# Operating system
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An operating system manages all the hardware and software on a computer system. It controls files, devices, memory, processing time, user access, and executes commands or provides error messages. An operating system provides an environment for other programs to do useful work, similar to a government. It consists of subsystem managers that monitor resources, enforce policies on resource allocation and deallocation.
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Operating Systems
The document discusses different types of operating systems including desktop operating systems, server operating systems, and mobile operating systems. Desktop operating systems are recommended for personal use by different groups for reasons like ease of use, stability, and capabilities. Server operating systems are designed for multi-user environments and provide security, stability, and collaboration for applications like file sharing, web services, and email. Mobile operating systems control functions on devices like phones and tablets, with examples being Android and iOS.
History of Operating system
Before operating systems, computers were programmed by manually rewiring circuits and loading programs with punch cards or tape. The first operating systems allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously by having a "boss" program control memory and processor time. Early operating systems for personal computers included MS-DOS, which was controlled by typing commands, and later systems introduced graphical user interfaces controlled by a mouse. Major operating systems developed included Windows, Mac OS, Android and iOS.
Operating systems Basics
This document discusses computer operating systems. It defines an operating system as a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It notes that operating systems are necessary because without them, every program would need full hardware specifications and drivers to run correctly. The document then outlines the history of major operating systems from the 1950s to present day, including UNIX, Mac OS, Windows, Linux, Android and iOS. It also discusses the components of an operating system and how they have evolved from early command line interfaces to modern graphical user interfaces.
Operating systems By Awais
The document discusses different types of application software including spreadsheets, graphic presentations, and database management systems. It provides examples of common programs for each type like Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets and Microsoft Access for databases. It also covers operating systems, describing their functions such as allocating memory and controlling input/output devices. The evolution of operating systems is summarized from batch processing to timesharing and distributed systems. Key aspects of batch processing, multiprogramming, and timesharing systems are highlighted.
Difference between various operating systems on the basis of single user ,mul...
Anita Kumari compares single user, multi-user, and network operating systems. Single user OS allows one user to use programs simultaneously, while multi-user OS allows regulated access for multiple users simultaneously. Network OS establishes connections between workstations and file servers to allow resources like files and printers to be shared over a network. It adds functions for multiple concurrent users to access shared resources. Examples of single user OS are Windows and DOS, multi-user include UNIX and Linux, and network OS involve Novell NetWare and Windows NT.
Kernels and its types
The document discusses kernels and their responsibilities. Kernels are the core component of an operating system that controls processes, memory management, I/O devices, and acts as an interface between hardware and applications. Kernels can take different forms such as monolithic kernels that run all services in the kernel space or micro kernels that separate services into user-space servers that communicate via messages. Hybrid kernels combine aspects of monolithic and micro kernels.
Operating Systems
The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS) including:
- An OS manages a computer's memory, processes, software, and hardware to allow users to operate the computer without specialized technical knowledge. The three most common OS for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.
- Microsoft Windows is the most widely used OS in the world. It comes preloaded on most new PCs. Mac OS X is Apple's proprietary OS that comes preloaded on all Mac computers.
- In addition to desktop OS, there are mobile OS designed specifically for phones, tablets, and other portable devices. Popular examples include Apple iOS, Google Android, and Windows Phone.
Introduction to Operating Systems
The document discusses the core components of an operating system including the hardware, kernel, shell, user applications, and describes the functions of the process manager, memory manager, network manager, device manager, and file manager. It also provides information about various operating systems such as UNIX, Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android and iOS.
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Operating Systems
The document discusses different types of operating systems including desktop operating systems, server operating systems, and mobile operating systems. Desktop operating systems are recommended for personal use by different groups for reasons like ease of use, stability, and capabilities. Server operating systems are designed for multi-user environments and provide security, stability, and collaboration for applications like file sharing, web services, and email. Mobile operating systems control functions on devices like phones and tablets, with examples being Android and iOS.
History of Operating system
Before operating systems, computers were programmed by manually rewiring circuits and loading programs with punch cards or tape. The first operating systems allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously by having a "boss" program control memory and processor time. Early operating systems for personal computers included MS-DOS, which was controlled by typing commands, and later systems introduced graphical user interfaces controlled by a mouse. Major operating systems developed included Windows, Mac OS, Android and iOS.
