Gsm ( Cdma ( Gsm )

Gsm ( Cdma ( Gsm )
GSMNETWORKARCHITERCTURE
CONTANTS
Introduction
Gsm
Architecture
Introduction
GSM is a TDMA based wireless network technology developed in Europe that is used throughout
most of the world. Digital cellular networks are a segment of market for mobile and wireless
devices. These devices are the improvised technology of the devices like ISDN and PSTN. The SD–
GSM Speech Dialler provides a means of communicating information to fixed and mobile
telephones. The SD–GSM has a built–in microphone and speaker to allow you to record and replay
audio messages directly from the unit.
Basic cellular versions are technically implemented to look after the following things like:
circuit switched service
focused on voice
with minimum data rate
Service provided with high rates.
The most popular wireless cellular network among all is GSM.
"Mobile communications second edition by JOCHEN SCHILLER page no. 93"
GSM
"GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system that is
widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division multiple
access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies
(TDMA, GSM, and CDMA)".
GSM open–source software
Gsmd daemon by Openmoko.
OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station.
The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than $1,000.
OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack
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A Report On Gsm Network Operation
Acknowledgement
This summer internship without the kind of help ,I would not have been possibility of finish it. I
would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I would like to thank Mr. Rakesh Gusain for all his kind and amiable efforts to make me work and
learn in the department. I am thankful to Mr. Yuvraj Saini for helping me out with all the doubts and
providing us practical knowledge of everything in a concordant manner.
I express my deepest to DR.ANIL KUMAR SHUKLA for being my guide during this summer
internship. I would like to thank my respective families as well as to members of Amity Institute
Telecom Engineering and Management to help me to complete my project.
Abstract This project report is being presented on GSM NETWORK OPERATION where are
studying different nodes like MSC, BSC, RNC and other GSM node .We are also being given a
demonstration in the Data Center where servers are present. The GSM is a method of cellular
communication which has a facility of voice communication and also data .The transmission of data
was not good because data rate or speed that is why 3G was developed for delivering of data.
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement...........................................................................1
Abstract.......................................................................................2
Introduction...................................................................................4
Materials and Methods.....................................................................7
Results and Discussions.....................................................................21

Accident Spot Identification Using Gsm & Gps: Is It Really...
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Now–a–days, it became very difficult to know that an accident has occurred and to locate the
position where it has happened. It's very difficult for the lives of victims until anyone noticed and
informed it to the ambulance or to any hospital and if it occurs in remote areas there will be no hope
to survive. To overcome these, GSM and GPS technologies are used. The GPS based vehicle
accident identification module contains a vibrating sensor and a GPS modem connected to the
microcontroller. When an accident occurs, the vibration sensor gives the signal to the
microcontroller, which sends the information to the LCD display through GSM network. The
vehicle is tracked for every five minutes using GPS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The LPC2148 configures the ARM7TDMI–S processor in little–endian byte order. AHB peripherals
are allocated a 2 megabyte range of addresses at the very top of the 4 gigabyte ARM memory space.
Each AHB peripheral is allocated a 16 kB address space within the AHB address space. LPC2148
peripheral functions (other than the interrupt controller) are connected to the VPB bus. The AHB to
VPB bridge interfaces the VPB bus to the AHB bus. VPB peripherals are also allocated a 2
megabyte range of addresses, beginning at the 3.5 gigabyte address point. Each VPB peripheral is
allocated a 16 kB address space within the VPB address space. The connection of on–chip
peripherals to device pins is controlled by a Pin Connect Block (see chapter "Pin Connect Block" on
page 75). This must be configured by software to fit specific application requirements for the use of

A GSM Base Device
1 Problem Statement
A GSM base device creates severe interference with a wireless infrastructure. It can be used to
activate any explosive device in an indoor environment. Moreover, a GSM signal is also very likely
to interfere with wireless network, employed by emergency and/or confidential departments.
2 Aims & Objectives
The motive of this paper is to propose a novel band stop Frequency Selective Surface (FSS). The
proposed FSS provides security to wireless networks used by sensitive areas. It also provides
security to explosive devices by blocking both GSM–900 and GSM–1800 frequency bands.
A ringing cell phone can be very irritating in places of adoration, classrooms, and hospitals.
Trans European Trunked Radio GSM (TETRA–GSM) is a bidirectional communication technology
informally known to Walkie Talkie. This well–known technology used by emergency amenities,
armed forces, law–enforcement and other government agencies.
Moreover, a mobile phone signal can be used to explode an ammunition lorry, an incendiary bomb
or any other explosive device, in an indoor environment or other extremely sensitive areas. Many of
these areas usually use jammers and other variants of reflectors to reflect and/or block GSM signal.
However, these reflectors have limitation in sense that they disturb other type of wireless
communication too. Therefore, there is a need to design an innovative reflector which can block
only desired signals.
3 Literature Review
The rapid

