It is used for the following purposes :
To estimate occlusal relationship.
To estimate arch length & width.
To estimate the required tooth movement in all 3 planes
of space.
To estimate anchorage requirements.
82. 82
6. DIGITAL SUBTRACTION RADIOGRAPHY :-
•Decreases the amount of distracting background
information and by allowing the eye to focus on the actual
change that has occurred between two images.
•Technically this is an image enhancement method that
removes the structured noise from the image.
83. 83
7. LASER HOLOGRAPHY :-
•Holography is a photographic technique for recording
and reconstructing images in such a way that the 3
dimensional aspect of an object can be obtained.
•The recorded image is called a hologram.
84. Conclusion :-
•The essence of the problem-oriented approach is the
development of a comprehensive database of pertinent
information so that no problems will be overlooked.
•From this database, the list of problems that is the diagnosis
is abstracted.
84
85. References :-
William R. Proffit, Henry W.Fields.jr- contemporary
orthodontics,4th edition -2004 mosby elesvier publications.
Graber,Vanarsdall,orthodontics:current principles and
techniques.4th edition. Elsevier mosby 2005.
•Orthodontic diagnosis by Thomas Rakosi, Irmtrud Jonas,
Thomas M. Graber
•Dentistry for the child – Mc Donald
85
Dia – gnosis – Greek word
Dia – Apart and Gnosis – to come to know The act / process of identifying or determining the nature and cause of a disease or injury through evaluation of patient history , examination and review of laboratory data.”
Females precede males in onset of growth spurts, puberty and termination of growth
The patient’s chief complaint should be recorded in his/her own words.This helps the clinician in identifying the priorities and desires of the patient.
For e.g. The AAPD endorses the policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) on breastfeeding and the use of human milk. The AAP
statement includes the acknowledgment that "breastfeeding ensures the best possible health as well as the best development and psychosocial outcomes for the infant." However, both organizations discourage extended or excessive frequency of feeding times (from the breast or bottle) and encourage appropriate oral hygiene measures for infants and toddlers.
Ectomorphic – tall and thin physique Mesomorphic – average physique Endomorphic – short and obese physique
Mesocephalic – average shape of the head. They posses normal dental arches. Dolicocephalic – long and narrow head. They have narrow dental arches.
Brachycephalic – broad and short head. They have broad dental arches.
Index z based on anthrapometric determinant of max width of head & max length
The patient’s facial symmetry is examined to determine disproportions of the face in transverse and vertical planes.
This technique dramatically illustrates the difference in the two sides. Although the normal asymmetry usually is less than in this boy, mild asymmetry is the rule rather than the exception. Usually, the right side of the face is a little larger than the left ,rather than the reverse as in this individual
The nose and chin should be centered within the central fifth, with the width of the nose the same as or slightly wider than the central fifth. The inter – pupillary distance (dotted lines) should equal the width of the mouth.
In modern Caucasians, the lower facial third often is slightly longer than the central third. The lower third has thirds : the mouth should be one-third of the way between the base of the nose and the chin.
The facial profile is examined by viewing the patient from the sides.
The facial profile helps in diagnosing gross deviations in the maxillo-mandibular relationship.
A convex facial profile( A) indicates a Class ll jaw relationship, which can result from either a maxilla that projects too far forward or a mandible too far back.
A concave profile( C) indicates a Class lll relationship, which can result from either a maxilla that is too far back or a mandible that protrudes forward.
William R. Proffit, Henry W.Fields.jr- contemporary orthodontics,4th edition -2004 mosby elesvier publications.
Anterior divergence : a line drawn between the forehead and chin is inclined anteriorly towards the chin.
Posterior divergence : a line drawn between the forehead and chin slants posteriorly towards the chin.
Straight divergence : the line between the forehead and chin is straight or perpendicular to the floor.
Ideally the maxillary skeletal base is 2 – 3 mm forward of the mandibular skeletal base when the teeth are in occlusion.
Estimation is done by placement of the index and middle fingers at the soft tissue point A and point B respectively.
The vertical skeletal relationship can be assessed by studying
Examination of Lips: If the teeth protrude excessively the lips are prominent and everted and the lips are separated at rest by more than 3 to 4 mm which is sometimes termed lip incompetence.
This is done by relating the upper lip to a true vertical line passing through the concavity at the base of the upper lip (soft tissue point A) and by relating the lower lip to a similar true vertical line through the concavity between the lower lip and chin( soft tissue point B ).
In-short lip no lip seal
It is the angle formed between the lower border of the nose and a line connecting intersection of nose and upper lip with the tip of the lip (labrale superius).
Abnormalities of the tongue can upset the muscle balance and equilibrium leading to malocclusion.
Presence of excessively large tongue is indicated by scalloping on the lateral margins of the tongue.
The lingual frenum should be examined for tongue –tie as it alters the resting tongue position and impairs the tongue movement.
The gingiva should be examined for inflammation, recession and other mucogingival lesions.
Presence of poor oral hygiene is usually associated with generalized marginal gingivitis.
A heavy maxillary labial frenum may be cause of a midline diastema.
An abnormally high attachment of the mandibular labial frenum can cause recession of the gingiva in that area.
Abnormal frenal attachments are diagnosed by a blanch test where the upper lip is stretched upwards and outwards for a period of time.
The dentition is examined and the following details are recorded :
Overjet: Horizontal overlapping of upper and lower teeth is called as overjet. It is measured from the labial surface of lower anteriors to incisal edges of upper anteriors.(most proclined tooth). Normal overjet is 2 to 3 mm. Variations of overjet – decreased,increased,reverse overjet or cross bite and edge to edge bite
Overjet: Horizontal overlapping of upper and lower teeth is called as overjet. It is measured from the labial surface of lower anteriors to incisal edges of upper anteriors.(most proclined tooth). Normal overjet is 2 to 3 mm. Variations of overjet – decreased ,increased,reverse overjet or cross bite and edge to edge bite
The vertical overlapping of anterior teeth is called as overbite.Normally,it is 2 to 3 mm. To measure overbite – a mark of the incisal edges of upper anterior teeth are made on the labial aspect of the lower anterior teeth.
Improper functioning of the stomatognathic system can result in various malocclusions.
The functional examination should include :
The postural rest position is the position of the mandible at which the muscles that close the jaws and those that open them are, in a state of minimal contraction to maintain the posture of the mandible.
At the postural rest position, a space exist between the upper and lower jaws. This space is called the inter occlusal clearance or the freeway space.
Roentgenocephalometric registration • Two cephalograms are required, either in lateral or frontal projection depending on how the question is formulated. One radiograph in centric occlusion. One with mandible in its rest position. The rest position and freeway space can be determined by comparing the radiographs
Every movement of the mandible and the attached magnet out of centric occlusion, alters the strength of the magnetic field. These changes are recorded by the sensors, processed in the kinesiograph and displayed on a storage oscilloscope. The mandibular movements and rest position are recorded two-dimensionally on two pre-selectable levels. The electronic circuitry also allows the rest position to be recorded as threedimensional coordinates.
The patient is examined for symptoms of temporo mandibular joint problems such as clicking, crepitus, pain in the masticatory muscles, limitation of jaw movement, hyper mobility and morphological abnormalities.
They enable
They help in
The diagnostic cast
In some situations superimposition of objects interferes with an observer’s ability to clearly discover the objects of interest
The problem-oriented approach to diagnosis and treatment planning has been widely advocated in medicine and dentistry as a way to overcome the tendency to concentrate on only one part of a patient's problem.