The document provides installation and configuration instructions for OpenBTS, an open-source GSM base station. It outlines the required hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and daughterboards. It also lists the necessary software including GNU Radio, OpenBTS, and Asterisk. The steps provided explain how to install and configure these components, set parameters in the OpenBTS configuration file like the mobile country code and channel number, and test that the system is functioning correctly.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring OpenBTS software to create an open source GSM network. It describes the necessary hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and antennas. It also outlines installing GNU Radio, Boost libraries, and OpenBTS software. The configuration section explains setting parameters such as the mobile country code, network code, frequency band, and channel in the OpenBTS configuration file.
Introduction to Packet Radio, covering keyboard to keyboard QSOs, unproto mode, nodes, routing, digipeaters, packet via the ISS, APRS and WinLink.
Covers hardware TNCs as well as software soundmodems like UZ7HO and Direwolf
Black Hat Europe 2015 - Time and Position Spoofing with Open Source ProjectsWang Kang
Time and position data of mobile devices are trusted without checking by most vendors and developers. We discover a method of GPS spoofing with low-cost SDR devices. The method can be used to alter the location status as well as the time of affected devices, which poses a security threat to location-based services. We also examine other positioning methods used by smart devices (e.g. WiFi) and how to spoof them. Advices on preventing such spoofing are given.
Adafruit Feather M0 with LoRa Radio (with hands-on example)Claudio Pastorini
Presentation of the Adafruit Feather M0 with Lora Radio board for the Pervasive System course A.A. 2017/2018 at University of Roma La Sapienza with a hands-on example available on https://github.com/claudiopastorini/PingPong
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It discusses how OFDM works by dividing a high bit rate stream into several parallel low bit rate streams. It also explains how OFDM is robust against frequency selective fading due to multipath propagation. Key aspects of OFDM like guard intervals, cyclic prefixes, and bit loading are described to mitigate issues like intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference. Common OFDM applications like WiFi, WiMax, DAB, and HDTV are listed.
This document is the user guide for Ubiquiti Networks' airFiber AF5 and AF5U 5 GHz point-to-point wireless bridges. It provides an overview of the product hardware and interfaces, instructions for installation including mounting, alignment and configuration, and details on using the airFiber configuration interface to set up wireless, network, and system settings. The guide contains information on planning wireless links, hardware requirements, and specifications for the airFiber radios.
The document provides specifications for NEC Corporation's PASOLINK NEO High Performance digital microwave radio system. Key features include frequency bands from 6 to 38 GHz, transmission capacities from 155 Mbps to 1.6 Gbps, interfaces including Gigabit Ethernet and STM-1, and modulation from QPSK to 256 QAM. The system is designed for scalability, reliability, and applications such as mobile network backbones, WiMAX, and high-speed internet networks.
Microcontrolador STM32WL55 - Fazendo uma aplicação LORAWAN do zero em poucos ...Embarcados
Neste evento teremos a oportunidade de fazer uma aplicação LoRaWAN do zero, através do nosso IDE, fazendo todo o processo de seleção dos periféricos, configuração de I/Os, Modo Low Power,etc. Também conectar a Rede LoRa da American Tower e finalmente fazendo o controle das regras da aplicação pelo painel WEB da TAGO.
Mais detalhes em: https://www.embarcados.com.br/evento-online-microcontrolador-stm32wl55/
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring OpenBTS software to create an open source GSM network. It describes the necessary hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and antennas. It also outlines installing GNU Radio, Boost libraries, and OpenBTS software. The configuration section explains setting parameters such as the mobile country code, network code, frequency band, and channel in the OpenBTS configuration file.
Introduction to Packet Radio, covering keyboard to keyboard QSOs, unproto mode, nodes, routing, digipeaters, packet via the ISS, APRS and WinLink.
Covers hardware TNCs as well as software soundmodems like UZ7HO and Direwolf
Black Hat Europe 2015 - Time and Position Spoofing with Open Source ProjectsWang Kang
Time and position data of mobile devices are trusted without checking by most vendors and developers. We discover a method of GPS spoofing with low-cost SDR devices. The method can be used to alter the location status as well as the time of affected devices, which poses a security threat to location-based services. We also examine other positioning methods used by smart devices (e.g. WiFi) and how to spoof them. Advices on preventing such spoofing are given.
Adafruit Feather M0 with LoRa Radio (with hands-on example)Claudio Pastorini
Presentation of the Adafruit Feather M0 with Lora Radio board for the Pervasive System course A.A. 2017/2018 at University of Roma La Sapienza with a hands-on example available on https://github.com/claudiopastorini/PingPong
This document provides an overview of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). It discusses how OFDM works by dividing a high bit rate stream into several parallel low bit rate streams. It also explains how OFDM is robust against frequency selective fading due to multipath propagation. Key aspects of OFDM like guard intervals, cyclic prefixes, and bit loading are described to mitigate issues like intersymbol interference and intercarrier interference. Common OFDM applications like WiFi, WiMax, DAB, and HDTV are listed.
This document is the user guide for Ubiquiti Networks' airFiber AF5 and AF5U 5 GHz point-to-point wireless bridges. It provides an overview of the product hardware and interfaces, instructions for installation including mounting, alignment and configuration, and details on using the airFiber configuration interface to set up wireless, network, and system settings. The guide contains information on planning wireless links, hardware requirements, and specifications for the airFiber radios.
The document provides specifications for NEC Corporation's PASOLINK NEO High Performance digital microwave radio system. Key features include frequency bands from 6 to 38 GHz, transmission capacities from 155 Mbps to 1.6 Gbps, interfaces including Gigabit Ethernet and STM-1, and modulation from QPSK to 256 QAM. The system is designed for scalability, reliability, and applications such as mobile network backbones, WiMAX, and high-speed internet networks.
Microcontrolador STM32WL55 - Fazendo uma aplicação LORAWAN do zero em poucos ...Embarcados
Neste evento teremos a oportunidade de fazer uma aplicação LoRaWAN do zero, através do nosso IDE, fazendo todo o processo de seleção dos periféricos, configuração de I/Os, Modo Low Power,etc. Também conectar a Rede LoRa da American Tower e finalmente fazendo o controle das regras da aplicação pelo painel WEB da TAGO.
Mais detalhes em: https://www.embarcados.com.br/evento-online-microcontrolador-stm32wl55/
This document describes the CFIP-106/108 full-outdoor radio, which provides Ethernet and E1/T1 connectivity. It has patented mounting clamps for easy installation, is reliable in harsh environments, and has low power consumption suitable for solar/wind power. The radio supports Fast Ethernet up to 100 Mbps and 4xE1/T1 ports for hybrid networks. It operates in various frequency bands and channel bandwidths with multiple modulation options, providing payload capacities up to 108 Mbps for the CFIP-108 and 106 Mbps for the CFIP-106.
The Novra MSR300 is a 1 RU platform that can receive up to 3 independent satellite signals via DVB-S2 modules. It supports features like 32 APSK modulation and high data throughput. Typical applications include IPTV aggregation, hotel entertainment systems, distance education, and more. The MSR300 provides flexible configuration options on inputs, outputs, and power supply.
The document provides information about the Extreme Networks Summit X770 switch model. It describes the Summit X770-32q configuration which has 32 ports of QSFP+ 40GbE and can support up to 104 ports of 10GbE. It provides details about the hardware components, power and airflow options, licensing options, typical configurations in core, aggregation and top-of-rack roles, and table sizes for different layer 2 and layer 3 features. It also discusses stacking and latency capabilities.
