SlideShare a Scribd company logo
and other original & alternative
processes for developing images
“daguerreotype of Edgar Allen Poe”
 Photography went through various stages of
development as a science and an art form. No
one person or country can boast the “invention
of photography” but rather collections of
scientists and artists from all over the world
are responsible for the various processes
developed.
 Images were first transferred to photographic
plates (made of tin, iron, platinum, silver and
gold) but each print was individual and very
costly.
 Other processes were developed to increase
the commercial success by using paper or
albumen (egg white) to create more than a
single image.
 Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1727, discovered
that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure
to light
 Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy,
early in the 19th cent., created what we
now call photograms
 Photographic plates are flat sheets of metal
or glass on which a photographic images
can be recorded
 Photographic plates preceded the
development of photographic film as a
means of photography
 These plates used light-sensitive emulsion
of silver salts discovered by Schulze
 The French physicist, Joseph Nicéphore
Niepce, made the first negative (on paper)
in 1816
 Unable to draw well, Niépce first placed
engravings, made transparent, onto
engraving stones or glass plates coated
with a light-sensitive varnish of his own
composition
 He then created the first known
photograph (on metal) in 1826 – he called
these heliographs

 Louis Daguerre was a French artist
and inventor of the daguerreotype
process. He is famous for obtaining
positive photographic prints.
 He invented the photographic
process, in 1839, in which a picture
made on a silver surface sensitized
with iodine was developed by
exposure to mercury vapor.
 the ambrotype process is a
photographic process that
creates a positive photographic
image on a sheet of glass using
the wet plate collodion process
 the ambrotype, is simply an
underexposed glass plate
negative and when placed
against a dark background, it
appears as a positive image.
 it was patented in 1854 by James
Ambrose Cutting of Boston, in
the United States
 the ferrotype, also called the
melainotype or tintype, was America's
first major contribution to the art of
photography
 To put a glossy surface on (a print) by
pressing, while wet, on a metal sheet
(ferrotype tin).
 a positive photograph made on a
sensitized sheet of enameled iron or
tin - a thin piece of black enameled, or
japanned, iron was used as opposed to
glass
 William Henry (called Fox)
Talbot in 1841, created the
calotype which is a positive
contact print in sunlight
 called the Talbotype
 the base of a calotype negative,
rather than the glass or film to
which we have become
accustomed, was high quality
writing paper
 under near-total darkness, the
sensitive calotype paper was
loaded in the camera
 a composition sensitive to some or
all of the actinic rays of light,
consisting of one or more of the
silver halides suspended in gelatin,
applied in a thin layer to one
surface of a film or the like
 mixture of two or more liquids in
which one is dispersed in the other
as microscopic or ultramicroscopic
droplets (a colloid)
 emulsions are stabilized by agents
(emulsifiers)
 Treat a surface with an agent: originally a piece of highly polished silver or glass, later
the use of emulsions allowed for paper
 Place a negative on the surface & expose to light (UV light works best)
 Remove the negative and run the image through various chemicals
 Continue the chemical processes and remove agents
 Develop the image, let dry, and then for later processes, different metals or papers
were used to increase reproduction of the image
 a photographic picture obtained
by the use of a cyanide developed
by Sir John Herschel in 1842
 Herschel had the fortune to be
around just at the time both
Daguerre and Fox Talbot were
announcing their discoveries
 He was evidently very smitten by
the Daguerreotype
 Coined the terms photography,
snapshot and negative/positive in
this context

 Another invention of Sir John Herschel, it is
a photographic picture taken upon paper
prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of
iron and developed by the application of
chloride of gold
 He coated a sheet of paper with a ferric
citrate and exposed the paper to the sun in
contact with an etching that presumably
had been made semi transparent
 Iron Silver Processes
 Kallitypes and Vandykes are similar, both
being iron-silver processes
 Vandyke prints are simpler to produce and
require less processing
 Kallitypes on the other hand are more
complicated to make but offer much
greater latitude in contrast and image
color
 small albumen prints mounted on cards 2-
1/2 by 4 inches - were wildly popular and
made for decades in countries around the
world
 the standard format was patented by a
Parisian photographer, Andre Adolphe
Disderi, in 1854
 is a way of making photographic
reproductions without the use of silver
halides
 the process used salts of dichromate in
common with a number of other related
processes such as sun printing
 a contact negative the same size of the
finished print is then placed on top of the
dried coating and exposed to an ultraviolet
light source, typically bright sunshine
Origins of photography
Origins of photography
Origins of photography
Origins of photography