Operating systems Basics
This document discusses computer operating systems. It defines an operating system as a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It notes that operating systems are necessary because without them, every program would need full hardware specifications and drivers to run correctly. The document then outlines the history of major operating systems from the 1950s to present day, including UNIX, Mac OS, Windows, Linux, Android and iOS. It also discusses the components of an operating system and how they have evolved from early command line interfaces to modern graphical user interfaces.
Operating systems By Awais
The document discusses different types of application software including spreadsheets, graphic presentations, and database management systems. It provides examples of common programs for each type like Microsoft Excel for spreadsheets and Microsoft Access for databases. It also covers operating systems, describing their functions such as allocating memory and controlling input/output devices. The evolution of operating systems is summarized from batch processing to timesharing and distributed systems. Key aspects of batch processing, multiprogramming, and timesharing systems are highlighted.
Difference between various operating systems on the basis of single user ,mul...
Anita Kumari compares single user, multi-user, and network operating systems. Single user OS allows one user to use programs simultaneously, while multi-user OS allows regulated access for multiple users simultaneously. Network OS establishes connections between workstations and file servers to allow resources like files and printers to be shared over a network. It adds functions for multiple concurrent users to access shared resources. Examples of single user OS are Windows and DOS, multi-user include UNIX and Linux, and network OS involve Novell NetWare and Windows NT.
Kernels and its types
The document discusses kernels and their responsibilities. Kernels are the core component of an operating system that controls processes, memory management, I/O devices, and acts as an interface between hardware and applications. Kernels can take different forms such as monolithic kernels that run all services in the kernel space or micro kernels that separate services into user-space servers that communicate via messages. Hybrid kernels combine aspects of monolithic and micro kernels.
Operating Systems
The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS) including:
- An OS manages a computer's memory, processes, software, and hardware to allow users to operate the computer without specialized technical knowledge. The three most common OS for personal computers are Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.
- Microsoft Windows is the most widely used OS in the world. It comes preloaded on most new PCs. Mac OS X is Apple's proprietary OS that comes preloaded on all Mac computers.
- In addition to desktop OS, there are mobile OS designed specifically for phones, tablets, and other portable devices. Popular examples include Apple iOS, Google Android, and Windows Phone.
Introduction to Operating Systems
The document discusses the core components of an operating system including the hardware, kernel, shell, user applications, and describes the functions of the process manager, memory manager, network manager, device manager, and file manager. It also provides information about various operating systems such as UNIX, Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android and iOS.
I T V E T A S S I G N M E N T K N O W Y O U R P C 18 5 07
The document discusses the functions of computer operating systems and their relationship to hardware and application programs. It describes the boot process, differences between computer platforms and their operating systems, and includes a block diagram of computer components. The operating system manages hardware and software resources, and application programs perform tasks for the user. Hardware is the physical parts, while software runs within.
Operating system and its types
all types of computer operating system and its types with explanation and examples
BY:- Vimal Kumar Arora
Operating system
The document discusses operating systems, including their definition, structure, features, types, advantages and disadvantages. It defines an operating system as software that manages computer hardware resources. Operating systems provide a user interface, coordinate tasks, establish internet connections and more. They have a kernel at the core and a user interface. Features include being graphical, supporting multiple users, tasks, processors and threads. Types include standalone, server and embedded operating systems. The best operating systems of 2013 are discussed as Ubuntu, Windows 8, Macintosh, Windows 7 and Linux Mint.
Operating system architecture
A short explanation of Architecture of operating system. In this slide i explain about monolithic OS , layer OS, microkernel OS and networked and distributed OS with their architecture.
Operating Systems
The document traces the evolution of operating systems from the earliest centralized computers that had no operating system to modern operating systems like Windows. It notes that early computers were controlled directly by users through dials and switches with programs run sequentially. It then discusses the development of early operating systems like those for Microsoft Windows, listing versions like Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 10. The document concludes by observing how far operating systems have come from their origins and credits contributors.
Linux process management
The document discusses Linux process management and the life cycle of a process. It explains that a process is an instance of execution that uses system resources to complete its task. The life cycle includes process creation through a fork system call, copying of the program code through exec, termination with exit, and removal after the parent process is notified via wait. It also defines a thread as a parallel execution unit within a single process that can share resources.