The document discusses a new router architecture called Compass-EOS that uses optical interconnects between silicon chips instead of electrical interconnects. This improves bandwidth density, reduces power consumption, and eliminates the need for an internal switch fabric. The architecture provides true output queueing across all line cards for better quality of service, multicast scaling, and system behavior. It also improves security by giving full visibility of all traffic to each egress port.
This document provides information about the PASOLINK family of digital microwave relay systems from NEC, including:
- The PASOLINK systems operate at frequency bands between 3.6-40 GHz and provide PDH, SDH, and LAN interfaces.
- The systems consist of indoor and outdoor units connected by coaxial cable and antennas. Configurations include non-protected 1+0 and protected 1+1 hot standby and twin path systems.
- Key features include high reliability, low power consumption, flexible interfaces, frequency agility, system flexibility, and maintenance facilities. Interface options include E1, E3, STM-1, and Ethernet.
The EFR4D Draco is a highly energy efficient 3-in-1 radio transceiver chip that can operate across multiple wireless protocols. It has very low power consumption of 4mA in receive mode and 5-14mA in transmit modes. It supports various modulation techniques across frequency bands from 169MHz to 2.4GHz and has excellent receiver sensitivity down to -121dBm. The Draco provides a flexible software defined radio platform on a small System-on-Chip with up to 256KB of memory.
The document discusses RIP and IGRP routing protocols. It provides configuration examples and output of show commands to view routing protocol information and the routing table. It describes how to configure RIP and IGRP on routers, specify networks, and observe routing updates and path selection. Debug commands are also shown to troubleshoot routing protocols.
The final thesis defense presentation for my master's project. The purpose of this thesis was to compare alternative wireless links for transfer of data from sink motes of remote wireless sensor networks to a central repository. A few different protocol stacks to be implemented in the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) uplink gateway and along with them a few implementation environments based on open source software and low-power hardware were discussed. To facilitate measurements and experimental validation, some of the alternatives have been implemented. Experiments have been made using two of the amateur radio bands, the 144 MHz band (VHF) and the 433 MHz band (UHF). The parameters studied include throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility with standards.
Using different protocol stacks, different bands and sometimes different hardware 5 solutions were designed, implemented, tested and experimented with. Namely these solutions are called Radiotftp, Radiotftp_process, Radiotunnel, Soundmodem and APRX in this thesis.
After the implementation phase, there was an open-field experimentation to measure the aforementioned parameters. The tests were conducted in Riddarholmen, Stockholm of Sweden. These open-field experiments helped us obtain real-life measurements about power, throughput, stability etc. Experiments were conducted in a range of from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 2.1 kilometers with some of the solutions.
In the end, some of these solutions proved themselves to be viable for the purpose of data communications for remote wireless sensor networks. Radiotftp gave the best throughput in both bands where it proved itself to be difficult to develop further applications. Radiotftp_process removed the necessity for a Linux running gateway machine but it was unable to work with faster baud rates. Radiotunnel opened up the path for a range of network applications to use radio links, but it also proved that it was unstable. On the other hand Soundmodem and APRX which were based on standard and open-source software proved that they were stable but rather slow. It was proven that every approach to problem has its advantages and disadvantages from different aspects such as throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility.
The Aruba 2930F Switch Series provides layer 3 access switching with 1GbE and 10GbE uplinks, PoE+, routing protocols, and security features. Models include options with 24 or 48 1GbE ports, some with PoE+, and 4 SFP+ uplink ports. Key features include stacking, static and dynamic routing, segmentation, ACLs, QoS, and management tools like Aruba AirWave and ClearPass. Deployment is simplified with zero touch provisioning and support from Aruba Central.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Ubiquiti's airFiber 5 GHz point-to-point radio. It includes an overview of the hardware, installation requirements, configuration steps, and mounting instructions. The configuration steps guide the user to set the radio as the master or slave, select duplex mode, and configure wireless settings like frequency and security. It also explains how to use the link calculator tool to optimize settings.
The PiIoT® from Linkwave Technologies Ltd http://www.linkwave.co.uk/pilot is a WAN communications board which provides an HSPA wireless interface for the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3. Conforming to the HAT specification, the PiIoT® also provides location information using an on-board GNSS* solution.
Asentria provides remote site management solutions including hardware and software for monitoring and controlling equipment at remote locations. They offer a range of products like RTUs, SiteBoss units, and environmental sensors that connect to their SiteManager software. The document provides overviews of Asentria's business types, markets served, product lines, protocols supported, and services offered to help customers manage remote infrastructure.
MTX-Tunnel is an application running into a JAVA GSM module and can be defined as a SERIAL / GRPS/3G Gateway. Now instead of connecting your machine to the serial port of a computer, you can connect this solution device to your machine. You can control it from your home/company location as if it were physically connected. MTX-Tunnel release 8 has dramatically increased its performance compared with previous versions. Now you will have more tools and possibilities for related real-scenarios with remote control and remote metering.
This document discusses the Allstar amateur radio communication network. It provides an overview of Allstar nodes, operating systems, and hardware requirements. Key points include:
- Allstar allows linking of amateur radio repeaters using IP networks like the internet or private networks. It uses Asterisk PBX software on Linux computers.
- Setting up an Allstar node involves purchasing a Raspberry Pi, signing up for an Allstar account, installing the HamVoip operating system image, and configuring the node.
- The document recommends running both public and private nodes, and describes how to interface Allstar with other systems like DMR, DSTAR and AREDN using a hub node.
- Long-range
The document discusses AREDN, an amateur radio network that operates under FCC Part 97 rules to provide a high-speed data network when other infrastructure fails. It can transfer data at up to 54 Mbps but is not intended as a general internet alternative. The document provides information on hardware requirements, software links, typical configurations for connecting repeaters via RF links using AllStar nodes without registration, and telemetry settings for repeaters.
The document describes three drone jammer models - CT-3040, CT-3060, and CT-3080 - with 4, 6, and 8 bands respectively. They operate on various frequencies for remote control, WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS with output power ranging from 2W to 50W depending on the frequency band. The jammer models have adjustable output power for each band, overprotection, an Ethernet interface, AC or DC power supply, and a range of 500-1000+ meters. They weigh 25kg and have dimensions of 520 x 340 x 200mm.
This document discusses Bluetooth Mesh and BlueNRG-Mesh SDK solution. It begins with an overview of Bluetooth Mesh, including its applications, topology, security aspects, and node architecture using elements and models. It then covers the BlueNRG-Mesh SDK which provides firmware, mobile apps and tools to develop Bluetooth Mesh networks using ST's BlueNRG chips and modules. The document concludes with ST's software roadmap and supported evaluation boards for developing Bluetooth Mesh solutions.
Behavioral tracking : Today's internet trendKanu Priya
This document discusses online behavioral tracking. It explains that advertising companies and social networks track people's online browsing behavior by collecting information about the pages they visit and searches they make in order to target ads. Tracking is used to learn more about individuals and their interests over time based on their online activities across different websites. The document provides information on who conducts tracking, such as insurance companies, employers, and identity thieves, and notes that tracking occurs even when people try to prevent it using privacy tools and settings. It recommends extensions like Collusion and Tracker Block that can help make tracking more visible and allow people to block certain trackers.
Online tracking involves advertising companies and social networks collecting information about users' online behavior without their consent by following them across websites. This allows trackers to learn personal details and change ads or prices personalized to each user's profile. Tools like Collusion and Tracker Block can help make tracking more transparent by displaying which third parties are tracking a user and allowing users to block specific trackers, but complete prevention of profiling is impossible as tracking is widespread and persistent on the modern web.