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Origins of photography

  • 1. and other original & alternative processes for developing images “daguerreotype of Edgar Allen Poe”
  • 2.  Photography went through various stages of development as a science and an art form. No one person or country can boast the “invention of photography” but rather collections of scientists and artists from all over the world are responsible for the various processes developed.  Images were first transferred to photographic plates (made of tin, iron, platinum, silver and gold) but each print was individual and very costly.  Other processes were developed to increase the commercial success by using paper or albumen (egg white) to create more than a single image.
  • 3.  Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1727, discovered that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure to light  Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy, early in the 19th cent., created what we now call photograms  Photographic plates are flat sheets of metal or glass on which a photographic images can be recorded  Photographic plates preceded the development of photographic film as a means of photography  These plates used light-sensitive emulsion of silver salts discovered by Schulze
  • 4.  The French physicist, Joseph Nicéphore Niepce, made the first negative (on paper) in 1816  Unable to draw well, Niépce first placed engravings, made transparent, onto engraving stones or glass plates coated with a light-sensitive varnish of his own composition  He then created the first known photograph (on metal) in 1826 – he called these heliographs 
  • 5.  Louis Daguerre was a French artist and inventor of the daguerreotype process. He is famous for obtaining positive photographic prints.  He invented the photographic process, in 1839, in which a picture made on a silver surface sensitized with iodine was developed by exposure to mercury vapor.
  • 6.  the ambrotype process is a photographic process that creates a positive photographic image on a sheet of glass using the wet plate collodion process  the ambrotype, is simply an underexposed glass plate negative and when placed against a dark background, it appears as a positive image.  it was patented in 1854 by James Ambrose Cutting of Boston, in the United States
  • 7.  the ferrotype, also called the melainotype or tintype, was America's first major contribution to the art of photography  To put a glossy surface on (a print) by pressing, while wet, on a metal sheet (ferrotype tin).  a positive photograph made on a sensitized sheet of enameled iron or tin - a thin piece of black enameled, or japanned, iron was used as opposed to glass
  • 8.  William Henry (called Fox) Talbot in 1841, created the calotype which is a positive contact print in sunlight  called the Talbotype  the base of a calotype negative, rather than the glass or film to which we have become accustomed, was high quality writing paper  under near-total darkness, the sensitive calotype paper was loaded in the camera
  • 9.  a composition sensitive to some or all of the actinic rays of light, consisting of one or more of the silver halides suspended in gelatin, applied in a thin layer to one surface of a film or the like  mixture of two or more liquids in which one is dispersed in the other as microscopic or ultramicroscopic droplets (a colloid)  emulsions are stabilized by agents (emulsifiers)
  • 10.  Treat a surface with an agent: originally a piece of highly polished silver or glass, later the use of emulsions allowed for paper  Place a negative on the surface & expose to light (UV light works best)  Remove the negative and run the image through various chemicals  Continue the chemical processes and remove agents  Develop the image, let dry, and then for later processes, different metals or papers were used to increase reproduction of the image
  • 11.  a photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide developed by Sir John Herschel in 1842  Herschel had the fortune to be around just at the time both Daguerre and Fox Talbot were announcing their discoveries  He was evidently very smitten by the Daguerreotype  Coined the terms photography, snapshot and negative/positive in this context 
  • 12.  Another invention of Sir John Herschel, it is a photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold  He coated a sheet of paper with a ferric citrate and exposed the paper to the sun in contact with an etching that presumably had been made semi transparent
  • 13.  Iron Silver Processes  Kallitypes and Vandykes are similar, both being iron-silver processes  Vandyke prints are simpler to produce and require less processing  Kallitypes on the other hand are more complicated to make but offer much greater latitude in contrast and image color
  • 14.  small albumen prints mounted on cards 2- 1/2 by 4 inches - were wildly popular and made for decades in countries around the world  the standard format was patented by a Parisian photographer, Andre Adolphe Disderi, in 1854
  • 15.  is a way of making photographic reproductions without the use of silver halides  the process used salts of dichromate in common with a number of other related processes such as sun printing  a contact negative the same size of the finished print is then placed on top of the dried coating and exposed to an ultraviolet light source, typically bright sunshine