Mobile Network : A Main Way Of Communication
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
Mobile networks are considered as a main way of communication between the people in the entire
world. The core network ensures that mobile users can exchange information, share data and
communicate more effectively with those using other access networks or external networks.
II. Concept
A mobile phone network is made up of a large number of signal areas called cells which join or
overlap each other to form a large coverage area. Users on the network can cross into different cells
without losing connection.
First within each cell, a mobile phone tower or base station will be found to send and receive the
mobile transmissions. A mobile device will connect to the nearest or least congested base station ...
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A typical cellular network can be envisioned as a mesh of hexagonal cells, each with its own base
station at the center. The cells slightly overlap at the edges to ensure that users always will remain
within range of a base station.
At the center of each group of cells, the base station functions as the hub for those cells – not of the
entire network, but of that individual piece of the network. RF signals are transmitted by an
individual phone and received by the base station, where they are then re–transmitted from the base
station to another mobile phone. The transmitting and receiving processes are done over two slightly
different frequencies.
Central switching centers are used to connect base stations one to another. They track calls and
transfer them from one base station to another as callers move between cells; the handoff is
unnoticeable and (ideally) seamless. Base stations are also connected to the main telephone network,
and thus can relay mobile calls to landline phones.
2. Mobile networks generations
a. 1G
Before the age of digital mobile networks, all cell phones broadcast analog signals. This intended
using the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) standard, which runs in a range of frequencies
between 824MHz and 894MHz, dubbed the 800MHz band.
This type of analog transmission was the first generation of cellular phone technology, or what some
refer to as 1G. Because analog phones could transmit only analog voice data, not digital data, they

Raspberry Pi 2 Based Anti Theft System For Car Logo
Raspberry Pi–2 Based Anti Theft System for Car Logo
Chaitali N. Surkar (шrd sem ME WCC) Tulsiramji Gaikwad–Patil College of Engineering &
Technology, Nagpur. chaitalisurkar@rediffmail.com Abstract:
In this paper we display an answer on the most proficient method to ensure the auto logo with
reasonable expense. Here, we make an endeavor to add to a framework in view of raspberry pi–2
innovation. With this framework when somebody is attempting to take the auto logo it cautions the
auto proprietor when he is at closest separation and in addition when he is far from the auto. When
somebody is attempting to take the auto logo it cautions the auto proprietor with alert when he is at
closest separation. However, with this caution it is unrealistic to alarm the auto proprietor why
should not able hear that alert. So all things considered we can utilize GSM system to send the
instant message to the auto proprietor at his telephone. Added to this the auto proprietor will get the
caught picture of that cheat.
Keywords: Raspberry –Pi, GSM, Camera, Pressure senso
Introduction:
Vehicle is the primary spot where security begins. In nowadays, auto logo robberies are expanding.
In India, logo of vehicle is stolen like clockwork a disturbing measurements. Thus we must need
vehicles to outfit with the most recent pattern of innovations and measures to make it a safe from
cheat. The security framework has been improved in all fields in the general public. Car security has
likewise

4G Advantages And Disadvantages
Abstract– The next generation wireless networks are the fourth generation (4G) networks which are
targeted for various applications; voice, data and multimedia communications. The mobile
technologies 1G, 2G and 3G have lot of disadvantages which has led to the invention of 4G. As the
users of mobile devices increase the demand for faster and efficient communication in the mobile
network also increase. 4G aims to provide the quality of service (QoS) guarantee for many
applications, is an important intension in the design of next–generation wireless networks. The
authors concentrate on the 4G architecture and its comparison with 3G networks. The main focus is
on three important mechanisms such as cross–layer approach, a novel QOS optimization
architecture and robust header compression technique with some header compression mechanisms
with respect to different QoS parameters.
Index Terms– Cross–layer, GSM, QOS, RoHC
I. INTRODUCTION
The First Generation Networks were referred to as cellular networks, which later termed as cell. The
cell phone signals were based on analog signal transmission, where these devices were
comparatively less heavy and more cost. The Second Generation phones deploy GSM technology
used for mobile communication. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) make use of
digital modulation to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G AND 4G NETWORK
As 3G technologies are broader in use when compared to 4G are in limit [2]. The major difference
between two is in the existence of yielding technologies. Many technologies EV–DO, HSPA and
WCDMA these drop under 3G network. Whereas, many mobile phone companies are intelligent to
dup their technologies as 4G; such as WiMax, LTE, and UMB. But, none of these technologies gives
detailed description set forth by the 4G network standard, so they are often mentioned as Pre–4G or
3.9G. Here, are the some important points which are compared between two efficient technologies.
A. 3G speeds are much slower compared to

