The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
oral mucous membranes-2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
oral mucous membranes-2 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Histology of oral mucous membrane including gingiva/certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The applied anatomy of temporomandibular joint has many significant applications in maxillofacial surgery. Understanding these important anatomic relations- variations enables surgeons to perform the surgical procedures safely. Knowledge of these concepts helps us to recognize the problems and complications as and when they occur and manage them accordingly.
Saliva and its prosthodontic considerationsCPGIDSH
importance of saliva is often neglected by clinicians and practitioners but is one of the most important body fluids not only in dentistry perceptive but also in regard to medical diagnosis. in dentistry it plays a special role specially in complete denture patients
This Presentation includes systematic compilation of the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and pathology related to saliva and salivary glands. it also mentions about the role of saliva in dentistry. Any additions or mistakes are welcome!
Please do leave your comments and let me know if the presentations has helped you!
The presentation is available on request. Mail me at apurvathampi@gmail.com
Histology of oral mucous membrane including gingiva/certified fixed orthodon...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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oral mucosa
The term mucous membrane is used to describe the moist lining of the gastrointestinal tract, nasal passages, and other body cavities that communicate with the exterior. In the oral cavity this lining is referred to as the oral mucous membrane, or oral mucosa. At the lips the oral mucosa is continuous with the skin; at the pharynx the oral mucosa is continuous with the mucosa lining the rest of the gut. Thus the oral mucosa is located anatomically between skin and gastrointestinal mucosa and shows some of the properties of each.
CLASSIFICATION
The classification based on these functional criteria, divides the oral mucosa into three major types:
1. Masticatory mucosa 25% (gingiva and hard palate)
2. Lining or reflecting mucosa 60% (lip, cheek, vestibular fornix, alveolar mucosa, floor of mouth and soft palate)
3. Specialized mucosa 10% (dorsum of the tongue and taste buds)
Based on keratinization:
KERATINIZED MUCOSA—
MASTICATORY MUCOSA
VERMILLION BORDER OF LIPS
NON KERATINIZED MUCOSA–
LINING MUCOSA
SPECIALIZED MUCOSA
DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL MUCOSA
The epithelium of the oral cavity is derived from both the ectoderm and the endoderm. The anterior part of the oral cavity is lined by the epithelium derived from the ectoderm.
By 13–20 weeks differences between keratinized and nonkeratinized mucosa becomes apparent. Keratohyaline granules in the keratinized mucosa and region specific cytokeratin appear.
Lingual papillae appear early at about 7th week; the circumvallate and foliate papillae appear earlier than filiform papillae, which can be recognized by 10–12 weeks.
FUNCTIONS OF ORAL MUCOSA
DEFENSE
1.Effective barrier for the entry of the microorganisms.
2.The oral mucosa is impermeable to bacterial toxins. It also secretes antibodies and has an efficient humoral and cell mediated immunity.
LUBRICATION
The secretion of salivary glands keeps the oral cavity moist and thus prevents the mucosa from drying and cracking thereby ensuring an intact oral epithelium.
A moist oral cavity helps in speech, mastication, swallowing and in the perception of taste.
SENSORY
The oral mucosa is sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temperature.
The sensation of taste is a unique sensation, felt only in the anterior 2/3rd of the dorsum of the tongue.
Swallowing, gagging, retching and salivating reflexes are initiated by receptors in the oral mucosa.
Touch sensations in the soft palate results in gag reflex
PROTECTION
The oral mucosa protects the deeper tissues from mechanical forces resulting from mastication and from abrasive nature of foodstuffs.
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Oral histology
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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3.
PROSTHODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS
6.BEHAVOIUR OF ORAL MUCOSA UNDER STRESS
7.INFLAMATION AND ORAL MUCOSA .
8.INFLUENCE OF LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE
ON
ORAL MUCOSA.
9.SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
10.REFERENCES.
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4. INTRODUCTION
The oral cavity is in many respects a very interesting
part of the human body .
Many different kind of tissue from the hardest teeth to
the softest, the salivary glands are found therein.
The oral cavity is lined with an uninterrupted mucosa
which is continuous with the skin near vermillion border
of the lips and with the pharyngeal mucosa in the region
of soft palate.
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5. DEVELOPMENT
Primitive oral cavity develops from the fusion of the
embryonic stomodeum with foregut after the rupture of
buccopharyngeal membrane.(26 days)
Oral cavity is lined by both ectoderm and endoderm.
