Flow Equations for sluice gate.Introduces different flow equations to students which are widely utilized for the design of sluice gates connected to open channel.This tutorial will help to understand and articulate the basic flow equation utilized by designers all over the world.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Flow Over A Sharp Crested Weir ExperimentFarhan Sadek
This slide gives a short overview on the experiment mentioned above of Fluid Mechanics (sessional) course which is generally taught in Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
Contents:
- Introduction
- Theoretical Background
- Methods
- Result
- Application
- Conclusion & Discussion
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
Flow Over A Sharp Crested Weir ExperimentFarhan Sadek
This slide gives a short overview on the experiment mentioned above of Fluid Mechanics (sessional) course which is generally taught in Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
Contents:
- Introduction
- Theoretical Background
- Methods
- Result
- Application
- Conclusion & Discussion
This presentation contains a general introduction of void ratio and its correlation with other soil properties (index and engineering properties).
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
The time required for the rain falling at the most distant point in the drainage area (i.e., on the fringe of the catchment ) to reach the concentration point is called the concentration time.
This is a very significant variable since only such storms of duration greater than the time of concentration will be able to produce runoff from the entire catchment area and cause high intensity floods.
The characteristics of the drainage net may be physically described by:
The number of streams
The length of streams
Stream density
Drainage density
The country’s annual renewable fresh water resources amount to some 122 BCM/yr in the twelve river basins.
However, only 3% remains in the country.
The rest, 97% is lost in runoff to the lowlands of neighboring countries.
Introduction to Ant Colony Optimization TechniquesMrinmoy Majumder
Ant Colony Optimization is a metaheuristic algorithm inspired by the foraging behavior of ants. It involves simulating the way ants communicate and cooperate to find the shortest path between their nest and a food source.
History of Ant Colony Optimization
Ant Colony Optimization was first introduced by Marco Dorigo in the early 1990s, drawing inspiration from the pheromone trails that ants use to communicate with each other. Since then, it has been successfully applied to various optimization problems in computer science and engineering. It has proven to be particularly useful in solving routing problems, such as the traveling salesman problem.
Ant Colony Optimisation has been used in a wide range of applications, including routing optimisation, scheduling problems, and vehicle routing. By mimicking the collaborative and decentralised nature of ant colonies, this algorithm has proven to be effective in finding optimal solutions to complex problems.
For example, in routing optimisation, Ant Colony optimisation can be used to find the most efficient path for data packets to travel through a network by simulating how ants find the shortest path to a food source. This can help improve network efficiency and reduce congestion. Additionally, in vehicle routing applications, the algorithm can be used to optimise delivery routes for multiple vehicles by mimicking how ants communicate and coordinate with each other to efficiently explore and exploit different routes. This can ultimately lead to cost savings and faster delivery times.
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Seven Metaheuristics to Learn for your Next Data Science Project
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Ten Ideas to open startups in smart agriculture.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Smart agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, refers to the integration of advanced technologies and data analytics in agricultural practices to enhance productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. It involves the use of sensors, drones, satellite imagery, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices to collect real-time data on soil conditions, weather patterns, crop growth, and livestock health. By analyzing this data, farmers can make informed decisions regarding irrigation schedules, fertilizer application, pest control measures, and overall resource management. This transformative approach to farming not only maximizes yields but also minimizes environmental impact by optimizing resource utilization and reducing waste.
Startups play a crucial role in the agricultural sector by driving innovation and introducing new technologies that can revolutionize farming practices. These startups bring fresh ideas and solutions to address the challenges faced by farmers, such as increasing productivity, reducing costs, and ensuring sustainable practices. With their agility and entrepreneurial spirit, startups can quickly adapt to market demands and collaborate with farmers to develop customized solutions that meet their specific needs. Additionally, startups can also create job opportunities in rural areas and contribute to economic growth in the agricultural sector.
The purpose of this essay is to explore the role of startups in revolutionizing farming practices and the potential benefits they bring to the agricultural sector. By introducing new technologies and innovative solutions, startups can help farmers overcome challenges and achieve greater productivity while promoting sustainability. Additionally, the essay aims to highlight how startups can contribute to rural development by creating job opportunities and driving economic growth in farming communities.
