this is the experiment of fluid mechanics .FLOW OVER A SHARP CRESTED WEIR.experiment of weir.from this experiment we can learn discharge over the sharp crested weir and etc.
Flow Over A Sharp Crested Weir ExperimentFarhan Sadek
This slide gives a short overview on the experiment mentioned above of Fluid Mechanics (sessional) course which is generally taught in Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
Contents:
- Introduction
- Theoretical Background
- Methods
- Result
- Application
- Conclusion & Discussion
Flow Over A Sharp Crested Weir ExperimentFarhan Sadek
This slide gives a short overview on the experiment mentioned above of Fluid Mechanics (sessional) course which is generally taught in Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering.
Contents:
- Introduction
- Theoretical Background
- Methods
- Result
- Application
- Conclusion & Discussion
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Flow Through Pipes, Head Loss in Pipes, Minor Head Loss, Major Head Loss, Darcy's Formula, Chezy's Formula, Hydraulic Gradient Line, Total Energy Line, Energy Gradient Line... By Engr. M. Jalal Sarwar
Determination of strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of reconstituted specimen using Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test.
1. A series of drained triaxial tests under four different initial states were conducted on Yamuna River sand. The results consist of simple stress-strain relation, change in volume behaviour were plotted.
2. Basic stress-strain relation with volume behaviour was presented in plot. The results for densely prepared sand samples show an expected behaviour. There is a significant difference in peak and residual deviatoric stress (q) as can be depicted form the plot.
3. With increase in confining stress, load carrying capacity of specimen increases.
4. Saturation value ‘B’ must be acquired to be more than 0.95 before starting the isotropic consolidation phase in CD test.
5. CD tests are performed at much slower strain rate as compared to CU tests for the same soil. The strain rate for CD test can be chosen approx. 8-10 times lower than the CU test.
6. It is important to have no pore water pressure generation throughout the shearing phase of CD test or in other words strain rate must be so small that pore water pressure must get dissipated quickly when specimen is subjected to compression loading in CD test.
7. In CD test, volumetric strain versus axial strain relationship shows contractive response for NC soils and dilative response for OC soils. (NC = Normally consolidated, OC = Over consolidated)
References:
1. IS: 2720 (Part 11):1993- Determination of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
2. IS: 2720 (Part 12):1981- Determination of Shear Strength parameters of Soil from consolidated undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
3. ASTM D7181-11. Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Determination of consolidation properties (like CV, CC, CS, t90, mv, av) of the given soil specimen (Dhanauri Clay) by conducting one-dimensional consolidation test using fixed ring type setup.
Learning Outcomes:-
1. From consolidation test, the following information can be determined:
a) Amount of settlement experienced by a soil-structure after load application
b) Rate of consolidation of soil under a normal load
c) Degree of consolidation at any time
d) Pressure void ratio relationship
e) Coefficient of consolidation at various successively increasing pressure
f) Permeability of soil at various stages of loading
g) Compression index of soil
2. The general procedure for laboratory evaluation of consolidation characteristics of soils involves a one-dimensional consolidation.
This is necessary because of:
• Difficulty of instrumentation for recording volume change and natural strains.
• Complexities in mathematical analysis of three-dimensional consolidation.
3. The underlying assumptions in the derivation of the mathematical equations are as follows:
• The clay layer is homogeneous.
• The clay layer is saturated, the compression of the soil layer is due to the change in volume only, which in turn, is due to the squeezing out of water from the void spaces.
• Darcy’s law is valid.
• Deformation of soil occurs only in the direction of the load application.
4. Effects of ring friction
• During loading reduce stress acted on the specimen, specimen compresses less.
• During rebound reduce the swelling tendency specimen swell less.
• Flatten the swelling curve at low stress level.
5. Resultant Cv decreases with increasing stress, implying its NC clay.
6. Sample was preserved in polybag to check loss of moisture content.
Flow Through Pipes, Head Loss in Pipes, Minor Head Loss, Major Head Loss, Darcy's Formula, Chezy's Formula, Hydraulic Gradient Line, Total Energy Line, Energy Gradient Line... By Engr. M. Jalal Sarwar
Determination of strength and stress-strain relationships of a cylindrical specimen of reconstituted specimen using Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test.