This document describes the CFIP-106/108 full-outdoor radio, which provides Ethernet and E1/T1 connectivity. It has patented mounting clamps for easy installation, is reliable in harsh environments, and has low power consumption suitable for solar/wind power. The radio supports Fast Ethernet up to 100 Mbps and 4xE1/T1 ports for hybrid networks. It operates in various frequency bands and channel bandwidths with multiple modulation options, providing payload capacities up to 108 Mbps for the CFIP-108 and 106 Mbps for the CFIP-106.
The Novra MSR300 is a 1 RU platform that can receive up to 3 independent satellite signals via DVB-S2 modules. It supports features like 32 APSK modulation and high data throughput. Typical applications include IPTV aggregation, hotel entertainment systems, distance education, and more. The MSR300 provides flexible configuration options on inputs, outputs, and power supply.
The document provides information about the Extreme Networks Summit X770 switch model. It describes the Summit X770-32q configuration which has 32 ports of QSFP+ 40GbE and can support up to 104 ports of 10GbE. It provides details about the hardware components, power and airflow options, licensing options, typical configurations in core, aggregation and top-of-rack roles, and table sizes for different layer 2 and layer 3 features. It also discusses stacking and latency capabilities.
The document discusses a new router architecture called Compass-EOS that uses optical interconnects between silicon chips instead of electrical interconnects. This improves bandwidth density, reduces power consumption, and eliminates the need for an internal switch fabric. The architecture provides true output queueing across all line cards for better quality of service, multicast scaling, and system behavior. It also improves security by giving full visibility of all traffic to each egress port.
This document provides information about the PASOLINK family of digital microwave relay systems from NEC, including:
- The PASOLINK systems operate at frequency bands between 3.6-40 GHz and provide PDH, SDH, and LAN interfaces.
- The systems consist of indoor and outdoor units connected by coaxial cable and antennas. Configurations include non-protected 1+0 and protected 1+1 hot standby and twin path systems.
- Key features include high reliability, low power consumption, flexible interfaces, frequency agility, system flexibility, and maintenance facilities. Interface options include E1, E3, STM-1, and Ethernet.
The EFR4D Draco is a highly energy efficient 3-in-1 radio transceiver chip that can operate across multiple wireless protocols. It has very low power consumption of 4mA in receive mode and 5-14mA in transmit modes. It supports various modulation techniques across frequency bands from 169MHz to 2.4GHz and has excellent receiver sensitivity down to -121dBm. The Draco provides a flexible software defined radio platform on a small System-on-Chip with up to 256KB of memory.
The document discusses RIP and IGRP routing protocols. It provides configuration examples and output of show commands to view routing protocol information and the routing table. It describes how to configure RIP and IGRP on routers, specify networks, and observe routing updates and path selection. Debug commands are also shown to troubleshoot routing protocols.
The final thesis defense presentation for my master's project. The purpose of this thesis was to compare alternative wireless links for transfer of data from sink motes of remote wireless sensor networks to a central repository. A few different protocol stacks to be implemented in the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) uplink gateway and along with them a few implementation environments based on open source software and low-power hardware were discussed. To facilitate measurements and experimental validation, some of the alternatives have been implemented. Experiments have been made using two of the amateur radio bands, the 144 MHz band (VHF) and the 433 MHz band (UHF). The parameters studied include throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility with standards.
Using different protocol stacks, different bands and sometimes different hardware 5 solutions were designed, implemented, tested and experimented with. Namely these solutions are called Radiotftp, Radiotftp_process, Radiotunnel, Soundmodem and APRX in this thesis.
After the implementation phase, there was an open-field experimentation to measure the aforementioned parameters. The tests were conducted in Riddarholmen, Stockholm of Sweden. These open-field experiments helped us obtain real-life measurements about power, throughput, stability etc. Experiments were conducted in a range of from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 2.1 kilometers with some of the solutions.
In the end, some of these solutions proved themselves to be viable for the purpose of data communications for remote wireless sensor networks. Radiotftp gave the best throughput in both bands where it proved itself to be difficult to develop further applications. Radiotftp_process removed the necessity for a Linux running gateway machine but it was unable to work with faster baud rates. Radiotunnel opened up the path for a range of network applications to use radio links, but it also proved that it was unstable. On the other hand Soundmodem and APRX which were based on standard and open-source software proved that they were stable but rather slow. It was proven that every approach to problem has its advantages and disadvantages from different aspects such as throughput, range, power-requirements, portability and compatibility.
The Aruba 2930F Switch Series provides layer 3 access switching with 1GbE and 10GbE uplinks, PoE+, routing protocols, and security features. Models include options with 24 or 48 1GbE ports, some with PoE+, and 4 SFP+ uplink ports. Key features include stacking, static and dynamic routing, segmentation, ACLs, QoS, and management tools like Aruba AirWave and ClearPass. Deployment is simplified with zero touch provisioning and support from Aruba Central.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring Ubiquiti's airFiber 5 GHz point-to-point radio. It includes an overview of the hardware, installation requirements, configuration steps, and mounting instructions. The configuration steps guide the user to set the radio as the master or slave, select duplex mode, and configure wireless settings like frequency and security. It also explains how to use the link calculator tool to optimize settings.
The PiIoT® from Linkwave Technologies Ltd http://www.linkwave.co.uk/pilot is a WAN communications board which provides an HSPA wireless interface for the Raspberry Pi 2 and 3. Conforming to the HAT specification, the PiIoT® also provides location information using an on-board GNSS* solution.
Asentria provides remote site management solutions including hardware and software for monitoring and controlling equipment at remote locations. They offer a range of products like RTUs, SiteBoss units, and environmental sensors that connect to their SiteManager software. The document provides overviews of Asentria's business types, markets served, product lines, protocols supported, and services offered to help customers manage remote infrastructure.
MTX-Tunnel is an application running into a JAVA GSM module and can be defined as a SERIAL / GRPS/3G Gateway. Now instead of connecting your machine to the serial port of a computer, you can connect this solution device to your machine. You can control it from your home/company location as if it were physically connected. MTX-Tunnel release 8 has dramatically increased its performance compared with previous versions. Now you will have more tools and possibilities for related real-scenarios with remote control and remote metering.
This document discusses the Allstar amateur radio communication network. It provides an overview of Allstar nodes, operating systems, and hardware requirements. Key points include:
- Allstar allows linking of amateur radio repeaters using IP networks like the internet or private networks. It uses Asterisk PBX software on Linux computers.
- Setting up an Allstar node involves purchasing a Raspberry Pi, signing up for an Allstar account, installing the HamVoip operating system image, and configuring the node.
- The document recommends running both public and private nodes, and describes how to interface Allstar with other systems like DMR, DSTAR and AREDN using a hub node.
- Long-range
The document discusses AREDN, an amateur radio network that operates under FCC Part 97 rules to provide a high-speed data network when other infrastructure fails. It can transfer data at up to 54 Mbps but is not intended as a general internet alternative. The document provides information on hardware requirements, software links, typical configurations for connecting repeaters via RF links using AllStar nodes without registration, and telemetry settings for repeaters.
The document describes three drone jammer models - CT-3040, CT-3060, and CT-3080 - with 4, 6, and 8 bands respectively. They operate on various frequencies for remote control, WiFi, Bluetooth, and GPS with output power ranging from 2W to 50W depending on the frequency band. The jammer models have adjustable output power for each band, overprotection, an Ethernet interface, AC or DC power supply, and a range of 500-1000+ meters. They weigh 25kg and have dimensions of 520 x 340 x 200mm.
This document discusses Bluetooth Mesh and BlueNRG-Mesh SDK solution. It begins with an overview of Bluetooth Mesh, including its applications, topology, security aspects, and node architecture using elements and models. It then covers the BlueNRG-Mesh SDK which provides firmware, mobile apps and tools to develop Bluetooth Mesh networks using ST's BlueNRG chips and modules. The document concludes with ST's software roadmap and supported evaluation boards for developing Bluetooth Mesh solutions.