When was the first bottled drinking water sold.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Archimedes introduced fluid mechanics around 250 BC, stating the conservation of mass within a control volume for constant-density fluids. Isaac Newton described fluid viscosity in his 1687 Principia. Leonardo da Vinci studied fluid dynamics at Plato's Academy. The Reynolds theory explains the interaction between mass and viscosity in fluid mechanics.
Archimedes introduced fluid mechanics, an ancient Greek concept, around 250 BC. The first law of fluid mechanics, the conservation of mass, states that mass is conserved within a control volume for constant-density fluids. In his 1687 Principia, Isaac Newton, an ancient Greek, described fluid viscosity for the first time. Fluid dynamics can be traced back to Leonardo da Vinci, who studied at Plato's Academy. The Reynolds theory of fluid mechanics explains how mass and viscosity interact.
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Vulnerability Analysis of Wetlands under Changed Climate Scenarios with the h...Mrinmoy Majumder
Casestudy on Vulnerability Analysis of Wetlands under Changed Climate Scenarios with the help Water Cycle and Poly-Neural Networks.
Select the factors from literature and stakeholders survey to identify the most significant factors.
Separate these into two groups :
i)One group is for Reliability Enhancing Factors(R)
ii)Another group is for Risk Enhancing Factors(r)
Find the weightage of importance of each factors of each group with respect the impact of climate change on them. Use the Analytical Hierarchy Process Multi Criteria Decision Making method to determine the weightage. Here Climate Variables like Rainfall and Evapotranspiration can be selected as the criteria and all the factors as the alternative. Determine the weightage one group at a time.
Now place the sum of the value of the Reliability Enhancement Factors, (each multiplied with their weightage of importance) in Numerator and the sum of the value of Risk Enhancing Factor (each multiplied with their weightage of importance) in the Denominator.
To get the complete instructions enroll for the internshp at energyinstyle.website
1. The significance of addressing water and sanitation issues in developing countries: Explore how recent special issue calls for papers on water and sanitation reflect the urgent need to address these challenges in developing countries, where access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities is limited.
2. Examining innovative solutions:
3.Analyze the recent special issue calls for papers on water and sanitation to understand the emphasis on exploring innovative approaches and technologies that can improve access to clean water and sanitation facilities in developing countries.
4. Highlighting the impact on health and well-being: Shed light on the detrimental effects of inadequate water and sanitation on the health and well-being of individuals in developing countries. The special issue calls for papers aim to draw attention to the urgent need for action in order to prevent diseases and improve overall quality of life.
5. Encouraging collaboration and knowledge sharing: Emphasize the importance of collaboration between researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in finding sustainable solutions to water and sanitation challenges. The special issue calls for papers provide a platform for sharing knowledge, experiences, and best practices, fostering a global dialogue on addressing these pressing issues.
6. Promoting sustainable development goals: Discuss how the special issue calls for papers align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
7.Emerging technologies for improving water quality: Discuss the latest research trends highlighted in the most recent special issue calls for papers, focusing on innovative technologies that aim to enhance water treatment processes and ensure better-quality drinking water for communities worldwide.
8. Sustainable approaches
Special Issues are available in different journals
1. Develop a smart irrigation system that utilizes sensors and data analytics to optimize water usage in agricultural fields, reducing water waste and improving crop yields.
2. Create a platform that connects farmers with precision agriculture technologies, such as drones and satellite imagery, to provide real-time monitoring and analysis of crop health and productivity.
3. Design a mobile application that enables farmers to remotely monitor and control their farm operations, including temperature, humidity, and nutrient levels in greenhouse environments.
4. Build an automated livestock monitoring system
In agricultural fields, data analytics is being used to optimise water usage, reduce waste, and increase crop yields. This technology is being combined with precision agriculture technologies to enable farmers to remotely monitor and control their farm operations.
But this article is not about the above ideas of starting startups but something more innovative is discussed.