Structures developed from brachial arch
Ectoderm ---tongue
Endoderm---Palate ,cheeks ,Gingiva
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6. FUNCTIONS OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
•
•
•
•
•
1.PROTECTION.
Protects the deeper tissues and organs.
Adapts to withstand mechanical forces.
Barrier in preventing microorganism.
2.SENSATION.
Receptors responsible for the taste , thirst,
temperature.
3.SECRETION.
Major &minor salivary gland secretions –secrete
protective substance.
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7. COMPONENT TISSUE
A. ORAL EPITHELIUM
B.LAMINA PROPRIA
C.SUBMUCOSA
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8. DIVISION OF ORAL MUCOSA
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9. EPITHELIUM
Epithelium of the oral
mucosa is stratified
squamous epithelium.
It may be ;
1.Keratinized
2.Non keratinized
Keratinized layer
ortho keratinized
Para keratinized
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12. CELLS OF NON KERATINOCYTES
MELANOCYTES; Synthesize
melanin pigment granules & transfer
to surrounding keratinocytes
LANGERHANS CELL ; Antigen
trapping & processing.
MERKEL CELL ; Tactile sensory
cell.
LYMPHOCYTES ; Associated with
inflammatory response in oral
mucosa.
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13. SMOKERS MELANOSIS
Smoking tobacco imparts smokers melanosis.
Deposition of melanin in basal layer of mucosa.
Affects elderly person –heavy smokers.
Appears as a diffuse brown patch.
Mandibular ant. Gingiva & buccal mucosa commonly
affected.
Labial mucosa ,palate, tongue, floor of the mouth ,
lips .
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14. JUNCTION OF THE
EPITHELIUM, & LAMINA
PROPRIA.
The region where connective tissue of the lamina
propria meets the overlying epithelium.
Metabolic exchange between epithelium & CT takes
place
Epithelium has no blood vessels.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
15.
The interface consists
of CT ridges ,conical
papillae projecting into
the epithelium.
The surface area of the
interface is flat &
provide better
attachment
It helps in dissipating the
force applied on the
epithelium to greater
area of CT.
MASTICATORY
MUCOSA has greater
number of papillae per
unit area .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
16.
It is also called as BASAL LAMINA.
Two zones ;
Lamina Lucida
45 nm wide.
Lamina densa.
Towards epithelium .
Quite clear.
Glycoprotein.
Bullous phemphigoid antigen.
50 nm thick .
Towards tissue.
Granular.
Type 4 collagen
Proteoglycon.
.
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17.
Basal lamina attached by
hemidesmosomes.
The tonofilaments , desmosomes ,
hemidesmosomes together
represents the mechanical linkage
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18. FUNCTIONS
Provides mechanical bond .
Semipermeable, acts as a barrier.
Respond to tissue injury.
MUCOSAL BLISTER; Separation of the
epithelium from the connective tissue at
Lamina lucida
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19. LAMINA PROPRIA
The connective tissue supporting the oral
epithelium
is termed lamina propria.
Two layers ;
1.PAPILLARY LAYER.
Close to epithelial ridges.
Arranged loosely.
2.RETICULAR LAYER
parallel to epithelium
fibers are very thick.
form network
It consists of cells , blood vessels ,
neural elements & fibers embedded in
amorphous ground substance
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21. SUBMUCOSA
.
Consists of connective
tissue of various thickness .
It attaches the mucous
membrane to the
underlying structures.
It may be a loose or a firm
attachment - to glands,
blood vessels , nerves, and
adipose tissues
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22. DIVISION OF THE ORAL MUCOSA
KERATINZED AREAS
MASTICATORY MUCOSA.
GINGIVA
HARD PALATE
VERMILION BORDER OF LIP
NON KERATINIZED AREAS
LINING OR REFLECTING MUCOSA
LIP
CHEEK
VESTIBULAR FORNIX
ALVEOLAR MUCOSA
FLOOR OF THE MOUTH
SOFT PALATE
SPECIALIZED MUCOSA
DORSUM OF THE TONGUE
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23. REGIONAL VARIATIONS;
MAXILLARY EDENTULOUS
FOUNDATION
CREST OF THE RESIDUAL
RIDGE
Firmly attached to the bone.