Behavioral tracking : Today's internet trendKanu Priya
This document discusses online behavioral tracking. It explains that advertising companies and social networks track people's online browsing behavior by collecting information about the pages they visit and searches they make in order to target ads. Tracking is used to learn more about individuals and their interests over time based on their online activities across different websites. The document provides information on who conducts tracking, such as insurance companies, employers, and identity thieves, and notes that tracking occurs even when people try to prevent it using privacy tools and settings. It recommends extensions like Collusion and Tracker Block that can help make tracking more visible and allow people to block certain trackers.
Online tracking involves advertising companies and social networks collecting information about users' online behavior without their consent by following them across websites. This allows trackers to learn personal details and change ads or prices personalized to each user's profile. Tools like Collusion and Tracker Block can help make tracking more transparent by displaying which third parties are tracking a user and allowing users to block specific trackers, but complete prevention of profiling is impossible as tracking is widespread and persistent on the modern web.
Cornetto is launching a limited edition Taylor Swift Black Forest RED ice cream to promote Valentine's Day and their campaign to help fans express love. The campaign will give fans chances to win Taylor Swift merchandise and concert tickets by buying the special ice cream, with the goal of connecting fans to their favorite artist. Cornetto hopes this collaboration with Taylor Swift will increase their brand awareness among teenagers and Taylor Swift fans in particular.
[Elite development program 2013] grand test rtd tea lê huỳnh phongPhong Lhuỳnh
1) The document outlines a plan for a large Vietnamese corporation to launch an RTD hibiscus tea brand to target office ladies aged 30-34.
2) It analyzes the competitive landscape of the RTD tea market in Vietnam and identifies hibiscus tea as an underserved category.
3) The brand positioning is "Natural gift to uphold your pure beauty" and will focus on the health benefits of hibiscus for preserving beauty and female confidence as women age.
David Burgess's Presentation at Emerging Communication Conference & Awards 20...eCommConf
1) Existing cellular network infrastructure is too expensive for the bottom 3 billion people without phone service. A new open source approach called OpenBTS could provide cheaper cellular access by simplifying the network and using open source software.
2) OpenBTS has been successfully tested at events like Burning Man and is now being piloted by a telco in Niue to provide cellular service for less than $250k, far cheaper than traditional networks.
3) The approach uses software-defined radio and direct SIP/RTP interfaces to eliminate costly base station and core network equipment. It could be used by small telcos, for disaster relief, or to provide basic connectivity in remote areas at low cost.
Young Marketer Elite Program Assignment 10.1 huỳnh phong trung hiếuPhong Lhuỳnh
This document summarizes a digital marketing campaign for the Yomost yogurt brand. The objectives were to strengthen the brand's role in Vietnamese youth's lives and reposition it as a companion for living life to the fullest. The target was urban youth aged 18-24 who felt lost in their daily routines. The insight was that youth waste precious time and fear not living fully. The strategy was to trigger this fear and encourage youth to experience life. This was realized through a viral video, an app, and sponsoring a dance show to inspire living life to the fullest. Outcomes included brand engagement and an event attendance of 2000 people. Key learnings included a strong youth insight and understanding target audiences.
GSM encryption needs to be shown insecure
- GSM is constantly under attack through demonstrated weaknesses in its A5/1 cipher and lack of network authentication
- However, GSM is used for sensitive applications like banking and access control
- To rectify perceptions of GSM security, the presentation will demonstrate its practical weaknesses through cracking the A5/1 cipher
- The community has already done the computational work needed and the presentation will detail next steps for a public demonstration cracking GSM encryption to raise awareness of ongoing security issues.
This document provides instructions for installing and configuring OpenBTS software to create an open source GSM network. It describes the necessary hardware including a computer, USRP software defined radio, and antennas. It also outlines installing GNU Radio, Boost libraries, and OpenBTS software. The configuration section explains setting parameters such as the mobile country code, network code, frequency band, and channel in the OpenBTS configuration file.
GNU Radio & digitaal vliegtuig spottenPeter Martin
De ether hangt vol met radiogolven: radio & tv uitzendingen, mobiele telefonie, wifi. En communicatie vanuit vliegtuigen. Peter vertelt iets over Software-Defined-Radio (SDR). En hij laat zien hoe je met een goedkope Windows USB TV dongle op een Linux computer het vliegverkeer in kaart kunt brengen.
IRJET- Implementation of Private GSM Network for Disaster Management and ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes the implementation of a private GSM network for disaster management using low-cost components like a Raspberry Pi, Software Defined Radio (SDR), and open source software YATE.
2. The network is able to provide communication within a radius of 150 meters and also detect hazardous methane gas levels in sewers using an MQ4 sensor, transmitting the levels over the private network.
3. Testing showed that range could be extended to 350 meters using higher gain antennas and power amplifiers, but signal quality degraded beyond 150-250 meters depending on the antenna setup.
This document provides an overview of robotics and embedded systems topics, including definitions of key concepts. It discusses embedded systems, robotics, advanced robotics involving various sensors and modules. It also introduces the ATmega16 microcontroller and programming in Arduino. Finally, it covers interfacing technologies like Bluetooth, Zigbee, GPS and ultrasonic sensors with microcontrollers.
There was a time when mobile phones were of the size of a shoe and had no features other than calling and sms and at that time I used to play the game - Snake on my dads phone :p Now as the time has passed we have reached the age of smart phones which are capable of doing lot of stuff and world wide web of application causing serious concern where an attacker can use this platform to steal data. This issue of CHMag is dedicated Mobile/Telecom Hacking and Security.
The coverpage of this December issue was released at ClubHack 2011, India’s Pioneer International Hacking Conference held last week. Talking about ClubHack Conference, if you missed ClubHack here are the presentations available at - http://www.slideshare.net/clubhack and videos at http://www.clubhack.tv/event/2011/
We recently released CHMag's Collector's Edition Volume II. If you wish to buy the Collectors Editions (vol1 – from issue 1 to 10 & vol2- from issue 11 to 20), please write back to us: info@chmag.in. As of now its on demand printing.
Like the game - Snake, I have played lots of other games too which have reflected in the previous coverpages I have designed and yes I promise another awesome coverpage based on a game on the theme of android security which would be the theme for an upcoming issue, for which send in your articles to info@chmag.in
The document provides a final report from the LoCom group on their project using low-complexity cognitive radio with commercial off-the-shelf equipment. It discusses the theoretical frame of software defined radio, GNU Radio, Universal Software Radio Peripheral, cognitive radio and Bluetooth sensing. It also covers their GNU Radio installation process and outcomes of developing an OFDM communication demonstration between two USRP devices using voice transmission. The report concludes with future works planned for the next semester.
This document summarizes an analysis of long term bit error rate (BER) dynamics over wireless channels in different indoor and outdoor environments using software-defined radio. BER was measured over several minutes between stationary transmitters and receivers separated by a few meters to 50 meters. In a lab, hallway, and outdoor quadrangle environment, BER was found to exhibit interesting long term trends and fluctuations not captured by typical wireless channel models. BPSK generally had lower BER than QPSK and GMSK. Higher receiver gains also improved reception quality and lowered BER.
OpenBTS: Emergency GSM Messaging & Monitoring System for Civil ProtectionLuca Bongiorni
Open BTS: Emergency GSM Messaging & Monitoring System for Civil Protection is proposed as a solution ready-to-deploy in the event of natural disaster, in that areas where GSM networks are temporarily down.