Os
The three main purposes of an operating system are:
1. To provide a convenient environment for users to execute programs on computer hardware.
2. To allocate computer resources needed to execute programs safely and without affecting other users or the OS.
3. To provide a foundation for evolution to future services while still supporting existing services.
Operating Systems
- Why Learn Operating Systems
- Operating System Definitions
- Types Of Operating Systems
- OS Functions/Features
- Buzzwords : Virtual Memory, File Allocation Table, Buffer Work, Device Driver, System requirements, Kernel, Command-line
- Key Players : Windows, Mac, Linux
- Comparison
Types of Operating System
This document discusses different types of operating systems including embedded, stand-alone, and server/network operating systems. It provides examples of embedded operating systems like Windows Embedded CE, Windows Phone 7, iPhone OS, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS. Examples of stand-alone operating systems given are DOS, Macintosh OS, Windows 2000 Professional, and Windows 7. Server/network operating systems examples include Netware, Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, UNIX, Linux, and Solaris.
Voltage suppler..
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
Chap 2(const var-datatype)
This document discusses constants, variables, and data types in C programming. It defines tokens and keywords as the basic units, and explains constants and variables as values that either remain fixed or can change. Various data types are covered, including primary, user-defined, and derived types, along with modifiers that alter storage capacity. Rules for variable names and declarations are provided. The document also discusses assigning values to variables through constants, multiple assignments, and initialization.
Chap 8(strings)
This document discusses handling character strings in C. It describes declaring string variables as character arrays with size equal to maximum length plus one for null character. Strings can be read using scanf with %s and written using printf with %s. Common string functions are described, including strcat to concatenate strings, strcmp to compare strings, strcpy to copy strings, and strlen to determine string length.
2. electric field calculation
The electric force between two charged particles is:
- Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
- Directed along the line joining the particles
- Attractive if charges have opposite signs, repulsive if the same
The electric field E at a point is defined as the electric force on a positive test charge at that point divided by the magnitude of the test charge. Electric field lines are drawn tangent to the field, with a higher density of lines indicating a greater field magnitude.
1. thermoelec
Thermal electromotive force (EMF) is generated when dissimilar metals touch, creating a small voltage. The thermoelectric effect directly converts temperature differences into voltage and vice versa. Specifically, the Seebeck effect produces a voltage when two different conductors or semiconductors have a temperature difference at their junction, proportional to the temperature difference. This physical principle is used in thermocouples for temperature measurement. The Peltier effect involves heating or cooling at the junction of two conductors when an electric current passes through.
Number system
The document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It defines the base of a number system as the number of digits used. To convert between systems, integers are divided successively by the new base until the quotient is zero, while fractions and exponents are multiplied successively by the new base until the fractional part is zero. Common number systems include decimal with base 10 using digits 0-9, binary with base 2 using digits 0-1, octal with base 8 using digits 0-7, and hexadecimal with base 16 using digits 0-9 and A-F.
Chap 9(functions)
User-defined functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in C like printf() and user-defined functions created by the programmer. A function is defined with a return type, name, and parameters. Functions can call other functions and be called from main or other functions. Parameters can be passed by value, where the value is copied, or by reference, where the address is passed so changes to the parameter are reflected in the caller. Functions allow for modularity and code reuse.
Chap 13(dynamic memory allocation)
Chap 13(dynamic memory allocation)Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation and linked lists. It describes functions like malloc, calloc, free, and realloc for allocating and releasing memory at runtime. It also explains the concepts of linked lists, where each node contains data and a pointer to the next node, allowing flexible growth and rearrangement but slower random access than arrays.Magnetism 2
- Faraday's experiment demonstrated that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor. He showed this by inducing currents in a secondary coil wrapped around a ring using the changing magnetic field from a primary coil with a switch-controlled current.
- Faraday's law of induction states that the induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. A changing magnetic field induces currents that oppose the change according to Lenz's law.
- Examples are given demonstrating how Lenz's law predicts the direction of induced currents based on producing a magnetic field that opposes the change causing it.