Keratinized epithelium
Dense collagen fibers
Sub mucosa – fat or glandular cells
Although the sub mucosa is thin it
is thick to provide adequate
resiliency for primary support of
denture .
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24. SLOPES OF RESIDUAL RIDGE
Non keratinized or Para keratinized.
Tissues are loosely attached to periosteum.
This marks the end of residual attached mucous
membrane.
These tissues will not withstand the masticatory
and other stress.
Less stresses should be placed on the movable
tissue during impression making.
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25. ALVEOLAR MUCOSA
EPITHELIUM ; thin
nonkeratinized
LAMINA PROPRIA;
Short papillae
CT contains many elastic fibers .
Capillary loops close to the surface.
Vessels –run superficial to the
periosteum.
SUB MUCOSA
Loose CT
Thick elastic fibers connects periosteum
–alveolar process
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26. REGIONS OF HARD PALATE
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27. HARD PALATE
.EPITHELIUM; thick
orthokeratinized
LAMINA PROPRIA ; long papillae, thick
collagenous tissue especially under rugae
Moderate vascular supply with short capillary
loops.
SUBMUCOSA;
Dense collagenous CT attaching mucosa to
periosteum .
Fat & minor salivary gland – CT –overlying
neurovascular bundle.
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28. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Tissues should be recorded in resting
position .
If the tissues displace during impression
procedures, they tend to return to normal
Such dentures cause soreness of mouth.
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29. MID PALATINE SUTURE
Extends from the incisive papilla to posterior
region of hard palate .
Sub mucosa is very thin .
Mucosal layer is practically in contact with
underlying bone .
Tissue covering the suture is non resilient
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30. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Little or no pressure should be applied to this region
.
This area is highly sensitive .
Excessive pressure in this area causes pain .
Relief should be given in this area
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31.
PALATINE RUGAE
Irregularly shaped rolls of soft tissue in the anterior part of
hard palate.
It is a secondary stress bearing area
It resists forward movement of denture.
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32. SOFT PALATE
EPITHELIUM;
thin
Non keratinized, taste buds
LAMINA PROPRIA;
thick
numerous papillae, elastic fibers
Highly vascular- developed capillary
network.
SUB MUCOSA; diffuse tissue containing
minor salivary glands
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33. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF PALATE
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34. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF PALATE
Tonsillar branch – glossopharengeal
nerve
MOTOR SUPPLY ;Pharyngeal plexus.
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35. STOMATITIS NICOTINA PALATI
Response of oral mucosa to
prolong smoking.
Middle , elderly men.
Initially- diffuse erythematous.
Palate becomes grayish white
,sec to hyperkeratosis.
Multiple discrete keratotic
papules with depressed red
center.
opening of the glands dilate &
inflame.
Papules enlarge if irritation
persist.
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36. BUCCAL- LABIAL MUCOSA
EPITHELIUM; thick
Non keratinized.
LAMINA PROPRIA;
Long slender papillae, dense fibrous
CT containing collagen & elastic
fibers .
Rich vascular supply. Anastomosing
capillary loops into papillae.
SUBMUCOSA; firmly attached to
the
under lying muscles by collagen &
elastin
Fat, minor salivary gland .
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38. LINEA ALBA
A raised white wavy line
of variable length and
prominence located at the
level of occlusion.
Thin keratin layer.
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39. VESTIBULAR SPACES
It is bound facially by mucosa of lips , cheek &
orally by mucosa of residual ridge .
Vestibule is divided medially by labial frenum &
laterally by buccal frenum.
Epithelium is thin & nonkeratinized.
Submucosa is thick ,
Large amount of loose areolar tissue.
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40. FRENUM
It is fold of mucous
membrane
Labial frenum is fan
shaped
Buccal frenum is
associated with muscles
Relief should be provided
in denture
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41. VIBRATING LINE
It is an imaginary line
drawn across the soft
palate.
Sub mucosa contains
glandular tissue .
Lamina propria has
elastic fibers.
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42. MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF HAMULAR
NOTCH
Space between the posterior part of the
maxillary tuberosity & pterygoid hamuls
It is thick and is made of loose areolar
tissue.
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43.
MANDIBULAR EDENTULOUS
FOUNDATION
SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
CREST OF THE RESIDUAL
RIDGE
It is similar to maxillary ridge.
Keratinized epithelium .
Sub mucosa is loosely
attached.
Nutrient canal openings.