Explore the latest advancements in hydro and energy informatics with seven ne...Mrinmoy Majumder
These special issue calls provide a unique opportunity for researchers and practitioners to contribute their work and contribute to the growing body of knowledge in hydro and energy informatics. Don't miss out on this chance to showcase your research and make a significant impact in these rapidly evolving fields. Discover cutting-edge research in hydro and energy informatics through seven exciting special issue calls by leading academic journals in the field. These special issue calls offer a platform for experts to share their innovative findings and insights, fostering collaboration and pushing the boundaries of hydro and energy informatics. Embrace this opportunity to stay at the forefront of advancements and contribute to shaping the future of these dynamic disciplines.
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An introductory explanation regarding the water cycle algorihtm.Complete tutorial can be found at www.baiatra.ws.The Water Cycle Algorithm is a nature-inspired optimization algorithm that mimics the movement and transformation of water in the Earth's hydrological cycle. It is based on the principles of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. This algorithm has gained popularity in solving complex optimization problems due to its ability to efficiently explore and exploit search spaces.
This algorithm is another famous metaheuristics or nature-based optimization technique proposed by Ali Sadollah in the year of 2015.
This video is a part of the BOT Membership available at :
https://innovates.gumroad.com/l/optimization_techniques
Also, you can subscribe to me at hydrogeek@substack,
Participate in completing the course on Optimization at baipatra.ws or an internship on energyinstyle.website
What is the difference between Free and Paid Subscriber of HydroGeek Newslett...Mrinmoy Majumder
Free subscribers can only access Hydro Geek content for two weeks after it has been posted.Paid Subscribers do not have these limitations. Free subscribers are unable to leave comments on any of the posts, but paid subscribers can. The Restricted Post with premium content (posted just once per week) cannot be read by Free Subscribers. Paid Subscribers are permitted to notify our subscribers of their opportunities once per month.Free Subscribers lack this authorization, while Founding Members are permitted to post announcements twice a month. Paid subscribers also get a flat 25% discount on new publications like journals, books, and reports.
Ten Most Recognizable Case Studies of Using Outlier.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Outlier detection is a method used to identify outliers in data, such as power consumption in non-residential buildings, online leakage detection in water distribution systems, and efficient water quality prediction systems.
It is also used in healthcare fraud, coastal water temperature data, and monitoring water quality data.
The method has been applied in various case studies, such as a survey, healthcare fraud, and fault detection for circulating water pumps.
It is also used in acoustic feature-based leakage event detection for large-scale water distribution networks.
Five Ideas for opening startups in Virtual and Green WaterMrinmoy Majumder
Start-ups can offer services for identifying ideal locations for virtual and green water harvesting tanks. Real-time monitoring of water levels is provided, ensuring optimal water management. Water classifiers, developed using water quality sensors, separate green water from virtual water, ensuring automatic detection of water use. Leak detection in irrigation pipelines or water tanks can save thousands of dollars and prevent major disasters. Non-linear AI-based computer models can predict the availability of virtual and green water, ensuring the watershed is well-stocked. These services can help optimize water management and reduce costs associated with traditional water sources.
The National Sea Grant College Program and the Water Power Technologies Office announced projects in Alaska, Guam, and Hawaiʻi that will examine how the adoption of ocean renewable energy could support sustainable energy systems."
"For island and remote communities in the United States, developing resilient electricity infrastructure and energy systems can be fraught with challenges. These locations often rely on expensive, unreliable energy systems that are vulnerable to volatile energy supplies and costs, natural disasters, and impacts from climate change. That’s why the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) National Sea Grant College Program, in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Water Power Technologies Office, is supporting three projects in Alaska, Guam, and Hawaiʻi that will examine how adoption of ocean renewable energy could support sustainable energy systems. "
"Analysis by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) shows that over 45 percent of districts in India have undergone concerning changes to landscape."
"Cities, in particular, have witnessed disrupting natural drainage patterns and encroachment on vital water bodies such as lakes and ponds that were originally intended to absorb stormwater. For instance, Hyderabad, home to 400 lakes and 48 flood-abso..."
Groundwater is nature's insurance...World Bank Report
"As “nature’s insurance,” groundwater protects food security, reduces poverty, and boosts resilient economic growth, but the resource is threatened by overexploitation and pollution. High-level political action is needed to prioritize groundwater and align the private and social costs of its use. A new World Bank report considers the economic value of groundwater, the costs of misusing it, and the opportunities to leverage it more effectively."