1. A series of drained triaxial tests under four different initial states were conducted on Yamuna River sand. The results consist of simple stress-strain relation, change in volume behaviour were plotted.
2. Basic stress-strain relation with volume behaviour was presented in plot. The results for densely prepared sand samples show an expected behaviour. There is a significant difference in peak and residual deviatoric stress (q) as can be depicted form the plot.
3. With increase in confining stress, load carrying capacity of specimen increases.
4. Saturation value ‘B’ must be acquired to be more than 0.95 before starting the isotropic consolidation phase in CD test.
5. CD tests are performed at much slower strain rate as compared to CU tests for the same soil. The strain rate for CD test can be chosen approx. 8-10 times lower than the CU test.
6. It is important to have no pore water pressure generation throughout the shearing phase of CD test or in other words strain rate must be so small that pore water pressure must get dissipated quickly when specimen is subjected to compression loading in CD test.
7. In CD test, volumetric strain versus axial strain relationship shows contractive response for NC soils and dilative response for OC soils. (NC = Normally consolidated, OC = Over consolidated)
References:
1. IS: 2720 (Part 11):1993- Determination of the shear strength parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
2. IS: 2720 (Part 12):1981- Determination of Shear Strength parameters of Soil from consolidated undrained triaxial compression test with measurement of pore water pressure (first revision). Reaffirmed- Dec 2016.
3. ASTM D7181-11. Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Compression Test for Soils; ASTM: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2011.
1
KNE351 Fluid Mechanics 1
Laboratory Notes
Broad-Crested Weir
This booklet contains instructions and notes for the experiment listed above.
Additional material relating to laboratory work will be delivered during the
course. The expectations regarding lab work and reporting are described in a
separate document,‘KNE351. FLUIDMECHANICS: Laboratory Method and
Reporting’, which will also be circulated at the beginning of the course. It is
expected that all students study these notes and complete the pre-lab component
prior to the laboratory session. An overview of the laboratory equipment will
be provided at the beginning of each session.
A D Henderson
2
1. Learning Objectives
1. Observe and understand the behaviour of a real fluid flowing over a broad-crested weir,
2. Model this behaviour employing the Continuity and Bernoulli (Energy) Principles to
predict the flow rate from depth measurements.
3. Evaluate these predictions by comparing with measured values and use Specific Energy
to explain the changing nature of the flow over the weir.
2. Introduction
The theory of non-uniform flow in channels is covered by the course text, by many other fluid
mechanics texts, and by several web sites.
The specific energy, E, is the energy at a channel cross-section referred to the base of the
channel (in contrast to the Bernoulli equation, which is referred to a fixed horizontal datum).
The expression given for E is actually an approximation valid for small bed slopes. You've
measured the flume slope, and should examine this approximation in your report. A hydrostatic
pressure distribution is assumed, and you should also examine the validity of this assumption. If
the streamlines are not parallel, then the accelerative forces will modify the pressure - depth
relationship.
In general, two conjugate flows depths satisfy the specific energy equation for a given value of
the specific energy. The greater depth is associated with subcritical flow, and the shallower
depth with supercritical flow. At the critical depth the conjugate depths are equal, and the
discharge for the given specific energy is a maximum.
Broad crested weirs are used as a method of flow measurement in open channel flows. If the
weir is sufficiently high and long, the free surface will drop to critical depth. If the height of
the upstream flow is measured, then the flow rate can be determined.
3
3. Apparatus
• Water flume comprising of pump, control valve, venturi and v-notch flow meters,
downstream control gate.
• depth gauges
• 2 vertical water manometers
• 2 total head tubes
4. Preparation
Examine and sketch the layout of the channel and associated flow measuring equipment.
Measure the channel width and note significant geometrical parameters of the nozzle venturi
meter and V-notch weir. Note the directions of readings of all measuring scales.
a. Measure the channel, weir dimensions, a.