When the soft tissue is
movable in the crest of the
ridge ,impression should be
recorded in its resting position.
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44. BUCCAL SHELF
Partially keratinized.
Loosely attached.
Thick submucosal layer.
Bone – compact bone
That why it is primary
stress bearing area.
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45. VESTIBULAR SPACES
Similar to the maxilla.
Epithelium is thin .
Non-keratinized .
Submucosa- loose areolar tissue ,elastin fibers.
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46. MOLAR REGION
Here the sub mucosa is attached to the
mylohyoid muscle .
Length and form of the lingual flange of the
tray should reflect the physiologic activity
of these structures .
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47. RETROMOLAR PAD
Epithelium is thin .
Non-keratinized .
Submucosa – glands , loose
areolar tissue , blood vessels
…..
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Because of these structures
impression should be
recorded in resting position .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
48. FLOOR OF THE ORAL CAVITY
EPITHELIUM; very thin
Non keratinized .
LAMINA PROPRIA ;Short papillae.
Elastic fibers.
Extensive vascular fibers.
Short anastomosing capillary loops
SUBMUCOSA ;loose fibrous CT
Fat, minor salivary glands .
BLOOD SUPPLY;
Sublingual artery branch of lingual
artery.
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50.
Extension of the dentures
posterior lingual flanges
usually will allow for a stable
denture.
This objective will not be
fulfilled in this case,
Unfavorable high
attachment & mobile floor
of the mouth.
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51. LIPS
VERMILION ZONE
EPITHELIUM; thin ,
orthokeratinized.
LAMINA PROPRIA; narrow
papillae.
Capillary loops close to
surface layer
SUBMUCOSA; mucosa
firmly attached to the
underlying muscles .
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52. INTERMIDIATE ZONE
EPITHELIUM; thin
Para keratinized
LAMINA PROPRIA; long
,irregular papillae, elastic
fibers ,collagen fibers
SUBMUCOSA; mucosa is
firmly attached to muscle
,sebaceous gland
,minor salivary gland ,fat.
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53. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY
BLOOD;
UPPER LIP; SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
LOWER LIP; INFERIOR LABIAL ARTERY
MENTAL ARTEY
branch of inferior alveolar artery.
NERVE
UPPER LIP ; INFRAORBITAL branch of max nerve .
LOWER LIP; MENTAL branch of inferior alveolar .
BUCCAL branch of mandibular nerve .
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54. GINGIVA.
EPITHELIUM; Ortho-keratinized
Para-keratinized ,stippling .
LAMINA PROPRIA ;long narrow
papillae
Dense collagenous CT .
Not highly vascular, but long capillary
loops with anastomoses are present .
SUB MUCOSA ; no distinct layer .
Mucosa is firmly attached by collagen
fibers to cememtum & periosteum of
alveolar process.
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55. GINGIVA
A. ALVEOLAR MUCOSA
D. ATTACHED GINGIVA
B. GINGIVA C. MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
E. FREE GINGIVA
F. INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
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57. INTERDENTAL GINGIVA
COL
Non keratinized
Depression between
buccal & lingual papilla
Connects both the papilla
Found below the contact
point
Anteriorly – pyramidal
Posteriorly – tent shape.
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63. TASTE BUDS
Chemoreceptor organs
Barrel shaped
seen in –fungiform papillae
circumvallate papillae
soft palate ….
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64. VENTRAL SURFACE OF THE
TONGUE
•
EPITHELIUM; Thin, non
keratinized .
LAMINA PROPRIA ;Thin ,
Numerous short papillae .
Few elastic fibers .
Minor salivary glands. capillary
network in sub papillary layer
Reticular layer relatively avascular
SUBMUCOSA; Thin & irregular
Fat & small vessels
Bound to the CT surrounding the
tongue musculature.
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65. LINGUAL VERUCOSITES
( PHLEBECTASIA )
Common in elder individuals.
Purplish blue nodular area.
Due to dilation & increased tortusity of
lingual veins.
Increase venous pressure
decrease in elasticity of venous wall.
Lack of support by surrounding tissues.
COMPLICATIONS;
Ulceration, thrombosis, hemorrhage.
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66. BLOOD & NERVE SUPPLY OF TONGUE
BLOOD SUPPLY;
Ant 23rd -- deep lingual artery
Post 13rd --dorsal lingual artery
NERVE SUPPLY;
Glossopharengeal nerve
Lingual nerve
Chorda tympani.