Chap 11(pointers)
Pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable. Pointers are useful for accessing variables outside functions, efficiently handling data tables, reducing program length/complexity, and increasing execution speed. Pointers are declared with a data type followed by an asterisk and can be initialized by assigning the address of a variable. The value at a pointer's address is accessed with an asterisk. Pointers can access elements in arrays and strings. They can also access members of structures. Pointers provide a flexible way to handle one and two dimensional arrays as well as strings of varying lengths.
Magnetism
The document summarizes key concepts about magnetism and magnetic fields from the physics textbook "Physics II" by Robert Resnick and David Halliday.
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the historical discoveries of magnetism dating back to ancient Greece and China. It then explains the fundamental properties of magnetic fields such as magnetic poles, the magnetic force on moving charges, and the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields as described by the Biot-Savart law and Ampere's law. Several examples are also provided to illustrate how to calculate magnetic fields generated by straight wires and solenoids.
Chap 12(files)
This document discusses file input/output (I/O) operations in C programming. It covers opening, closing, reading from and writing to files. Specific file I/O functions covered include fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc(), getw(), putw(), fprintf(), fscanf(), feof(), ferror(), fseek(), ftell(), and rewind(). Error handling during file I/O and random access to files using functions like fseek() are also discussed. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading integer and mixed data types from files and writing data to files.
Chap 10(structure and unions)
Structures allow grouping of related data types together under one name. A structure defines members of different data types. Structure variables can be declared to access members using dot operator. Arrays of structures can be defined to represent multiple records. Structures can be nested by defining a structure as a member of another structure. Unions are similar to structures but share same memory space for members rather than each occupying own space like in structures.
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I T V E T A S S I G N M E N T K N O W Y O U R P C 18 5 07
The document discusses the functions of computer operating systems and their relationship to hardware and application programs. It describes the boot process, differences between computer platforms and their operating systems, and includes a block diagram of computer components. The operating system manages hardware and software resources, and application programs perform tasks for the user. Hardware is the physical parts, while software runs within.
Operating system and its types
all types of computer operating system and its types with explanation and examples
BY:- Vimal Kumar Arora
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The document discusses operating systems, including their definition, structure, features, types, advantages and disadvantages. It defines an operating system as software that manages computer hardware resources. Operating systems provide a user interface, coordinate tasks, establish internet connections and more. They have a kernel at the core and a user interface. Features include being graphical, supporting multiple users, tasks, processors and threads. Types include standalone, server and embedded operating systems. The best operating systems of 2013 are discussed as Ubuntu, Windows 8, Macintosh, Windows 7 and Linux Mint.
Operating system architecture
A short explanation of Architecture of operating system. In this slide i explain about monolithic OS , layer OS, microkernel OS and networked and distributed OS with their architecture.
Operating Systems
The document traces the evolution of operating systems from the earliest centralized computers that had no operating system to modern operating systems like Windows. It notes that early computers were controlled directly by users through dials and switches with programs run sequentially. It then discusses the development of early operating systems like those for Microsoft Windows, listing versions like Windows XP, Vista, and Windows 10. The document concludes by observing how far operating systems have come from their origins and credits contributors.
Linux process management
The document discusses Linux process management and the life cycle of a process. It explains that a process is an instance of execution that uses system resources to complete its task. The life cycle includes process creation through a fork system call, copying of the program code through exec, termination with exit, and removal after the parent process is notified via wait. It also defines a thread as a parallel execution unit within a single process that can share resources.
Os
The three main purposes of an operating system are:
1. To provide a convenient environment for users to execute programs on computer hardware.
2. To allocate computer resources needed to execute programs safely and without affecting other users or the OS.
3. To provide a foundation for evolution to future services while still supporting existing services.
Operating Systems
- Why Learn Operating Systems
- Operating System Definitions
- Types Of Operating Systems
- OS Functions/Features
- Buzzwords : Virtual Memory, File Allocation Table, Buffer Work, Device Driver, System requirements, Kernel, Command-line
- Key Players : Windows, Mac, Linux
- Comparison
Types of Operating System
This document discusses different types of operating systems including embedded, stand-alone, and server/network operating systems. It provides examples of embedded operating systems like Windows Embedded CE, Windows Phone 7, iPhone OS, Google Android, Embedded Linux, and Symbian OS. Examples of stand-alone operating systems given are DOS, Macintosh OS, Windows 2000 Professional, and Windows 7. Server/network operating systems examples include Netware, Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, UNIX, Linux, and Solaris.