This document describes a study on building a GSM 2.5G network system using Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). The system utilizes several software programs to implement Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Base Station Controller (BSC), and Base Transceiver Station (BTS) functionalities. The document discusses implementing handover between two base stations, authentication mechanisms, and measuring throughput of the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Testing showed an average throughput of 4 Kbps for downloads and 3 Kbps for uploads. Handover was demonstrated by moving a mobile station between two USRP base stations. Authentication was implemented using a secret key (Ki) shared between the mobile
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This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
Speaker: Michael Iedema
"OpenBTS implements a complete GSM stack for voice and SMS. It also supports GPRS and UMTS 3G data standards. With an off-the-shelf server and SDR (software defined radio), it is now possible to build real mobile networks. These networks can be used to support true fixed-mobile convergence, bring coverage to remote areas or just experiment and innovate within the cellular network itself. Because OpenBTS converts all cellular signalling and media directly to SIP and RTP, the development environment should be familiar!"
ElastixWorld
Santiago de Chile
October 2014
This document discusses implementing a low probability of intercept (LPI) radio transmitter using GNU Radio and a USRP radio hardware platform. It provides an overview of the system architecture, describing how GNU Radio software interfaces with the USRP hardware. It then outlines the DSP design flow, including writing custom signal processing blocks in C++. Finally, it details the implementation of the LPI radio transmitter, describing blocks for Manchester encoding, amplitude modulation using oscillators, and configuration of the USRP for transmission.
The document discusses the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies including 1G analog cellular systems, 2G digital systems, 2.5G technologies like GPRS and EDGE, 3G standards like UMTS, CDMA2000, and W-CDMA. 3G services offered higher data rates and quality of service but faced challenges around high costs and lack of coverage. 4G is still in development and aims to offer speeds 50 times faster than 3G with seamless connectivity anywhere. Key 3G standards that emerged include CDMA2000 1X, EV-DO, and UMTS/W-CDMA, with W-CDMA providing larger bandwidth and capacity with lower
The document provides instructions for connecting, starting, and using the Nemo FSR1 scanner to perform various measurement tasks. Key steps include connecting the scanner via Ethernet, power, and optional GPS antenna, assigning its IP address, starting the scanner within Nemo Outdoor, and configuring measurement settings for tasks like frequency scanning, pilot scanning, and spectrum analysis for technologies like GSM, UMTS, CDMA, and LTE. The document also covers firmware updates, calibration, and troubleshooting.
Security Enhancement in Networked Embedded System IJECEIAES
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(1) An ARM9 board that acts as a master controlling two ARM7 boards that act as slaves.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
LoRa application for detecting the harmful gasesPARNIKA GUPTA
Pick any technological problem statement, The Problem statement must solve using the technology the Internet of Things, Design the Solution for the problem and explain here the Protocols, Circuit Diagram and Algorithm for the same.
Ans.
• Technological problem statement:
Detection of harmful gases in air with cheap long range feasible solution and efficient controlling measures
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5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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2. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
1. Introduction
This guide will give you a brief overview of the OpenBTS. The main goal of the OpenBTS
project is present de GSM air interface to standard GSM handsets and uses the Asterisk PBX
software to connect calls.
At the end of this guide you will be able to make call between GSM handsets and any kind of
device compatible with Asterisk in your own network, in other words, without pay by the calls.
2. The GSM network
A GSM network is a complex system composed by several components. The last mile of this
system is the BTS (Base Transceiver Station). The BTS is responsible to transmit and receive
the RF (Radio Frequency) signals to the user terminal (cell phone, PDA, modem, etc). The BTS’s
are controlled by a BSC (Base Station Controller) that is connected to the MSC/VLR (Mobile
Switching Center/Visitor Location Register). Basically, the MSC/VLR is responsible to
authenticate the user against the database (HLR - Home Location Register, AuC Authentication Center).
Below is a picture of the key elements of a GSM network:
PSTN
Abis
BTS
A
SS7
Abis
BSC
MSV/VLR
HLR
AuC
BTS
Figure 1 - Key elements of a GSM network
Page | 2
3. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
3. The OpenBTS project
The OpenBTS (Base Transceiver Station) project is an effort to construct an open-source Unix
application that uses the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to present a GSM air
interface ("Um") to standard GSM handsets and uses the Asterisk software PBX to connect
calls.
The OpenBTS uses the USRP hardware to receive and transmit the GSM signaling. This is done
by using the GNU Radio framework. The Asterisk is used to interface the GSM calls between
the cellular phones under the OpenBTS network. Any other device that can be connected to
the Asterisk can be also used.
Internet
RFX900
/1800
RFX900
/1800
USRP
GNU Radio
Hardware
OpenBTS
Asterisk
Software
Figure 2 - System overview
The GNU Radio is a free software development toolkit that provides the signal processing
runtime and processing blocks to implement software radios using readily-available, low-cost
external RF hardware (in this case the USRP).
The USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) is a hardware designed by Ettus Research to
allow general purpose computers to function as high bandwidth software radios. In essence, it
serves as a digital baseband and IF section of a radio communication system. There are several
daughterboard’s that can be used with the USRP covering from DC to 5.9 GHz. In our case we
can use the RFX900, to cover the GSM 850 and 900 bands, or the RFX1800, to cover the GSM
1800 and 1900 bands.
Daughterboard
RFX900
RFX 1800
Frequency Range
750 to 1050 MHz
1.5 to 2.1 GHz
Transmit Power
200mW (23dBm)
100mW (20dBm)
Page | 3
4. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
4. Requirements
This guide will cover the installation on a GNU/Linux machine. It’s highly recommended to
follow the software and hardware requirements covered on this guide.
Hardware:
01 - Computer (Core 2 Duo 2.0 GHz, 2GB RAM, USB port);
01 - USRP-PKG (USRP Package, includes Motherboard, Enclosure, 2 RF Cables, USB
Cable, Power Supply, and Hardware Package – USD 700);
02 - RFX900 for GSM 850/900 (800-1000MHz Transceiver, 200 mW output – USD 275
each);
02 - RFX1800 for GSM 1800/1900 (1.5-2.1 GHz Transceiver, 100 mW output – USD 275
each);
02 - VERT900 (824-960 MHz, 1710-1990 MHz Quad-band Cellular/PCS and ISM Band
Vertical Antenna, 3dBi Gain, 9 Inches, Ideal for RFX900 and RFX1800).
01 - Unlocked cellular phone;
01 - SIM Card (preferred for those with possibility to edit network list).
All hardware items except the computer, cell phone and SIM Card can be found directly from
Ettus Research.
Software:
GNU/Linux - Ubuntu 8.04 - 32 bits;
OpenBTS 2.3;
GNURadio 3.1.3;
C++ Boost 1.37.
