Operation research began during World War II when scientists from various fields worked together to analyze military operations and strategies. This interdisciplinary approach proved highly successful. After the war, operation research was applied to problems in industry, trade, agriculture, and other economic fields. Operation research uses scientific techniques to analyze complex systems and provide optimal solutions to problems, taking into account overall objectives and constraints. It aims to give decision-makers a quantitative basis for decisions. Some common applications include production scheduling, inventory management, and transportation optimization.

1. Operation Research
By : TRISHA MIRCHANDANI

2. Operation Research is concerned with the application of the principles and the methods of science to
the problems of strategy.
The subject of operation research was born during Second World War in U.K., and was used for
military strategy. During World War II, a group of scientists, having representatives from
mathematics, statistics, physical and social sciences were entrusted to the study of various military
operations. This team was very successful and greatly contributed to the meticulous handling of
entire operation and related problems of the operation.
The need for assigning such studies for operations arose because military strategies and their
decisions become so important and costly and therefore, the best scientists, under the
sponsorship of military organs were grouped together to provide quantitative information’s by
adopting scientific techniques and methods for facilitating in taking decisions.
After the World War II, it was started applying in the fields of industry, trade, agriculture,
planning and various other fields of economy.

3. The operation research can be defined as:
Definitions:
It is the application of scientific methods, techniques and tools to problems involving the operations of a
system so as to provide those in the control of the system with optimum solutions to the problems.
Operation Research is a tool for taking decisions which searches for the optimum results in parity with
the overall objectives and constraints of the organization.
O.R. is a scientific method of providing executive department with a quantitative basis of decisions
regarding the operations under their control.
It can be used for solving different types of problems, such as:
• Problems dealing with the waiting line, the arrival of units or persons requiring service.
• Problems dealing with the allocation of material or activities among limited facilities.
• Equipment replacement problems.
• Problems dealing with transportations.
• problems dealing with Sequencing
• Problems dealing with production processing i.e., production control and material shipment.

4. Main characteristics of operations research (O.R.) are follows:
(i) Inter-Disciplinary Team Approach:
This requires an inter-disciplinary team including individuals with skills in mathematics, statistics, economics,
engineering, material sciences, computer etc.
(ii) Wholistic Approach to the System:
While evaluating any decision, the important interactions and their impact on the whole organisation against
the functions originally involved are reviewed.
(iii) Methodological Approach:
O.R. utilizes the scientific method to solve the problem
(iv) Objective Approach:
O.R. attempts to find the best or optimal solution to the problem under consideration, taking into account the
goals of the organization

9. ROLE OF OPERATION RESEARCH
• 1. Enhanced productivity
• Operations research helps in improving the productivity of the organizations. Operations
controls provide significant information to the managers before making an important
decision. It helps in making small decisions for important decisions for an organization.
Many organizations make the use of simulation operations research methods to enhance
their productivity by applying different combinations.
• It also helps in performing day-to-day tasks like inventory control, workforce planning,
expansion of the business, installation, and up-gradation of technology. Effective and
accurate decision making helps in improving the productivity of the organization

10. 2.Improved coordination
Operations research improves the coordination between different departments and employees of
an organization. Because operations research focuses on the whole organization and does not focus on
one department.
As a result of that, managers of each department know what they should do to achieve a common
objective of the organization. Therefore, managers of different departments can coordinate with one
another better when solutions are applied to all the departments altogether.
3. Lower risks of failure
Operations research lowers the chances of failure as with the help of operations, and research managers
get to know about all the alternative solutions for a single problem.
All risks associated with a solution are analyzed before implementing it. As a result of which the risk of
failure reduces unless something unexpected event takes place.
4. Control on the system
Operations research helps in redefining the control of a system. Operations research provides in-depth
knowledge about a particular action, which allows managers to take better control of the work. They can
control their subordinates in a better way and can make the most relevant job done on priority.

11. Disadvantages of operation research
• 1. costly
The first and foremost disadvantage of operations research is its high cost. The
operations research works on mathematical equations that require expensive
technology to create them. In addition to this, experts are needed to perform
simulations.
All of this might provide effective solutions but at a very high cost. Organizations
with a small budget can be adopted operations research because of its high cost of
implementation.

12. 2. Technology dependent
Another limitation of operations research is its technology dependence. The mathematical equations
can only be analyzed on computers. Its relies on technology makes it a non-popular choice of
managers.
3. Dependence on experts
A team of experts is required to perform operations research. There are various factors associated
with this, which makes operations research an unpopular choice for management.
For example, the solutions will not be effective and can’t be implemented if there is a communication
gap between managers and OR experts. Besides this, all solutions will become useless and might
cause loss rather than benefit if the 3wrong information is shared with the experts.
4. Unquantifiable factors
The effectiveness of solutions developed using operations research largely depends on the various
factors. It is easy to measure quantifiable factors and use them for the operations research, but the
problem arises when important factors are in unquantifiable form.