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Voltage suppler..
This project report summarizes the construction of a 5 volt DC voltage regulator circuit using common electronic components like the LM7805 voltage regulator IC, a step-down transformer, diodes, capacitors and resistors. The circuit works by stepping down the 220V AC input voltage using the transformer. The rectified DC output is filtered and regulated by the 7805 IC to provide a stable 5V DC output. Detailed descriptions and specifications of the key components used in the circuit like the transformer, regulator IC, diodes and capacitors are provided.
Chap 2(const var-datatype)
This document discusses constants, variables, and data types in C programming. It defines tokens and keywords as the basic units, and explains constants and variables as values that either remain fixed or can change. Various data types are covered, including primary, user-defined, and derived types, along with modifiers that alter storage capacity. Rules for variable names and declarations are provided. The document also discusses assigning values to variables through constants, multiple assignments, and initialization.
Chap 8(strings)
This document discusses handling character strings in C. It describes declaring string variables as character arrays with size equal to maximum length plus one for null character. Strings can be read using scanf with %s and written using printf with %s. Common string functions are described, including strcat to concatenate strings, strcmp to compare strings, strcpy to copy strings, and strlen to determine string length.
2. electric field calculation
The electric force between two charged particles is:
- Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
- Directed along the line joining the particles
- Attractive if charges have opposite signs, repulsive if the same
The electric field E at a point is defined as the electric force on a positive test charge at that point divided by the magnitude of the test charge. Electric field lines are drawn tangent to the field, with a higher density of lines indicating a greater field magnitude.
1. thermoelec
Thermal electromotive force (EMF) is generated when dissimilar metals touch, creating a small voltage. The thermoelectric effect directly converts temperature differences into voltage and vice versa. Specifically, the Seebeck effect produces a voltage when two different conductors or semiconductors have a temperature difference at their junction, proportional to the temperature difference. This physical principle is used in thermocouples for temperature measurement. The Peltier effect involves heating or cooling at the junction of two conductors when an electric current passes through.
Number system
The document discusses different number systems including decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal. It defines the base of a number system as the number of digits used. To convert between systems, integers are divided successively by the new base until the quotient is zero, while fractions and exponents are multiplied successively by the new base until the fractional part is zero. Common number systems include decimal with base 10 using digits 0-9, binary with base 2 using digits 0-1, octal with base 8 using digits 0-7, and hexadecimal with base 16 using digits 0-9 and A-F.
Chap 9(functions)
User-defined functions allow programmers to break programs into smaller, reusable parts. There are two types of functions: built-in functions that are predefined in C like printf() and user-defined functions created by the programmer. A function is defined with a return type, name, and parameters. Functions can call other functions and be called from main or other functions. Parameters can be passed by value, where the value is copied, or by reference, where the address is passed so changes to the parameter are reflected in the caller. Functions allow for modularity and code reuse.
Chap 13(dynamic memory allocation)
Chap 13(dynamic memory allocation)Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
This document discusses dynamic memory allocation and linked lists. It describes functions like malloc, calloc, free, and realloc for allocating and releasing memory at runtime. It also explains the concepts of linked lists, where each node contains data and a pointer to the next node, allowing flexible growth and rearrangement but slower random access than arrays.Magnetism 2
- Faraday's experiment demonstrated that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor. He showed this by inducing currents in a secondary coil wrapped around a ring using the changing magnetic field from a primary coil with a switch-controlled current.
- Faraday's law of induction states that the induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit. A changing magnetic field induces currents that oppose the change according to Lenz's law.
- Examples are given demonstrating how Lenz's law predicts the direction of induced currents based on producing a magnetic field that opposes the change causing it.
Chap 11(pointers)
Pointer is a variable that holds the address of another variable. Pointers are useful for accessing variables outside functions, efficiently handling data tables, reducing program length/complexity, and increasing execution speed. Pointers are declared with a data type followed by an asterisk and can be initialized by assigning the address of a variable. The value at a pointer's address is accessed with an asterisk. Pointers can access elements in arrays and strings. They can also access members of structures. Pointers provide a flexible way to handle one and two dimensional arrays as well as strings of varying lengths.
