Democracy originated in ancient Greece and Rome, where early experiments with democratic forms of government occurred. In Greece, all members had an equal share of power in decision making. Rome established a republic, where leaders were elected to represent the people. While Greece and Rome are often credited with establishing early democracies, some scholars believe other early civilizations may have developed proto-democratic systems as well. Today, democracy is characterized by all members having equal power and the ability for citizens to influence decisions through voting. It has become the most prevalent form of government globally in the 20th century.
Republic and Democratic Philosophies of Government which originated from the ...Matthew Shepler
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History paper from a Fordham undergraduate course; Understanding Historical Change: Modern Europe. The paper focuses on Republican and Greek philosophies of government, as well as the following: The Development of Constitutional Doctrines within Greek Democracy, Roman Republicanism, The Origin of the State, The Nature of Government, and The Right of Revolution. The research paper explains that even though Republicanism established laws that required everyone within the common wealth to follow, for the protection and preservation of the common wealth, democracy may therefore protect the freedom and liberty of commoners, or citizens, by incorporating democratic rights that limit the powers of the state or government.
Very helpful for UG/PG students about J J Rousseau
Life History; An overview of Work; Views on Human Nature; Views on State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Views on General Will; Characteristics of General Will; Popular Sovereignty
Republic and Democratic Philosophies of Government which originated from the ...Matthew Shepler
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History paper from a Fordham undergraduate course; Understanding Historical Change: Modern Europe. The paper focuses on Republican and Greek philosophies of government, as well as the following: The Development of Constitutional Doctrines within Greek Democracy, Roman Republicanism, The Origin of the State, The Nature of Government, and The Right of Revolution. The research paper explains that even though Republicanism established laws that required everyone within the common wealth to follow, for the protection and preservation of the common wealth, democracy may therefore protect the freedom and liberty of commoners, or citizens, by incorporating democratic rights that limit the powers of the state or government.
Very helpful for UG/PG students about J J Rousseau
Life History; An overview of Work; Views on Human Nature; Views on State of Nature; Views on Social Contract; Views on General Will; Characteristics of General Will; Popular Sovereignty
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Liberalism and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
PowerPoint developed for lectures on Liberalism and delivered to PS 240 Introduction to Political Theory at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007 by Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Evolution of Democracy by Samruddhi Chepe.pptxSamruddhi Chepe
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Phase OneAssembly Democracy
Starting around 2,500 BCE, in lands now within the territories of Iran, Iraq and Syria
âDuring the first phase of democracy the seeds of its basic institution â self-government through an assembly of equals â were scattered across many different soils and climes, ranging from the Indian subcontinent and the prosperous Phoenician empire to the western shores of provincial Europe.
These popular assemblies took root, accompanied by various ancillary institutional rules and customs, like written constitutions, the payment of jurors and elected officials, the freedom to speak in public, voting machines, voting by lot and trial before elected or selected juries. There were efforts as well to stop bossy leaders in their tracks, using such methods as the mandatory election of kingsâŚâ (The Life and Death of Democracy, p.xvi)
Best-known example â Athens, 5th century BCE
Athenian Democracy
Direct democracy: citizens (about 10% of the population) participated directly in initiating, deliberating, and passing of, the legislation. The Assembly, no less than 6,000 strong (out of 22,000 citizens of Athens), convened about every 10 days. Supreme power to decide on every issue of state policy
Citizen juries: justice is responsibility of citizens (juries composed of 501-1001 citizens)
Appointment of citizens to political office by lot
Citizen-soldiers: every citizen had a duty to serve in the army
Ostracism: a bad politician could be kicked out of office by the people
Phase TwoRepresentative Democracy
Started around 10th-12th centuries in Western Europe with the invention of parliamentary assemblies
Reaches its classic forms in the 18th century. Officially regarded as normative today.
Marquis dâArgenson, Foreign Minister of French King Louis XV, 1765.
Phase Two
The Glorious revolution laid the foundation of the first democratic principles of the Rule of Law.
Earlier it was believed that the king was the ârepresentative of the Godâ and that the Kingâs wishes were the law.
The people strongly protested the idea and dethroned King James II of England.
They passed the Bill Of Rights which firmly stated that the country should be governed by the laws passed by the people and not by the whims of the king.
The French Revolution took place between 1789 and 1851.
In the revolution King Louis XVI was executed .
It was decided that the country should be ruled by the laws passed by the people.
It laid down the âDeclaration of the Rights of Manâ which highlighted that liberty, Equality etc. were important in a Democracy.
In 1792, France became a Republic.
Phase Three Monitory Democracy
(term coined by John Keane)- After World War II
Increase citizen ability to control the state which is organized on the basis of representative democracy
Public integrity commissionsJudicial activismLocal courtsWorkplace tribunalsCitizens assembliesThink tanksThe InternetEtc.
How much power do they have? And whose interests do they serve?
Key
Operation âBlue Starâ is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar âDigital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?â on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus âManaging screen time: How to protect and equip students against distractionâ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective âStudents, digital devices and successâ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. Meaning of democracy
ď¨ A democracy is a political system, or a system of
decision-making within an institution or
organization or a country, in which all members
have an equal share of power. Modern
democracies are characterized by two capabilities
that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier
forms of government.
3. History of democracy
ď¨ Democracy in its earliest forms is generally
associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks
and Romans, who were themselves considered the
founders of Western civilization by the 18th
century intellectuals who attempted to leverage
these early democratic experiments into a new
template for post-monarchical political
organization
5. Democracy in Rome
Rome set up a
type of
democracy
called a
republic.
In a republic ,
leaders are
elected to
represent the
people
6. Proto-democratic societies
ď¨ In recent decades scholars have explored the
possibility that advancements toward democratic
government occurred somewhere else (i.e. other
than Greece) first, as Greece developed its
complex social and political institutions long after
the appearance of the earliest civilizations in
Egypt and the Near East
7. Democracy nowadays
ď¨ Democracy is the most successful political
idea of the 20th century for some countries.
ď¨ Democracies are on average richer than the
non-democracies, are less likely to go to war
and have a better record of fighting corruption
ď¨ More fundamentally, democracy lets people
speak their minds and shape their own and
their childrenâs futures