Photography developed through the contributions of scientists and artists around the world. Early photographic processes created individual plates or prints, but later processes used paper or albumen to create multiple copies. Key developments included Daguerre's daguerreotype process in 1839, which used iodine and mercury to create positive prints on silver plates, as well as Talbot's calotype process in 1841, which used paper negatives. Over time, emulsions containing light-sensitive silver salts and applied to surfaces like film or glass became the standard.

1. and other original & alternative
processes for developing images
“daguerreotype of Edgar Allen Poe”

2.  Photography went through various stages of
development as a science and an art form. No
one person or country can boast the “invention
of photography” but rather collections of
scientists and artists from all over the world
are responsible for the various processes
developed.
 Images were first transferred to photographic
plates (made of tin, iron, platinum, silver and
gold) but each print was individual and very
costly.
 Other processes were developed to increase
the commercial success by using paper or
albumen (egg white) to create more than a
single image.

3.  Johann Heinrich Schulze in 1727, discovered
that silver nitrate darkened upon exposure
to light
 Thomas Wedgwood and Sir Humphry Davy,
early in the 19th cent., created what we
now call photograms
 Photographic plates are flat sheets of metal
or glass on which a photographic images
can be recorded
 Photographic plates preceded the
development of photographic film as a
means of photography
 These plates used light-sensitive emulsion
of silver salts discovered by Schulze

4.  The French physicist, Joseph Nicéphore
Niepce, made the first negative (on paper)
in 1816
 Unable to draw well, Niépce first placed
engravings, made transparent, onto
engraving stones or glass plates coated
with a light-sensitive varnish of his own
composition
 He then created the first known
photograph (on metal) in 1826 – he called
these heliographs


5.  Louis Daguerre was a French artist
and inventor of the daguerreotype
process. He is famous for obtaining
positive photographic prints.
 He invented the photographic
process, in 1839, in which a picture
made on a silver surface sensitized
with iodine was developed by
exposure to mercury vapor.

6.  the ambrotype process is a
photographic process that
creates a positive photographic
image on a sheet of glass using
the wet plate collodion process
 the ambrotype, is simply an
underexposed glass plate
negative and when placed
against a dark background, it
appears as a positive image.
 it was patented in 1854 by James
Ambrose Cutting of Boston, in
the United States

7.  the ferrotype, also called the
melainotype or tintype, was America's
first major contribution to the art of
photography
 To put a glossy surface on (a print) by
pressing, while wet, on a metal sheet
(ferrotype tin).
 a positive photograph made on a
sensitized sheet of enameled iron or
tin - a thin piece of black enameled, or
japanned, iron was used as opposed to
glass

8.  William Henry (called Fox)
Talbot in 1841, created the
calotype which is a positive
contact print in sunlight
 called the Talbotype
 the base of a calotype negative,
rather than the glass or film to
which we have become
accustomed, was high quality
writing paper
 under near-total darkness, the
sensitive calotype paper was
loaded in the camera

9.  a composition sensitive to some or
all of the actinic rays of light,
consisting of one or more of the
silver halides suspended in gelatin,
applied in a thin layer to one
surface of a film or the like
 mixture of two or more liquids in
which one is dispersed in the other
as microscopic or ultramicroscopic
droplets (a colloid)
 emulsions are stabilized by agents
(emulsifiers)

10.  Treat a surface with an agent: originally a piece of highly polished silver or glass, later
the use of emulsions allowed for paper
 Place a negative on the surface & expose to light (UV light works best)
 Remove the negative and run the image through various chemicals
 Continue the chemical processes and remove agents
 Develop the image, let dry, and then for later processes, different metals or papers
were used to increase reproduction of the image

11.  a photographic picture obtained
by the use of a cyanide developed
by Sir John Herschel in 1842
 Herschel had the fortune to be
around just at the time both
Daguerre and Fox Talbot were
announcing their discoveries
 He was evidently very smitten by
the Daguerreotype
 Coined the terms photography,
snapshot and negative/positive in
this context


12.  Another invention of Sir John Herschel, it is
a photographic picture taken upon paper
prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of
iron and developed by the application of
chloride of gold
 He coated a sheet of paper with a ferric
citrate and exposed the paper to the sun in
contact with an etching that presumably
had been made semi transparent

13.  Iron Silver Processes
 Kallitypes and Vandykes are similar, both
being iron-silver processes
 Vandyke prints are simpler to produce and
require less processing
 Kallitypes on the other hand are more
complicated to make but offer much
greater latitude in contrast and image
color

14.  small albumen prints mounted on cards 2-
1/2 by 4 inches - were wildly popular and
made for decades in countries around the
world
 the standard format was patented by a
Parisian photographer, Andre Adolphe
Disderi, in 1854

15.  is a way of making photographic
reproductions without the use of silver
halides
 the process used salts of dichromate in
common with a number of other related
processes such as sun printing
 a contact negative the same size of the
finished print is then placed on top of the
dried coating and exposed to an ultraviolet
light source, typically bright sunshine