Magnetism
The document summarizes key concepts about magnetism and magnetic fields from the physics textbook "Physics II" by Robert Resnick and David Halliday.
In 3 sentences:
The document discusses the historical discoveries of magnetism dating back to ancient Greece and China. It then explains the fundamental properties of magnetic fields such as magnetic poles, the magnetic force on moving charges, and the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields as described by the Biot-Savart law and Ampere's law. Several examples are also provided to illustrate how to calculate magnetic fields generated by straight wires and solenoids.
Chap 12(files)
This document discusses file input/output (I/O) operations in C programming. It covers opening, closing, reading from and writing to files. Specific file I/O functions covered include fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc(), getw(), putw(), fprintf(), fscanf(), feof(), ferror(), fseek(), ftell(), and rewind(). Error handling during file I/O and random access to files using functions like fseek() are also discussed. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading integer and mixed data types from files and writing data to files.
Chap 10(structure and unions)
Structures allow grouping of related data types together under one name. A structure defines members of different data types. Structure variables can be declared to access members using dot operator. Arrays of structures can be defined to represent multiple records. Structures can be nested by defining a structure as a member of another structure. Unions are similar to structures but share same memory space for members rather than each occupying own space like in structures.
Chap 7(array)
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines an array as a group of related data items that share a common name, with each item indicated by an index number. One-dimensional arrays can be represented with a single subscript, while multi-dimensional arrays use multiple subscripts to reference elements by row and column. The document also covers declaring, initializing, and accessing arrays, including examples of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and multi-dimensional arrays in C.
2. sinusoidal waves
1) Alternating current (AC) refers to sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. AC can be generated from sources like AC generators, wind turbines, hydroelectric power plants, and solar panels.
2) Key characteristics of AC waveforms include instantaneous value, peak amplitude, peak value, peak-to-peak value, period, frequency, phase, and whether they are periodic.
3) Sinusoidal waves can be expressed as v = Vm sin(ωt+θ), where Vm is the peak amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and θ is the phase. The phase relationship between two sinusoidal waves indicates whether one leads or lags the other.
Chap 5(decision making-branching)
Chap 5(decision making-branching)Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
The document discusses different control statements in C including if, switch, and goto statements. It describes the basic syntax and usage of simple if statements, if/else statements, nested if/else statements, else if ladders, and switch statements. Key details include that if statements control program flow based on conditions, switch statements allow multi-way decisions by comparing an expression to case values, and break statements in switch cases determine where control transfers after each block.Optical fiber communication in bangladesh ppt
Optical fiber communication in bangladesh pptBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University
The presentation discusses optical fiber communication (OFC) in Bangladesh. It provides an overview of OFC, including how Bangladesh first connected to an international gateway, the companies using the gateway, and when OFC was first introduced. It describes the SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable connecting Bangladesh to other countries, and how many companies in Bangladesh use OFC. The presentation outlines the past and present layout of OFC systems, their uses, and the future potential of OFC in Bangladesh.Antenna (2)
- Antennas convert electric currents into radio waves and vice versa. They are used in various technologies including radio, television, mobile phones, WiFi, and radar.
- The first antennas were built in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. Modern antennas come in different types for applications like broadcasting, communications, and space exploration.
- Antennas work by using an oscillating current to generate oscillating electric and magnetic fields that propagate as radio waves. During reception, the antenna intercepts some power from incoming radio waves to produce a voltage for the receiver.
1. rc rl-rlc
1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC.
2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value.
3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.
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This document provides an overview of the UNIX operating system, including its history, features, basic structure, and commands. UNIX was created in 1969 at AT&T's Bell Labs and has undergone several revisions. It is a multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that runs on various hardware platforms. The kernel allocates resources and the shell acts as the interface between the user and kernel. Common UNIX commands allow users to navigate the file system, view and edit files, and manage the operating system.
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UNIX is an operating system created in 1969 at Bell Labs. It has a kernel that allocates resources and schedules tasks. There are multiple ways to access a UNIX system through terminals or logging in with a username and password. UNIX is a multi-user, multi-tasking system that is portable across hardware. It has advantages like networking capabilities and security but also disadvantages like a cryptic command line interface. Common UNIX commands include ls to list files, cat to view files, and grep to search files.