"Revolutionary new Swiss 'water battery' will be one of Europe's main renewable sources of energy"
A Swiss company has built what is being called a giant water battery deep under the Alps that provides an energy storage capacity equivalent to 400,000 electric car batteries. It could be a game-changer.
Click to visit Energy in Style for more info about the News
Latest Jobs and Scholarship Opportunities
Professor in Food, Water, Energy Nexus
Northeastern University’s College of Arts, Media and Design (CAMD) invites applications for open-rank, tenured or tenure-track positions in the thematic area of Food, Water, Energy Nexus.
South Africa Evaluator (Water, Energy, and/or Agriculture Sectors)
"Dexis is recruiting for an evaluator based in the South Central African region, with experience in the water, energy, and/or food sectors to be part of the WE4F Evaluation Team. This opportunity is a short-term technical assistance (STTA) consultant position and is contingent on USAID approval."
PhD Opportunity // Energy-Water-Nexus - Development of a modelling framework for integrated energy and water planning in water-scarce countries
The Inst
What is next in AI ML Modeling of Water Resource Development.pdfMrinmoy Majumder
In recent years like all the other fields of studies, the application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI&ML) on water resource development projects has increased manifold.
For example :
Sukanya, S., and Sabu Joseph. "Climate change impacts on water resources: An overview." Visualization Techniques for Climate Change with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (2023): 55-76.
Kommadi, Bhagvan. "AI and ML Applications: 5G and 6G." (2023).
Joseph, Kiran, Ashok K. Sharma, Rudi van Staden, P. L. P. Wasantha, Jason Cotton, and Sharna Small. "Application of Software and Hardware-Based Technologies in Leaks and Burst Detection in Water Pipe Networks: A Literature Review." Water 15, no. 11 (2023): 2046.
Yurtsever, Mustafa, and E. M. E. Ç. Murat. "Potable Water Quality Prediction Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Algorithms for Better Sustainability." Ege Academic Review 23, no. 2 (2023): 265-278.
However, the uncertainty involved in Hydrologic/Hydraulic or Water Quality Parameters is very hard to simulate, and even with the advent of such cognitive algorithms accuracy and reliability of the models nevertheless lack substance. In this field of study, there is still much to be done. Some interesting objectives can be :
Very Short Term Course on MAUT in Water Resource Management.pdfMrinmoy Majumder
What is MAUT?
“Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT) combines a class of psychological measurement models and scaling procedures which can be applied to the evaluation of alternatives which have multiple value relevant attributes.”Von Winterfeldt and Fischer (1975).
Some example applications of MAUT in Water Resource Management?
Feeny, David, William Furlong, George W. Torrance, Charles H. Goldsmith, Zenglong Zhu, Sonja DePauw, Margaret Denton, and Michael Boyle. "Multiattribute and single-attribute utility functions for the health utilities index mark 3 system." Medical care 40, no. 2 (2002): 113-128.
Zheng, Yong, and David Xuejun Wang. "Hybrid Multi-Criteria Preference Ranking by Subsorting." arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.11233 (2023).
Lopes, Yuri Gama, and Adiel Teixeira de Almeida. "Assessment of synergies for selecting a project portfolio in the petroleum industry based on a multi-attribute utility function." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 126 (2015): 131-140.
Anand, Adarsh, Mohini Agarwal, Deepti Aggrawal, Laurie Hughes, Parisa Maroufkhani, and Yogesh K. Dwivedi. "Successive generation introduction time for high technological products: an analysis based on different multi-attribute utility functions." Environment, Development and Sustainability (2022): 1-18.
Latest Jobs, Scholarship Opportunities and CFPs in.pptxMrinmoy Majumder
Welcome to another edition of the Hydro Geek Newsletter. In this edition, I have collected some Jobs, Scholarship opportunities, and CFPs in the field of Hydroinformatics Engineering. The list is given next.
