This document provides an overview of philosophical liberalism. It discusses how liberalism emerged in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment and focused on individual liberties and rights. Tolerance is described as an essential element of liberalism. The document also outlines some of the basic characteristics of liberalism, such as being pragmatic, pluralistic, and supporting a free economy. Key leaders in philosophical liberalism like John Locke, David Hume, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are also mentioned.

1. Submitted By:
Asma
Ph D Scholar
Philosophical Liberalism

2. Contents
 Philosophical Liberalism
 During 18th Century
 Early Liberalism
 Tolerance: essential element of liberalism
 Against old theories
 Proponents of Liberalism
 Basic Characteristics of Liberalism philosophy
 pragmatic, pluralistic, justice and modernity, a
free economy
 Pragmatism: A modern School of thought
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3.  Basic Principles of Philosophical Liberalism
 Leaders in Philosophical Liberalism
 Basic Rules of Philosophy
 Educational Implication of Philosophy
 Curriculum
 Method of Teaching
 Role of Teacher
 Discipline
 Conclusion
 References
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4. Philosophical Liberalism
Liberalism
 Words liberal, liberty and liberation all from Latin root word
‘Liber’ means “free”.
 Proponents are called liberalism.
 The first time this word liberal occur in 1375 in Liberal Arts
 Liberalism derived from liberty(Howard, 1978).
 Later the term means the person having the characteristics
of intellect and liberty.
 Liberalism means a political system against centralization
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5. During 18th century
 Liberalism has taken many shapes.
 In 18th century liberalism is used in many more places
like intellectual, religious, political, and economical
life.
 French Revolution in 1789 is called the magna Charta
of this liberalism
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6.  Liberalism has asserted the freedom of thought,
religion, freedom of speech, freedom of politics and
press.
 The religion was ones own private matter
 All people are born equal and the difference come
after the circumstances.
 Liberalism give more right to middle class instead of
monarchy at that time (Passi, 2004).
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7. Early liberalism
 Early liberalism focuses on the individual possession
 Early liberalism was optimistic, energetic and
philosophic
 it was philosophic because they focus on the
individual care and education
 It focus on the benefit of individual (Walker, 2008).
 So it was against the traditional philosophies
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8. Tolerance: Essential element of
liberalism
 The essential elements of liberalism are
pervasive and touch every aspect of life.
 Tolerance is very important in liberalism,
tolerance of religious, communal, national issues
or small group issues tolerance is very important
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9.  Liberalism encompasses several intellectual
trends and traditions.
 Dominant is classical liberalism which become
popular in 18th century . Social liberalism become
popular in 20th century.
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10. Against old theories
 Liberalism became popular in the age of
enlightenment, they rejected many fundamental
principles and earlier theories of government.
 They were against hereditary status, absolute
monarchy and the Divine Right of the Kings
(Kilpatrick, 1934).
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11. Liberalism and Metaphysics
 Liberal says man is born free
 Religion is choice and will
 Cannot criticize on anyone regarding religion
 Liberalist are not anti-religious. Liberalist tolerate
and respect all religions equally.
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12. Liberalism and Epistemology
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 Liberalism believe on scientific knowledge
 This concept is mostly applied in western world
 Today’ education system of west is based on
liberalism

13. Liberalism and axiology
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 Focuses on individual development
 Focuses on values like individualism
 Liberty
 Humanism
 Intellectualism
 Tolerance
 Equality