Computer software (Introduction to OS)
System software consists of programs that control computer operations and interface with users and hardware. There are two main types: operating systems and utility programs. Operating systems coordinate activities, support other software, manage hardware/memory/files, and enable user communication. Popular examples are DOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Unix, and Windows XP. Utility programs allow maintenance tasks like formatting disks. The operating system loads during startup and provides the user interface, manages data/programs, allocates memory, and configures devices.
Neha ict project
The document provides information about operating systems and Windows. It discusses:
- The basic components and functions of an operating system including managing resources and providing common services.
- The parts of the Windows screen including the desktop, start menu, taskbar, icons. It describes how to open programs, find program groups and start programs.
- Different types of operating systems such as real-time, multi-user, multi-tasking, distributed, embedded and mainframe operating systems.
- A brief history of the development of operating systems from mainframes to microcomputers and the introduction of Windows.
- Basic Windows accessories and how to work with documents in MS Word including creating, opening, saving,
Chapter 1 part 1
This document provides an overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system and describes its main functions like resource sharing and control of application programs. It discusses different OS architectures including monolithic, layered, and microkernel designs. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, multiprogramming, multitasking, multi-user, multiprocessing, and real-time operating systems.
Operating systems
The document discusses operating systems, describing them as software that enables computer programs to run by managing hardware resources and providing common services. It outlines the main functions of operating systems like memory management, I/O control, and file management. The evolution of operating systems is traced from early batch processing systems to time-sharing, personal computing, and distributed systems of today. Key innovations that enabled each phase are highlighted.
Presentation1
The document discusses several components of a computer system. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) which executes stored programs by fetching, decoding, and writing back instructions. It also mentions computer monitors which display images without producing a permanent record, using technologies like LCD or CRT. Finally, it provides brief overviews of computer software, the Internet Explorer web browser, and Microsoft Word word processing software.
OperatingSystem01..(B.SC Part 2)
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions, components, functions, and types. It discusses what an operating system is, its main components, and its key roles such as managing hardware resources, providing user interfaces, running application programs, and protecting system resources from unauthorized access. Different types of operating systems are also covered, from early batch processing and time-sharing systems to modern desktop, real-time, distributed, and mobile systems.
lecture:Operating Syste Ms
created by yeswanth.presentation on history of operating systems, Windows-7 and some more advantages of operating systems..........
INTRODUCTION CHAP. 1 complete access to all the hardware and can.docx
The document discusses the history of operating systems and their evolution alongside computer hardware. Early computers in the 1940s-1950s used vacuum tubes and had no operating systems - programming was done directly in machine language by rewiring circuits on plugboards. As computers grew in complexity, operating systems emerged to manage hardware resources and provide abstract interfaces to application programs. Modern operating systems run on vast amounts of code, manage numerous hardware devices and users, and allow multiple programs to run simultaneously through timesharing and virtual memory techniques.
Operating system
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Unix shell program training
This document provides an overview of a 3-day winter training course on Unix and Shell Programming held in December 2011 at Delhi Technological University. The training covered 3 units: 1) Introduction to Unix, 2) Shell Scripting, and 3) Advanced Shell Scripting, Sed, and Awk. Unit 1 focused on the Unix operating system, commands, file system, and vi text editor. The instructor for the training was Divyashikha Sethia.
Operating system and its functions
The document discusses operating systems and their functions. It defines an operating system as the most important program that runs on a computer and performs basic tasks like managing system resources and running applications. The major functions of operating systems are providing an interface to the user, managing system resources, security and access rights, running applications, process management, memory management, and acting as an interface between the computer hardware and software. It also discusses different types of operating systems like real-time operating systems, distributed operating systems, Linux, Windows, and the graphical user interface.
Operating system
The document discusses operating systems, providing definitions and examples. It notes that an operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services for programs, and is required for applications to function. Popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. The document then gives a brief history of several operating systems, including GM-NAA I/O, Unix, MS-DOS, Mac OS, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, IOS, Android, Windows 7, and Windows 8. It concludes by describing some key components and features of operating systems, such as the kernel, program execution, modes, device drivers
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This document discusses different categories of software, including system software and application software. It provides examples of several current and old operating systems, including Microsoft Windows XP, Ubuntu, Apple Macintosh OS X, and Unix/Linux. The document explains that system software, also called the operating system, manages the computer hardware and allows it to function. Application software includes programs like OpenOffice that are not required for basic functioning but provide tools for working with user-created data and files. Hardware, software, and the human user all work together in the computer system.