Page | 4
5. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
5. GNU Radio installation
a. Installing the dependencies:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y install swig g++ automake1.9 libtool python-dev
libcppunit-dev sdcc libusb-dev libasound2-dev libsdl1.2-dev
python-wxgtk2.8 subversion guile-1.8-dev libqt4-dev
ccache python-opengl libgsl0-dev python-cheetah python-lxml
libqwt5-qt4-dev libqwtplot3d-qt4-dev qt4-dev-tools
fftw3-dev doxygen python-numpy-ext
b. Getting and installing boost libraries:
wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/boost/boost_1_37_0.tar.gz
tar xvzf boost_1_37_0.tar.gz
cd boost_1_37_0
BOOST_PREFIX=/opt/boost_1_37_0
./configure --prefix=$BOOST_PREFIX --withlibraries=thread,date_time,program_options
make
sudo make install
c. Getting and installing GNURadio:
cd
wget ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gnuradio/gnuradio-3.1.3.tar.gz
tar xvzf gnuradio-3.1.3.tar.gz
cd gnuradio-3.1.3
./configure --with-boost-include-dir=$BOOST_PREFIX/include/boost-1_37/
make
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig
d. Adding user permissions to work with the USRP:
sudo addgroup usrp
sudo addgroup <YOUR_USER> usrp
echo 'ACTION=="add", BUS=="usb", SYSFS{idVendor}=="fffe",
SYSFS{idProduct}=="0002", GROUP:="usrp", MODE:="0660"' > tmpfile
sudo chown root.root tmpfile
sudo mv tmpfile /etc/udev/rules.d/10-usrp.rules
e. Testing the USRP:
-
Restart the computer (it should work without it, but even restarting the udev service, the
USRP worked with user privileges only by restarting the machine):
sudo reboot
-
Connect the USRP to the USB port
cd /usr/local/share/gnuradio/examples/usrp/
./usrp_benchmark_usb.py
Testing 2MB/sec... usb_throughput = 2M
ntotal
= 1000000
nright
= 998435
runlength = 998435
Page | 5
6. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
delta
= 1565
OK
Testing 4MB/sec... usb_throughput = 4M
ntotal
= 2000000
nright
= 1998041
runlength = 1998041
delta
= 1959
OK
Testing 8MB/sec... usb_throughput = 8M
ntotal
= 4000000
nright
= 3999272
runlength = 3999272
delta
= 728
OK
Testing 16MB/sec... usb_throughput = 16M
ntotal
= 8000000
nright
= 7992153
runlength = 7992153
delta
= 7847
OK
Testing 32MB/sec... usb_throughput = 32M
ntotal
= 16000000
nright
= 15986239
runlength = 15986239
delta
= 13761
OK
Max USB/USRP throughput = 32MB/sec
-
Check if the maximum throughput between USB and USRP is 32MB/sec.
6. OpenBTS installation and settings
a. Installing the dependencies:
cd
sudo apt-get install asterisk libosip2-dev libortp7-*
b. Getting the source code:
sftp openbts@kestrelsp.com
password: “wd9xcv!”
sftp> get openbts-2.3JeanLafitteOE.tar.gz
Fetching /Users/openbts/openbts-2.3JeanLafitteOE.tar.gz to openbts2.3JeanLafitteOE.tar.gz
exit
c. Installing:
tar xvzf openbts-2.3JeanLafitteOE.tar.gz
mv openbts-2.3JeanLafitte openbts-2.3
cd openbts-2.3
export LIBS=-lpthread
./configure
make
sudo make install
Page | 6
7. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
d. Configuring the settings:
This is a very important step. After getting everything compiled, it’s time to configure the
OpenBTS. Open the apps/OpenBTS.config with you preferred editor:
-
The GSM.MCC (Mobile Country Code) can be set according to your country. In my case is
724 (Brazil). A complete table with these codes can be found here:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_country_code
-
The GSM.MNC (Mobile Network Code) must be any code between 0 and 99 since it’s not
used by a local operator. A good way to check it is by scanning the network with the phone
and checks the operator’s code. Normally it’ll be showed in the MCC-MNC format (e.g.
724-05). This means that the country is Brazil and network code is 05.
-
The GSM.Band defines the frequency band that the OpenBTS will operate. The best is to
use a band not allocated in your region, but sometimes this is not possible. If it’s your case,
you’ll need to check using a Spectrum Analyzer, what is the band has a free space. This link
shows the frequency and channel allocation by the GSM bands (NOTE: Downlink is the
frequency that the BTS transmits, so that’s the one’s we need to care about):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM_frequency_ranges
-
Since this is a low cost project, it’s very probable that you won’t have a Spectrum Analyzer
that is an expensive test instrument. The good news is that GNURadio has a simple one’s,
which can be used to check the band and channel allocations. To use it, go to GNURadio
examples folder and execute the usrp_wfm_rcv_pll.py:
cd /usr/local/share/gnuradio/examples/usrp
./usrp_wfm_rcv_pll.py
Figure 3 - USRP WFM RX analyzing between 937.85 and 938.15 MHz
Page | 7
8. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
-
By changing the frequency (“Freq:”), we can scan the GSM bands to check what is the best
place to operate with the OpenBTS. The figure above shows that the frequencies near of
938 MHz are being used. The “Peak Hold” option can be useful here.
-
On the screen bellow we can see that the frequencies near of 937 MHz are not used.
Figure 4 - USRP WFM RX analyzing between 936.85 and 937.15 MHz
-
Using Spectrum Analyzer test equipment, we can see the full range of GSM 900 band, from
925 to 960 MHz downlink spectrum. The spikes are the frequencies (carriers) used by the
operator:
Figure 5 - GSM 900 band downlink spectrum
Page | 8
9. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
-
Now we can set the GSM.ARFCN (Absolute RF Channel). This WEB application generates
the ARFCN tables for the 4 GSM bands:
http://www.aubraux.com/design/arfcn-calculator.php
-
For the GSM 900, that is the chosen band, the table is the following:
ARFCN
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
Frequency (MHz)
935.2
935.6
936
936.4
936.8
937.2
937.6
ARFCN
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Frequency (MHz)
935.4
935.8
936.2
936.6
937
937.4
937.8
-
For the 937 MHz downlink frequency (BTS to the cellular phone), the ARFCN is 10.
-
Below is my OpenBTS.config file (my modifications are in grey):
# Sample OpenBTS configuration file.
# Format of each line is. <key><space><value>
# The key name can contain no spaces.
# Everything between the first space and the end of the line becomes the
value.
# Comments must start with "#" at the beginning of the line.
# Blank lines are OK.
# As a gerenal rule, non-valid configuration values will crash OpenBTS.
#
# Logging parameters
#
# The initial global logging level: ERROR, WARNING, NOTICE, INFO, DEBUG,
DEEPDEBUG
LogLevel INFO
# The log file path. If not set, logging goes to stdout.
# LogFileName test.out
#
# Transceiver parameters
#
# Transceiver interface
# This TRX.IP is not really adjustable. Just leave it as 127.0.0.1.
TRX.IP 127.0.0.1
# This value is hard-coded in the transcevier. Just leave it alone.
TRX.Port 5700
# Path to transceiver binary
Page | 9
10. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
TRX.Path ../Transceiver/transceiver
# TRX logging.
# Logging level.
TRX.LogLevel ERROR
# Logging file. If not defined, logs to stdout.
# TRX.LogFileName test.out
#
# SIP, RTP, servers
#
# Asterisk PBX
Asterisk.IP 127.0.0.1
Asterisk.Port 5060
# Messaging server
Messenger.IP 127.0.0.1
Messenger.Port 5063
# Local SIP/RTP ports
SIP.Port 5062
RTP.Start 16484
RTP.Range 98
# Local SMS port for short code delivery.
SMSLoopback.Port 5064
#
# Special extensions.
#
# Routing extension for emergency calls.
# PBX.Emergency 2101
#
# SIP parameters
#
# SIP registration period in seconds.
# Ideally, this should be slightly longer than GSM.T3212.
SIP.RegistrationPeriod 3600
#
# SIP Internal Timers. All timer values are given in millseconds.
# These are from RFC-3261 Table A.
#
# SIP Timer A, the INVITE retry period, RFC-3261 Section 17.1.1.2
SIP.Timer.A 1000
#
# SMS parameters
#
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11. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
# ISDN address of source SMSC when we fake out a source SMSC.
SMS.FakeSrcSMSC 0000
# ISDN address of destination SMSC when a fake value is needed.
SMS.DefaultDestSMSC 0000
# The SMS HTTP gateway.
# Comment out if you don't have one.
# SMS.HTTP.Gateway api.clickatell.com
# IF SMS.HTTP.Gateway IS DEFINED, SMS.HTTP.AccessString MUST ALSO BE
DEFINED.