Latest Job Opportunites
Landscape Architect@ LOCUS Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
“Looking for passionate landscape architects for multiple typologies across scale, for masterplans, with an eye for aesthetics, functionality, cost, sustainability. Good knowledge of planting, materials, and finishes is required. Should be able to understand and produce design development drawings and detailed working drawings for landscape design and execution. Willingness to commit for longer durations will be an added advantage. Good work ethic, creative and desirous of fitting in a learning environment dealing with multi-scale architectural and planning projects meeting international standards. Send resume and portfolio to future@studiolocus.com.”
Click here to apply.
M. Tech - Entry Level Graduate Engineer at ATKINS @Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
ATKINS is hiring MTech Graduates passing out in 2023 for working in the field of water and environment at Atkins offices in Bangalore, Gurgaon & Mumbai, IN.The job role involves the Design of treatment plants, rivers, Dam and Maritime, Pipelines, and Water retaining structures; Modelling related to water and water infrastructure (storm, wastewater, water); Flood risk assessment, Flood alleviation, Water Quality modeling and related activities. Must have Civil Engg in B.Tech.
Click here to apply
GIS Expert for REWARD Program of Sambodhi Research and Communications@Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
“This role provides coordinates with partner organizations like the World Bank, the Watershed Development Department (DSCWD), and the Government of Odisha for analyzing and interpreting the pixel-level satellite imagery and GIS data. S/he has to develop and compute indices of vegetation density and photosynthetic activities like NDVI, LAI, FAPAR as well as moisture (LSWI). S/he also has to support the PMU and partners in devising a sampling strategy for baseline based on listing data. The candidate must have worked on innovative techniques for analyzing and interpreting the GIS data (change detection technique). We are looking for candidates with experience working with the government/s on similar assignments in the past.”
Click here to apply
Seven Techniques that you will learn when you enrol forMTech in Hydroinformat...Mrinmoy Majumder
Hydro informatics is a subject that deals with the application of Data Science and ICT to Water Resource Development. The Master’s course is a two years interdisciplinary degree where Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, etc. can apply. Admission is through CCMT 2023 and DASA 2023.
You will learn the following techniques after completion of the course :
Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques like AHP, ANP, ELECTRE, PROMETHEE, etc.
Water Related Instruments like River Surveyor, Micro ADV, Multi-Parameter Water Quality Sensor
Decision Tree Algorithms
Geographical Information System and Image Processing
Optimization Techniques including Bio-Inspired Optimization Techniques
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) including Polynomial Neural Networks
Internet of Things
and their applications in Water Resource Development.
The course also includes one-year real-life project opportunities.
The popularity of AI, machine learning, and other data science technologies has encouraged many aspiring entrepreneurs to launch businesses in these fields.
Water and data science can help to launch successful startups.
Five Case Studies. The detailed newsletter can be accessed at https://hydrogeek.substack.com/
Five Example Application of Hydroinformatics for Optimal Management of Ground...Mrinmoy Majumder
Significant advancements in water research, as well as new observational and computational capabilities and infrastructures (e.g., MOSES, TERENO, VISLAB, JUWELS), present an opportunity to develop the next generation of smart, data- and model-driven water monitoring systems. Software tools are intended to aid scientists worldwide in the analysis of larger and more complex systems, as well as in the exploration of hydrological extreme scenarios and their consequences.
Hydroinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that employs simulations, data science, and decision-making systems to create novel approaches to effectively, sustainably, and equitably manage water in a variety of scenarios.
Groundwater resource management in water supply areas is now an essential task in order to minimize anthropogenic interference and ensure the long-term use of available water.
Below five articles shows the way hydro informatics was used in the optimal management of groundwater :
Click the link for the full article : https://open.substack.com/pub/hydrogeek/p/five-innovative-applications-of-hydroinformatics?r=c8bxy&utm_campaign=post&utm_medium=web
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
3. Sluice Gate
SLUICE GATES ARE USED FOR CONTROLLING AND MEASURING FLOW
RATES IN OPEN CHANNELS AND RIVERS, MAINLY IN CONNECTION TO
HYDRO POWER PLANTS
4. Flow Equation through Sluice Gate
The sluice gate flow rate measurement is based on the Bernoulli Equation and can
be expressed as:
1
2
𝜌𝑣1
2
+ 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 =
1
2
𝜌𝑣2
2
+ 𝜌𝑔ℎ2
(1)
where
h = elevation height (m)
ρ = density (kg/𝑚3)
v = flow velocity (m/s)
The pressure components in the equation are in general irrelevant since pressure
upstream and downstream are the same (p1 - p2 = 0).