Vagus nerve
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67. EFFECT OF AGING ON THE ORAL MUCOSA
HISTOLOGY
Epithelial thinning
Decreased keratinization
Less prominent rete pegs
Decreased cellular proliferation
Loss of submucosal elastin and fat
Increased fibrotic connective tissue with
degenerative alteration in the collagen.
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68.
These changes in the histology of oral mucosa are more
marked in women especially post menopausal.
Vascular changes in the oral mucosa include the
development of vascular nodules and nevi.
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69.
Wound healing and regeneration of tissue may be delayed
with age. Oral mucosal immunity is also believed to undergo
some age related changes. The number of langerhan’s cells
decreases with age which contributes to a decline in cell
medicated immunity.
This decrease in rate of wound healing is more pronounced
in connective tissue than epithelium.
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70. AGING IN GINGIVA
With the aging there is decreased
keratinization and stippling
Though gingival recession increases with age
it is not necessary a physiologic process.
There is decreased width of attached
gingival with constant relocation of the
mucogingival junction throughout the adult
life.
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71.
There is stiffening of the walls of the
blood vessels and decrease in their
diameter due to arthrosclerosis.
Decreased connective tissue cellularity
and oxygen consumption.
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72. BEHAVIOUR OF ORAL MUCOSA
UNDER STRESS
Oral mucosa under compression behaves in a
viscoelastic fashion.
Loads imposed on masticatory mucosa – mastication &
prosthesis consists of shear & compressive force, they
produce regions of tensile stress in mucosa
Loaded epithelium demonstrates decrease in the depth
of epithelial ridges & connective tissue papillae
Care to be taken during impression procedures by
applying minimal pressures.
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76. SOFT TISSUE HYPERPLSIA
Rolls of hyperplastic tissues under denture
base
Due to bone resorbtion, with lesion filling the
space under denture base.
Develops slowly, painless.
Rx
Surgical removal.
New dentures.
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77. PAPILLARY HYPERPLASIA
Granular type of inflammation seen in palatal region.
numerous papillary projections give a warty appearance.
They show precancerous tendencies
Rx Surgery
Discontinue denture wearing
New dentures
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79. DENTURE STOMATITIS
SYMPTOMS;
Redness of the tissue.
Pain.
Burning sensation
Rx;
Discontinue denture wearing .
good oral hygiene procedures
Anti fugal Rx ( if candidal inf)
New dentures.
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80. CONTACT STOMATITIS
Certain individuals react to materials & drugs
differently than others do.
In oral cavity it is termed as contact stomatitis.
Marked redness in limited area contact with
acrylic partial denture.
Such contact sensitivity is
rare.
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81. CANDIDIASIS
Usually seen in,
Unclean mouth.
Debilitated patients
Systemic disease such as diabetes.
Unhygienic conditions will facilitate the
candidal growth.
SYMPTOMS;
Redness with pain.
Swelling of the denture supporting tissue.
Rx Discard the existing denture.
Anti fungal therapy.
New dentures.
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82. ANGULAR CHELITIS.
SIGNS;
Bilateral lesion that develops at the angle of the
lips.
Deep fissure or crack may be seen.
Appear ulcerated.
Exudatve crust may be present.
Rx;
Anti fungal therapy.
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89. SUMMARY
The oral mucosa consists of stratified
squamous epithelium followed by Lamina
propria & Submucosa.
The structure varies according to function
in different regions they can be classified
as – Masticatory mucosa
Lining mucosa
Specialized mucosa
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90. CONCLUSION
The dentures must function in harmony with the
remaining tissues that both support and
surround them .
For this harmony of living tissues & non living
materials (dentures) to coexist for reasonable
period of time, the dentist must fully understand
both the macroscopic & microscopic anatomy of
supporting & limiting structures of dentures.
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91. REFERENCES
1.A.R.Tencate -Oral Histology
,Development ,Structure and Function -- 6th
Edition
2.Anne M R, Ming C Lee Grants atlas of
anatomy 10th Edition.
3.Bouchers –Prosthodontic treatment for
edentulous patients 10th & 11th Edition
4.B.K.B .Bercovitz , Color atlas & text of oral
anatomy .
5.Bernard .L. The anatomical basis of dentistry.
2nd Edition.
6.Colby, Kerr Color atlas of oral pathology. 4th
Edition
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