# SMS.HTTP.AccessString sendmsg?user=xxxx&password=xxxx&api_id=xxxx
# The "Welcome Message" is sent to uprovisioned handsets that try to
register.
# Comment out if you don't want this feature.
# WELCOME MESSAGE MUST BE LESS THAN 161 CHARACTERS.
# SMS.WelcomeMessage Welcome to OpenBTS
# SMS.WelcomeMessage Your handset attempted to register with OpenBTS.
# IF SMS.WelcomeMessage IS DEFINED, SMS.WelcomeShortCode MUST ALSO BE
DEFINED.
SMS.WelcomeShortCode 0000
#
# GSM
#
# Network and cell identity.
# Network Color Code, 0-7
GSM.NCC 0
# Basesation Color Code, 0-7
GSM.BCC 0
# Mobile Country Code, 3 digits.
# MCC MUST BE 3 DIGITS. Prefix with 0s if needed.
GSM.MCC 724
# Mobile Network Code, 2 or 3 digits.
GSM.MNC 66
# Location Area Code, 0-65535
GSM.LAC 667
# Cell ID, 0-65535
GSM.CI 0
# Network "short name" to display on the handset.
# SHORT NAME MUST BE LESS THAN 8 CHARACTERS.
GSM.ShortName OpenBTS
# Assignment type for call setup.
# This is defined in an enum AssignmentType in GSMCommon.h.
# 0=Early, 1=VeryEarly.
GSM.AssignmentType 1
# Band and Frequency
# Valid band values are 850, 900, 1800, 1900.
GSM.Band 900
# Valid ARFCN range depends on the band.
#GSM.ARFCN 29
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12. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
GSM.ARFCN 10
# Downlink tx power level, dB wrt full power
GSM.PowerAttenDB 0
# Beacon parameters.
# L1 radio link timeout advertised on BCCH.
# This is the RAW parameter sent on the BCCH.
# See GSM 10.5.2.3 for encoding.
# Value of 15 gives 64-frame timeout, about 30 seconds on the TCH.
# This should be coordinated with T3109.
GSM.RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT 15
# Attach/detach flag.
# Set to 1 to use attach/detach procedure, 0 otherwise.
# This will make initial registration more prompt.
# It will also cause an un-regstration if the handset powers off.
GSM.ATT 1
# CCCH_CONF
# See GSM 10.5.2.11 for encoding.
# Value of 1 means we are using a C-V beacon.
GSM.CCCH_CONF 1
# Maximum RACH retransmission attempts
# This is the RAW parameter sent on the BCCH.
# See GSM 04.08 10.5.2.29 for encoding.
GSM.RACH.MaxRetrans 3
# Parameter to spread RACH busts over time.
# This is the RAW parameter sent on the BCCH.
# See GSM 04.08 10.5.2.29 for encoding.
GSM.RACH.TxInteger 14
# Access class flags.
# This is the RAW parameter sent on the BCCH.
# See GSM 04.08 10.5.2.29 for encoding.
# Set to 0 to allow full access.
GSM.RACH.AC 0
#
# GSM Timers. All timer values are given in milliseconds unless stated
otherwise.
# These come from GSM 04.08 11.2.
#
# T3212, registration timer.
# Unlike most timers, this is given in MINUTES.
# Actual period will be rounded down to a multiple of 6 minutes.
# Any value below 6 minutes disables periodic registration.
# Ideally, this should be slightly less than the SIP.RegistrationPeriod.
GSM.T3212 6
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13. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
7. Asterisk settings
a. Getting SIM Card IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity):
-
The phone registration is based on the IMSI number stored in the SIM Card. If you don’t
have this number, it´s possible to use this Python script to do it. Create a new file in your
preferred text editor and paste the script on it. Please take care of indentation, this is
important for Python.
#!/usr/bin/env python
# Coded by Alexsander Loula
# Email: alex.loula@gmail.com
import serial,string
def readuntilok(s):
ol=[]
while 1:
c=s.read()
if not c:
break
ol.append(c)
ostring="".join(ol)
if len(ol)>3 and ostring[-4:]=="OKrn":
break
return ostring
def cmd(s,cmd):
s.write(cmd+"r")
r=readuntilok(s)
r=r.split("n")
for i in range(len(r)):
r[i]=r[i][:-1]
return r
def cota(s,cmd):
s.write(cmd+"r")
r=readuntilok(s)
r=r.replace('"','')
r=r.split("n")
for i in range(len(r)):
r[i]=r[i][:-1]
return r
### INIT Serial Port
ser=serial.Serial('/dev/ttyACM0',115200,timeout=3)
ser.write('ATZr')
line=ser.read(10)
### Read IMSI
imsi = cmd(ser,'AT+CIMI')[1]
imsi = imsi.split()[-1]
imsi = 'IMSI: ' + imsi[1:16]
print imsi
### Close Serial Port
ser.close()
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14. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
-
Save the file as getimsi.py;
-
This script depends of the Python serial module to control the phone over serial (RS-232 or
USB) through AT commands. To install it type:
sudo apt-get install python-serial
-
Make the file executable:
sudo chmod +x getimsi.py
-
Connect a phone with AT commands through serial port capabilities and run the script:
./getimsi.py
-
It must output something like:
IMSI: 724311320422052
-
This number will be used to configure the Asterisk
b. Backup the /etc/extensions.conf and /etc/sip.conf:
cd /etc/asterisk
sudo cp extensions.conf extensions.conf_ori
sudo cp sip.conf sip.conf_ori
c. Copy ~/openbts-2.3/AsteriskConfig/extensions.conf and sip.conf to the /etc/asterisk:
sudo cp ~/openbts-2.3/AsteriskConfig/sip.conf .
sudo cp ~/openbts-2.3/AsteriskConfig/extensions.conf .
d. Edit the /etc/asterisk/extension.conf:
...
[sip-local]
; local extensions
exten => 2100,1,Macro(dialSIP,wiredPhone)
exten => 2101,1,Macro(dialSIP,softPhone)
; This is a simple mapping between extensions and IMSIs.
exten => 2102,1,Macro(dialSIP,724311320422052)
...
-
The extension 2101 will be used by the soft phone and the 2102 by the cell phone
(724311320422052 is the IMSI).
e. Edit the /etc/asterisk/sip.conf:
...
[softPhone]
callerid=2101
canreinvite=no
type=friend
context=sip-external
allow=ulaw
allow=gsm
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15. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
host=dynamic
; This is a GSM handset entry.
; You need one for each SIM.
; The IMSI is a 15-digit code in the SIM.
; You can see it in the Control log whenever a phone tries to register.
[724311320422052] ; <- The IMSI is used as a SIP user ID.
canreinvite=no
type=friend
context=sip-external
allow=gsm
host=dynamic
...
f. Restart the Asterisk:
sudo /etc/init.d/asterisk restart
8. Testing the OpenBTS
a. Setting the phone:
-
The phone settings are crucial for test OpenBTS. Firstly you need to make sure the GSM
network setting is accord to the band you have selected on OpenBTS.config file.
-
An operator SIM Card comes with a preferred network list. This is also called PLMN list
(Public Land Mobile Network) that’s composed by the Mobile Country Code and the
Mobile Network Code (MCC-MNC).
-
To guarantee that the phone will start scanning our network, you have to put your PLMN
as the first preferred network.