5. Assuming uniform upstream and downstream velocity profiles - the
Continuity Equation gives:
q = v1 A1= v2 A2 (2)
where q = flow rate (m3/s), A = flow area (m2)
(2) can be modified to:
q = v1 h1 b = v2 h2 b (3)
Where
b = width of the sluice (m),h1 = upstream height (m),h2 = downstream
height (m)
6. CONTD.
Combining (1) and (3), gives the "ideal"
equation:
𝑞 = ℎ2 𝑏
2𝑔 ℎ1 − ℎ2
1 − ℎ2 ℎ1
(4)
Assuming h1 >> h2 (4) can be modified to:
Q = h2 b [2 g h1]1/2 (5)
7. This is approximately true when the depth ratio h1 / h2 is large, the kinetic energy
upstream is negligible (v1 is small) and the fluid velocity after it has fallen the
distance (h2 - h1) ≈ h1 - is:
v2 = [2 g h1]1/2
(6)
The ideal equation (3) can be modified with a discharge coefficient::
q = cd h2 b [2 g h1]1/2
(7)
where
cd = discharge coefficient
The discharge coefficient depends on different parameters - such as upstream
and tail-water depths, gate opening, contraction coefficient of the gate and the
flow condition.
In practice the typical discharge coefficient is approximately 0.61 for free flow
conditions and depth ratios ho / h1 < 0.2.
8. Sluice Gate Specifications
The most commonly used specification for sluice gates in water and wastewater
treatment plants is ANSI/AWWA C560-00. This specification should be used as a
guidance for gates selection and operating equipment and associated hardware.
Example - Flow Rate through a Sluice Gate
Water flows under a sluice gate with an opening height of 0.4 m. The width of the
sluice is 3 m and the height from the water surface to the bottom of the sluice is
10 m.
Since ℎ1 >> ℎ2 and the depth ratio 0.4/10 < 0,2 - the contraction coefficient can
be set to 0.61 - and equation (7) can be used for flow calculation:
q = 0.61 (0.4 m) (3 m) [2 (9.81 m/𝑠2) (10 m)]
= 10.25 𝑚3/s
Specification and Examples
11. Calculate flow rate or discharge in an open conduit, channel or river based on the
velocity-area principle
Velocities and depths across the stream are measured as indicated in the figure above.
A partial discharge in a section of the stream can be calculated as
qn = vn an
(1)
where
qn = flow rate or discharge in section n (m3/s, ft3/s)
vn = measured velocity in section n (m/s, ft/s)
an = area of section n (m2, ft2)
One simple way to express the section area is
an = dn (ln+1 - ln-1) / 2
(2)
The total flow in the stream can be summarized to
Q = Σ1
n vn an
(3)
where
Q = summarized flow rate or discharge in the conduit (m3/s, ft3/s)
The accuracy of estimate depends on the profile of the conduit and the number of
measurements. For conduits with regular shapes like rectangular channels a limited
number of measurements are required. For irregular shapes - like natural rivers or
similar - higher accuracy requires more measurements both horizontal and vertical.
12. Measured Values Calculated Values
n
v
(m/s)
d
(m)
l
(m)
a
(m2)
q
(m3/s)
0 0 0 0
1 3 1 2 2 6
2 4 1.5 4 3 12
3 3 0.9 6 1.8 5.4
4 0 0 8
Summarized 23.4
From a conduit we have three measurements:
13. Example - Computing Flow Rate in a Channel
The section areas can be calculated like
a1 = (1 m) ((4 m) - (0 m)) / 2
= 2 m2
a2 = (1.5 m) ((6 m) - (2 m)) / 2
= 3 m2
a3 = (0.9 m) ((8 m) - (4 m)) / 2
= 1.8 m2
q1 = (3 m/s) (2 m2) = 6 m3/s
q2 = (4 m/s) (3 m2)= 12 m3/s
q3 = (3 m/s) (1.8 m2) = 5.4 m3/s
The total flow can be summarized as
Q = (6 m3/s) + (12 m3/s) + (5.4 m3/s)
= 23.4 m3/s
Note - there are alternative ways to calculate the section flow rates.