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# Operating system
- 1. Prepared by Md. Amirul Islam Lecturer Department of Applied Physics & Electronics Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj – 8100
- 3. A computer system consists of software (programs) and hardware (the physical machine and its electronic components). The operating system software is the chief piece of software, the portion of the computing system that manages all of the hardware and all of the other software. To be specific, it controls every file, every device, every section of main memory, and every nanosecond of processing time. It controls who can use the system and how. In short, it’s the boss. Each time the user sends a command, the operating system must make sure that the command is executed; or, if it’s not executed, it must arrange for the user to get a message explaining the error. This doesn’t necessarily mean that the operating system executes the command or sends the error message—but it does control the parts of the system that do.
- 4. An operating system is similar to a government. Like a government, it performs no useful function by itself. It simply provides an environment within which other programs can do useful work.
- 5. Fig – 1: Model of a non-networked operating system shows four subsystem managers supporting the User Interface. Fig – 2: Networked systems have a Network Manager that assumes responsibility for networking tasks while working harmoniously with every other manager. The pyramid shown in Figure-1 is an abstract representation of an operating system and demonstrates how its major components work together. At the base of the pyramid are the four essential managers of every operating system. these managers are the basis of all operating systems.
- 6. Each of the subsystem managers, shown in Figure – 1 or Figure – 2, must perform the following tasks: • Monitor its resources continuously • Enforce the policies that determine who gets what, when, and how much • Allocate the resource when appropriate • De-allocate the resource when appropriate
- 10. MS DOS
- 11. UBUNTU
- 13. Mac OSX Mountain Lion
- 15. Xerox Alto, developed in 1973.
- 16. Xerox 8010 Star (released in 1981): It was known as “The Xerox Star”, later renamed “ViewPoint” and later again renamed to “GlobalView”.
- 17. Apple Lisa Office System 1 (released in 1983)
- 18. VisiCorp Visi On (released in 1984)
- 19. Mac OS System 1.0 (released in 1984)
- 20. Amiga Workbench 1.0 (released in 1985)
- 21. Windows 1.0x (released in 1985)
- 22. GEM (released in 1985)
- 23. IRIX 3 (released in 1986, first release 1984)
- 24. GEOS (released in 1986)
- 25. Windows 2.0x (released in 1987)
- 26. OS/2 1.x (released in 1988): OS/2 was originally co-developed by IBM and Microsoft, but in 1991 the two companies split up, with Microsoft incorporating the technology in its own Windows GUI and IBM developing OS/2 further.
- 27. NeXTSTEP / OPENSTEP 1.0 (released in 1989)
- 28. OS/2 1.20 (released in 1989)
- 29. Windows 3.0 (released in 1990)
- 30. Windows 3.0 (released in 1990)
- 31. Amiga Workbench 2.04 (released in 1991)
- 32. Mac OS System 7 (released in 1991)
- 33. Windows 3.1 (released in 1992)
- 34. OS/2 2.0 (released in 1992)
- 35. OS/2 2.0 (released in 1992)
- 36. OS/2 2.0 (released in 1992) [2]
- 37. Windows 95 (released in 1995)
- 38. Windows 95 (released in 1995) [2]
- 39. OS/2 Warp 4 (released in 1996)
- 40. OS/2 Warp 4 (released in 1996)
- 41. Mac OS System 8 (released in 1997)
- 42. Windows 98 (released in 1998)
- 43. KDE 1.0 (released in 1998): This is how the KDE team described the project upon releasing version 1.0: “KDE is a network transparent, contemporary desktop environment for UNIX workstations.
- 44. GNOME 1.0 (released in 1999): GNOME desktop was mainly developed for Red Hat Linux, later it was developed for other Linux distributors as well.
- 45. Mac OS X (released in 2001)
- 46. Windows XP (released in 2001)
- 47. KDE 3 (released in 2002)
- 48. Windows Vista (released in 2007)
- 49. Mac OS X Leopard (released in 2007)
- 52. Mac OSX Mountain Lion (released 2012)
- 53. Windows 8 (released 2012)