-
When the phone is registered on a network it gets a TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity). TMSI is randomly assigned by the VLR to every mobile in the area. It’s good to
clear the TMSI to get the first registration on the OpenBTS. A way to do it is to turn off the
phone and take off the battery.
b. Execute OpenBTS
cd ~/openbts-2.3/apps
./OpenBTS
OpenBTS, Copyright 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Contributors:
Kestrel Signal Processing, Inc.:
David Burgess, Harvind Samra, Raffi Sevlian, Roshan Baliga
GNU Radio:
Johnathan Corgan
Incorporated GPL libraries and components:
libosip2, liportp2
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
This is free software;
you are welcome to redistribute it under the terms of GPLv3.
Page | 15
16. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
Use of this software may be subject to other legal restrictions,
including patent licsensing and radio spectrum licensing.
All users of this software are expected to comply with
applicable regulations.
1242936099.801724 3082733248:
Starting the system...
1242936100.8228 WARNING 3082733248 TRXManager.cpp:269: retrying
transceiver command after response timeout
1242936101.0380 INFO 3052067728 RadioResource.cpp:366: Pager::pageAll
paging 0 mobile(s)
1242936101.0382 INFO 3082733248 OpenBTS.cpp:199: system ready
1242936101.038262 3082733248:
Welcome to OpenBTS. Type "help" to see available commands.
OpenBTS>
-
If you have access to a Spectrum Analyzer, you should see a waveform (carrier) like this:
Figure 6 - Waveform of USRP generating the GSM signal
c. Turn on your phone
-
You should see something like this on the OpenBTS CLI (Command Line Interface) at the
phone registration:
OpenBTS> 1242936116.4806 INFO 3073633168 RadioResource.cpp:150:
AccessGrantResponder RA=0x18 when=0:1778916 age=24
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17. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
1242936116.4809 INFO 3073633168 RadioResource.cpp:191:
AccessGrantResponder sending PageMode=(0) DedicatedModeOrTBF=(TMA=0
Downlink=0 DMOrTBF=0) ChannelDescription=(typeAndOffset=SDCCH/4-1 TN=0
TSC=0 ARFCN=10) RequestReference=(RA=24 T1'=29 T2=22 T3=36)
TimingAdvance=0
1242936116.9887 INFO 3069905808 MobilityManagement.cpp:117:
LocationUpdatingController MM Location Updating Request LAI=(MCC=724
MNC=31 LAC=0x3eee) MobileIdentity=(IMSI=724311320422052)
1242936116.9911 INFO 3069905808 MobilityManagement.cpp:170:
LocationUpdatingController registration SUCCESS: IMSI=724311320422052
1242936133.4187 INFO 3073633168 RadioResource.cpp:150:
AccessGrantResponder RA=0xe7 when=0:1782585 age=24
1242936133.4189 INFO 3073633168 RadioResource.cpp:191:
AccessGrantResponder sending PageMode=(0) DedicatedModeOrTBF=(TMA=0
Downlink=0 DMOrTBF=0) ChannelDescription=(typeAndOffset=SDCCH/4-3 TN=0
TSC=0 ARFCN=10) RequestReference=(RA=231 T1'=0 T2=25 T3=33)
TimingAdvance=0
1242936133.7486 INFO 3066710928 MobilityManagement.cpp:59:
CMServiceResponder MM CM Service Request serviceType=MOC
mobileIdentity=(TMSI=0x4a15b323)
d. Testing the MT (Mobile Terminate) call
-
You can use a SIP softphone to do this test. For GNU/Linux, I recommend the Twinkle. You
can install by typing:
sudo apt-get install twinkle
-
Configure the Twinkle to register on Asterisk and call the cellular phone (number 2102 defined in Asterisk settings).
-
The phone should start ringing and the OpenBTS CLI will give you a output like this:
1242936133.7487 INFO 3066710928 CallControl.cpp:556: MOC: MM CM Service
Request serviceType=MOC mobileIdentity=(TMSI=0x4a15b323)
1242936134.2190 INFO 3066710928 CallControl.cpp:615: MOC: CC Setup
TI=(0,0) CalledPartyBCDNumber=(type=unknown plan=E.164/ISDN digits=2101)
1242936134.2193 INFO 3066710928 CallControl.cpp:179: assignTCHF sending
AssignmentCommand for 0xbff5e798 on 0xbff5e9b4
1242936134.9155 INFO 3057658768 RadioResource.cpp:276:
AssignmentCompleteHandler service=MOC
1242936134.9156 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:697: MOC: transaction:
ID=1804289383 TI=(0,0) IMSI=724311320422052 to=2101 Q.931State=MOC
initiated SIPState=Starting
1242936134.9498 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:715: MOC A: wait for
Ringing or OK
1242936135.1865 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:715: MOC A: wait for
Ringing or OK
1242936135.1866 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:726: MOC A: SIP:Ringing,
send Alerting and move on
1242936135.4046 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:756: MOC: wait for SIP
OKAY
1242936136.7268 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:793: MOC: sending Connect
to handset
1242936136.9539 INFO 3057658768 CallControl.cpp:538: MOC MTC connected,
entering callManagementLoop
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18. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
-
Answer the call on the cell phone and start the conversation.
e. Testing the MO (Mobile Originate) call
-
On the cell phone call the softphone (number 2101 - defined in the Asterisk settings).
-
The phone softphone should start ringing and the OpenBTS CLI will give you a output like
this:
1242936158.0970 INFO 3063249808 RadioResource.cpp:330: Pager::removeID
IMSI=724311320422052
1242936158.0970 INFO 3063249808 RadioResource.cpp:237:
PagingResponseHandler service=MTC
1242936158.0970 INFO 3063249808 CallControl.cpp:823: MTC on FACCH
transaction: ID=1804289386 TI=(1,0) IMSI=724311320422052 from=2101
Q.931State=MTC paging SIPState=Null
1242936158.0970 INFO 3063249808 CallControl.cpp:845: MTC: sending GSM
Setup to call type=national plan=E.164/ISDN digits=2101
1242936158.2269 INFO 3052067728 RadioResource.cpp:366: Pager::pageAll
paging 0 mobile(s)
1242936158.7152 INFO 3063249808 CallControl.cpp:906: MTC:: waiting for
GSM Alerting and Connect
1242936165.5375 INFO 3063249808 CallControl.cpp:921: MTC:: allocating
port and sending SIP OKAY
1242936165.5728 INFO 3063249808 CallControl.cpp:538: MOC MTC connected,
entering callManagementLoop
-
Answer the call on the cell phone and start the conversation.
-
You can see the OpenBTS command options by typing ‘help’ on the CLI:
OpenBTS> help
assignment [type] -- get/set assignment type (early, veryearly)
calls -- print the transaction table
exit -- exit the application.
help -- list available commands or gets help on a specific command.
lai [MCC] [MNC] [hex-LAC] -- get/set location area identity (MCC, MNC,
LAC)
load -- print the current activity loads.
loglevel [level] -- get/set the logging level, one of {ERROR, ALARM,
WARN, NOICE, INFO, DEBUG, DEEPDEBUG}.
sendsms <IMSI> <src> -- send SMS to <IMSI>, addressed from <src>, after
prompting.
setlogfile <path> -- set the logging file to <path>.
tmsis ["clear"] -- print/clear the TMSI table.
uptime -- show BTS uptime and BTS frame number.
Page | 18
19. OpenBTS Installation and Configuration Guide v0.1 2009
This is a screenshot from the OpenBTS, Asterisk and Twinkle on o MO call:
Figure 7 - Screenshot of OpenBTS, Asterisk and Twinkle
9. Conclusion
To bring a GSM stack to a low cost hardware is not an easy task. The OpenBTS is giving this
power for us, and as open source project, it can be used as excellent start point to learn how
the GSM system works.
Page | 19