14. Simple Average Method
Using the simple average of two successive vertical depths, their mean velocity,
and the distance between them can be expressed as:
qn to n+1 = [(vn + vn+1) / 2] [(dn + dn+1 ) / 2] (ln+1 - ln) (4)
Midsection Method
With the midsection method, the depth and mean velocity are measured for
each number of verticals along the cross section. The depth at a vertical is
multiplied by the width, which extends halfway to the preceding vertical and
halfway to the following vertical, to develop a cross-sectional area. The section
flow rate can be expressed as
qn = vn [((ln - ln-1) + (ln+1 - ln)) / 2] dn (5)
15. Weirs - Open Channel Flow Rate Measurement
Weirs can be used to measure flow rates in open channels and rivers - common for
water supply and sewage plants
16. Weirs are structures consisting of an obstruction
such as a dam or bulkhead placed across the open
channel with a specially shaped opening or notch.
The flow rate over a weir is a function of the head on
the weir.
Common weir constructions are the rectangular weir, the triangular
or v-notch weir, and the broad-crested weir.
Weirs are called sharp-crested if their crests are constructed of thin
metal plates, and broad-crested if they are made of wide timber or
concrete. If the notch plate is mounted on the supporting bulkhead
such that the water does not contact or cling to the downstream weir
plate or supporting bulkhead, but springs clear, the weir is a sharp-
crested or thin-plate weir.
Water level-discharge relationships can be applied and meet
accuracy requirements for sharp-crested weirs if the installation is
designed and installed consistent with established ASTM and ISO
standards.
17. Rectangular weirs and triangular or v-notch weirs are often used in water supply,
wastewater and sewage systems. They consist of a sharp edged plate with a
rectangular, triangular or v-notch profile for the water flow.
Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad edge is
beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations
with broad-crested weirs will meet accuracy requirements only if they are calibrated.
Rectangular weirs
18. Example
The flow rate measurement in a rectangular weir is based on the Bernoulli
Equation principles and can be expressed as:
q = 2/3 cd b (2 g)1/2 h3/2 (1)
where
q = flow rate (m3/s)
h = elevation head on the weir (m)
b = width of the weir (m)
g = 9.81 (m/s2) - gravity
cd = discharge constant for the weir - must be determined
cd must be determined by analysis and calibration tests. For standard weirs -
cd - is well defined or constant for measuring within specified head ranges.
The lowest elevation (h = 0) of the overflow opening of the sharp-crested
weirs or the control channel of broad-crested weirs is the head
measurement zero reference elevation.
19.
20. The Francis Formula - Imperial Units
Flow through a rectangular weir can be expressed in imperial
units with the Francis formula
q = 3.33 (b - 0.2 h) h3/2
where
q = flow rate (ft3/s)
h = head on the weir (ft)
b = width of the weir (ft)
21. Triangular or V-Notch Weir
The triangular or V-notch, thin-plate weir is an accurate flow
measuring device particularly suited for small flows.
For a triangular or v-notch weir the flow rate can be expressed as:
q = 8/15 cd (2 g)1/2 tan(θ/2) h5/2
where
θ = v-notch angle
22. Broad-Crested Weir
For the broad-crested weir the flow rate can be expressed as:
q = cd h2 b ( 2 g (h1 - h2) )1/2 (3)
23. Measuring the Levels
For measuring the flow rate it's obviously necessary to measure the flow
levels, then use the equations above for calculating. It's common to measure
the levels with:
•ultrasonic level transmitters, or
•pressure transmitters
Ultrasonic level transmitters are positioned above the flow without any direct
contact with the flow. Ultrasonic level transmitters can be used for all
measurements. Some of the transmitters can even calculate a linear flow
signal - like a digital pulse signal or an analog 4 - 20 mA signal - before
transmitting it to the control system.
Pressure transmitters can be used for the sharp-crested weirs and for the
first measure point in broad-crested weir. The pressure transmitter outputs a
linear level signal - typical 4-20 mA - and the flow must be calculated in the
transmitter or the control system.