The document defines a state as a community of persons living together on a definite territory with their own government. It identifies four key elements of a state: a population, a geographical area, a government, and sovereignty. It then discusses four theories for the origin of the state: the divine right theory which says God created the state; the force theory which argues states emerged through conquest; the evolutionary theory which views the state as evolving from families and tribes; and the social contract theory which proposes that people voluntarily formed societies and governments to protect their rights.

1. STATE
Definition, it’s Elements and Origin.

2. STATE
DEFINITION

3. STATE
DEFINITION:
 State is a community of persons more or less numerous,
permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a
government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants
render obedience and enjoying freedom from external control.
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4. STATE
ELEMENTS

5. Four Elements of State
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6. 6
Four Elements of State
 An organization of human beings living together as a
community.
 State – an association of men living together.
 How large should be the population of a state ?
Plato: Ideal state’s population 5050 persons
Aristotle: 10,000 – 1 lakh
 Neither too large or too small – large enough to be self sufficient
& small enough to be well governed (city states)

7. Four Elements of State
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 A geographical area that is owned and controlled by a
government or country to exercise such state sovereignty.
 Masses living on a definite portion of territory of an
appropriate size
 Unlike wandering /nomadic tribes – who don't form a state
 People living together on a particular territory develop
community of
 interests &
 patriotism - necessary for statehood
Size of the territory of a State ?
Small enough to be well administered
Small State proportionately stronger than a large one?
Current trend: Large States

8. Four Elements of State
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 Machinery that formulate, express, and carry out the will
of the State.
 People (limbs) & Government (head) of the body
 People living permanently on a definite territory do not
form a State without government to which they render
habitual obedience.

9. Four Elements of State
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CONTINUED
 People without a govt – mere assemblage of humans & not politically organized.
 Government; machinery/agency through which the will of the State is
formulated & expressed
 State plans & acts through the government
Government: administers ,keeps law & order, formulates policy of the State.
 State is nothing without a government to make it real.

10. Four Elements of State
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 Quality of having supreme, independent authority over a
territory.
 Supreme, original &unlimited power exercised over all
persons & associations within
boundaries of the State, independent of external power.
 Sovereignty – soul of a State
 Two Aspects (internal & external)
Internally State is supreme over all persons & associations
Externally it is independent of all foreign control or power

11. Two types of Sovereignty
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12. STATE
ORIGIN

13. ORIGIN OF STATE
1. DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
2. NECESSITY OR FORCE THEORY
3. PATERNALISTIC / EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
4. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY.
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THE ABOVE 4 THEORIES SHOW THAT HOW THE IDEA OF “STATE” CAME INTO BIENG

14. ORIGIN OF STATE
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DIVINE RIGHT THEORY.
 The belief that God created the state and that God had give those of royal birth
“DIVINE POWER” to rule.
 The people were bound to obey their ruler as they would God.
 To disobey the “DIVINE RIGHT OF KING” was considered both treason and moral
sin.
 State is a divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people.

15. ORIGIN OF STATE
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THE FORCE THEORY
 The theory that when one person or one small group claims control
over an area they forced all citizens living within it to submit to this
group rule.
 The state must have been created through force by some warriors who
imposed their will upon the weak

16. ORIGIN OF STATE
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THE EVOLUTIONARY THEORY
 This theory states that the “ State” emerged from the family model where the
patriarch (head of the family) governed the family.
 Over time the original family became a clan, the clan then became a tribe and
when the clan began forming they gave up nomadic practices thus becoming
a “STATE”.
 State originated from the enlargement of the family.

17. ORIGIN OF STATE
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SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
 The most significant of all the theories in terms of the American political system.
 Best associated with the ideas of THOMAS HOBBS that the state arose out of the voluntary
act of free people.
 In this theory the states only purpose for existing is to serve the will of the people.
 Basically citizens surrender a small amount of their freedom to ensure protection from the
government .
 State must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to
form a society and organize government for their common good.
 Without government, people are afraid.

18. ORIGIN OF STATE
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CONTINUED
 People form governments to protect their life, liberty and property.
 Proper purpose of government is to protect these “NATURAL RIGHTS”.
 Power of government comes from people “POPULAR SOVERIEGNTY”.
 Government that abuse rights of people lose legitimacy and can be
overthrown.

19. Made by MUHAMMAD SAAD
Thank you