2. A process by which activities of a
society are collected and
coordinated to reach the goals of
both individuals and the
collective group.
It is a subfield of general
communication studies and is
often a component to effective
management in a workplace
environment.
12. Horizontal
Communication
Communication that takes place at
same levels of hierarchy in an
organization.
(i.e., communication between
peers, between managers at same
levels or between any horizontally
equivalent organizational member)
13. Five
Purposes:
Task coordination
Problem solving
Sharing information
Conflict resolution
Building rapport
21. Management uses
fear and threats;
System 1:
Exploitive communication is
authoritati top down with
ve most decisions
taken at the top;
superiors and
subordinates are
distant.
22. System 2: Management uses
Benevolent rewards;
Authoritati information flowing
ve upward is restricted to
what management wants
to hear and whilst
policy decisions come
from the top some
prescribed decisions
may be delegated to
lower levels, superiors
expect subservience
lower down.
23.
24. Management offers
rewards, occasional
System 3: punishments;
Consultativ
big decisions come
e from the top whilst
there is some wider
decision making
involvement in details
and communication is
downward whilst
critical upward
communication is
26. communication flows in all
directions and is open and frank
with decision making through group
processes with each group linked
to others by persons who are
members of more than one group
called linking pins;
and subordinates and
superiors are close. The
result is high productivity
and better industrial
relations.