Through the lack of technical instruments for construction and measurement. A small attempt was made by the team to demonstrate the working of Parshall Flume and Discharge measuring Accessories with support for Dr.-Ing Ramesh Kumar Maskey, Kathmandu University (KU) as part of our hydro-power project.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
4. Introduction
A weir with a sharp upstream
corner or edge such that the
water springs clear of the crest
is a sharp-crested weir. It is
commonly used in large scale
situations. For small scale
applications, weirs are often
referred to as notches and
invariably are sharp edged.
5. THEORY
In a sharp-crested weir, the thickness of the weir
is kept less than half of the height of water on
the weir, i.e; b<H/2
where,
b=Thickness of the weir.
H=Height of water above the crest of the weir.
The discharge equation for a sharp-crested weir,
remains the same as that of rectangular weir &
rectangular notch, i.e;
Q =
𝟐
𝟑
𝐂 𝐝 × 𝐛 𝟐𝐠 × 𝐇
𝟑
𝟐
where,
𝑪 𝒅=Co-efficient of discharge.
6. PROCEDURE
At first, the
pump was
started & to get
the uniform flow
4-5 minutes
were needed.
Then the bench was
adjusted regulating
the valve to give the
first required head
level of approximately
10mm.
The pressure
head was
observed
after that.
Depth of water
level was fixed.
Time was
counted through
a stop watch till
water reaches the
required level.
Collected data
was used to
plot graphs.
7. CALCULATION
Depth of water, dw = (110-30)mm=8cm
Volume of water = (45×30.5×8) cm3
= 10980 cm3
Time to fill, T= 18.1 sec
Actual Discharge, Qa =
𝐕𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞
=
𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟎
𝟏𝟖.𝟏
cm3/sec
= 606.63 cm3/sec
Pressure head, H = (37-10)mm = 27mm
= 2.7 cm
Thickness of the weir, b = 7.5 cm
Theoretical Discharge,
𝐐𝐭 =
𝟐
𝟑
× 𝒃 𝟐𝒈 × 𝑯
𝟑
𝟐
=
𝟐
𝟑
× 𝟕. 𝟓 × 𝟐 × 𝟗𝟖𝟏 (𝟐. 𝟕)
𝟑
𝟐 cm3/sec
= 982.57 cm3/sec
𝐂𝐨𝐞𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞, 𝐂 𝐝=
𝐐 𝐚
𝐐 𝐭
=
𝟔𝟎𝟔.𝟔𝟑
𝟗𝟖𝟐.𝟓𝟕
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐
8. RESULT
The co-efficient of discharge from graph, Cd = 0.62
The co-efficient of discharge from calculation, Cd = 0.61
The exponent of H = 1.45
y = 0.618x
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Qa(ActualDischargeincm3/sec)
Qt (Theoretical Discharge in cm3/sec
Qa Vs Qt Graph
10
100
1000
1 10 100
Qa(ActualDischargeincm3/sec) Pressure Head,H(cm)
Qa Vs H Graph
9. DISCUSSION
The experiment has been done very carefully. We have found the
Cd 0.62 and the exponent of H 1.45 where the standard value of
these are 0.65 and 1.50 respectively. Though maximum
precautions were maintained, some errors have been occurred.
The meniscus reading was not found accurately as it was not hold
in a stable position. There was some shakings and vibrations which
might have affected the value. The apparatus is old, so there may
have some mechanical errors and the fluid flow was not fully
uniform. Also there was some inaccuracy in recording time in the
stopwatch (human error) and plotting the points in the log paper
was also not hundred percent accurate. All these factors together
contributed to the error for which the ideal value could not be
found rather a value quite near to the ideal value was calculated.
10. APPLICATION
The data gained from flow rate calculations over a
rectangular sharp-crested weir can be used in a number of
ways:
Flood control and general water management policies are
often designed on the basis of such data.
The data can be used to determine if a hydroelectric
project would be possible or profitable.
It can also be useful for environmental impact studies,
specifically in determining how the weir would affect the
ecosystem of a stream or river.
Irrigation is also benefited from this kind of data.