14. Proponents of Liberalism
 John Locke
 Hume
 Rousseau
 Lessing
 Kant
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15. Philosophical Liberalism
 So at that time, liberalism focuses individual
education. It believes on science not on
traditional beliefs.
 Philosophical liberalism was modern philosophy
at that time (Heywood, 1992).
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16. Basic Characteristics Liberalism
Philosophy
1. Pragmatic
 Basic Characteristics of Liberalism is that they are
pragmatic in nature.
 They are open minded.
 For solution of problems, they are not dogmatic in
nature.
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17. 2. Pluralism
 Liberals are pluralists.
 A pluralist does not accept the predominance of one
line of thought.
 They believe that there is room for everything
 Believe in pluralistic society
 Believe in checks and balance
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18. 3. Justice and Modernity
 Liberalism believes in the equality of man and
woman.
 They are modernist.
 Advocate of change
 Accepts modern technology
 Accepts science
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19. 4. A free Economy
 Believes on free economy.
 Government has to play a limited and restricted
role
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20. Pragmatism: A Modern School of
Thought
 Plays an important role in educational system.
 A humanistic philosophy
 Word derived from Greek work ‘Pragma’ means
‘action’ from here ‘Practice’ and ‘practical’ come.
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21. Basic Principles of Philosophical
liberalism
 Action is real, ideas are true
 No absolute values of life
 Rejects authoritarianism
 Faith is mans ability to solve problems
 Child is the center of an activity
 Education should be preparation for life
 Curriculum is varied
 Project approach is required
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22. Leaders in Philosophical liberalism
 Charles Darwin, 1809-1882
 Charles Sanders Peirce, 1839-1914
 John Dewey, 1859-1952
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23. BASIC RULES OF Philosophy:
 Changing nature of truth. Truth lies in successful application and result.
 Problem act as motivations for truth.
 Faith in social interaction.
 Principle of utility.
 No fixed values and ideas.
 Human initiative.
 Activity as central.
 Forward looking.
 Pluralistic and flexibility.
 Reality in making.
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24. EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF
PHILSOPHY
Aims of education
 Social efficiency.
 More & more education & continued growth.
 Adaptation to environment.
 Harmonious development.
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25. Curriculum
 Experience Curriculum, graded curriculum. ( Activity
curriculum)
• Utility as the prime mover in determination of
career.(utilitarian curriculum)
• Assigns due place to the interest of the child.
• Provides problem solving activities.
• Integrated subjects, not static, include purposive,
productive & socialized activities. ( Integrated curriculum)
(Goldsmith, 2003).
• Dynamic, Stress on Subject & studies like physical
training, hygiene, social science, math, science.
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26. Methods of Teaching
• Creative activities in teaching learning process
(spontaneous, purposeful& socialized activities.)
• Learning by doing.
• Curriculum advocates powerful activities.
• Project method.
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27. Role of Teacher
 As helper and guide
 Doing is more important than knowing
 Teaching should not be based on lecturing and
repeating only
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28. Discipline
 Pragmatism believes in Social discipline.
 inner discipline cannot be maintained through
force
 Discipline comes through purposive &
Cooperative activities
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29. Conclusion
 In a nutshell liberalism philosophy asserted the individual
needs and possession of individual
 It also emphasis on the development of individual. It was
against traditional philosophies and believes on change.
 Liberalism is now prominent in western education system.
 So it was pragmatic and progressive in nature.
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30. References
Beer, S. (1998) The Roots of New Labour: Liberalism
Rediscovered, Economist, pp. 23–5.
Brubacher, John S. (1962) Modern Philosophies of
Education New York, McGraw Hill Book Company
Inc.
Eccleshall, R. (1996). Liberalism, in R. Eccleshall et
al., Political Ideologies: An Introduction, pp. 28–59.
Goldsmith, B. (2003). Bearing The defense burden,
1886-1889: Why spend more? Journal of Conflict
Resolution. 47, 5:551-73.
Howard, M. (1978). War and the Liberal Conscience,
New Brunswick, NJ: Ruthers University Press.
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31. Heywood, A. (1992) Liberalism, in A. Heywood, Political
Ideologies: An Introduction. pp. 24–65.
Kilpatrick, WH (1934) Source Book in the Philosophy of
Education New York, McMillan and Company.
Passi, B. K. (2004) : Value Education Agra, National
Psychological Corporation
Vincent, A. (1996). ‘Liberalism’, in A. Vincent, Modern
Political Ideologies. pp. 22–54.
Walker, T. C. (2008). Two faces of liberalism: Kant, Paine,
and the question of intervention. International Studies
Quarterly. 52, 3: 449-68 11/21/202031