The Impact Of Imsi Catchers On Mobile Phone Towers On Gsm...
Introduction
IMSI Catchers or Cell–Site Simulators are devices that pose as legitimate cell phone towers on
GSM networks in order to either log the IMSI numbers of mobile phones in a specific area or to
intercept mobile phone traffic in a specific area of interest. IMSI stands for International Mobile
Subscriber Identity and is an identifying number that is unique for every mobile phone. This
research paper sets out to understand how IMSI catchers work, when and in what context their
deployment would be most beneficial to investigators, and the legality of this device.
How IMSI Catchers Work
Cellular Networks
A cellular network is a radio network distributed over land areas called "cells". Each cell is served
by one fixed–location transceiver, which is called a "base station". When cells are joined together,
they provide wireless coverage over a large geographic area, within which mobile stations or phones
can communicate with base stations and each other. Overlapping coverage areas allows transmission
to be maintained even when mobile stations are moving between cells. Assigning a different set of
frequencies to neighboring cells avoids wireless signal interference.
3G (UMTS and CDMA2000)
GSM
...And be most easily described as having 4 network components
1. Mobile Stations (MS)
The mobile stations is a cell phone or mobile device with a Subscriber Identification Module (SIM)
card. Each SIM card is identified by its IMSI number, which consists of a 3–digits Mobile

Taking a Look at GSM Module: SIM300
GSM MODULE: SIM300 Sim300 is a quad–band Gsm/gprs motor that chips away at frequencies
like EGSM 900 Mhz, DCS 1800 Mhz and PCS 1900 Mhz. With a minor setup of 40mm x 33mm x
2.85mm, Sim300 fits very nearly all the space necessities in provisions, for example, Smartphone,
PDA telephones and other cell phones. Sim300 is incorporated with Tcp/ip convention. The physical
interface between Sim300 and the portable requisition is through a 60 pin board–to–board
connector, which gives all fittings interfaces from module to client's sheets with the exception of the
RF recieving wire interface. Sim300 furnishes RF radio wire interface with two elective recieving
wires, i.e., reception apparatus connector and recieving wire cushion. Sim300 is utilized to serially
exchange information or send message utilizing AT (Attention Terminal) charges. These AT
summons checks correspondence between different gadgets and SIM module. Consumed (Attention
Terminal Echo) charge in Sim300 is utilized to turn the reverberation ON or OFF. When Ate=1 then
ECHO ON and when Ate=0 then ECHO OFF. At+cmgf is utilized to focus the content mode or PDU
mode. When At+cmgf=1 then it is TEXT MODE and when At+cmgf=0 then it is PDU mode.
Sim300 key characteristics: Features implementation Power supply single supply voltage 3.4–4.5v
Power saving typical force utilization in SLEEP MODE upto 2.5ma Recurrence bands sim300 Tri
band: Egsm900, Dcs1800, Pcs1900. The band could be set by AT summon and

Gsm Technology
GSM – Overview
GSM is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communications.
What is GSM?
If you are in Europe, Asia or Japan and using a mobile phone then most probably you must be using
GSM technology in your mobile phone.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
The GSM emerged from the idea of cell–based mobile radio systems at Bell Laboratories in the
early 1970s.
The GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European
mobile telephone standard.
The GSM standard is the most widely accepted standard and is implemented globally.
The GSM is a circuit–switched system that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|1994 |Data transmission capabilities launched. The number of networks rises to 69 in 43 countries
by the end of 1994. |
|1995 |Phase 2 of the GSM specifications occurs. Coverage is extended to rural areas. |
|1996 |June: 133 network in 81 countries operational. |
|1997 |July: 200 network in 109 countries operational, around 44 million subscribers worldwide. |
|1999 |Wireless Application Protocol came into existence and 130 countries operational with 260
million subscribers |
|2000 |General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) came into existence. |
|2001 |As of May 2001, over 550 million people were subscribers to mobile telecommunications |
GSM – Architecture
A GSM network consists of several functional entities whose functions and interfaces are defined.
The GSM network can be divided into following broad parts. The Mobile Station(MS) The Base
Station Subsystem (BSS) The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) The Operation Support
Subsystem(OSS)
Following is the simple architecture diagram of GSM Network.
[pic]

The added components of the GSM architecture include the functions of the databases and
messaging systems: ▪ Home Location Register

Difference Between Gsm And CDMA
Difference between GSM AND CDMA .
This term paper is a comparison (difference) between two technologies which brought revolution in
the field of mobile communication i.e GSM and CDMA . Firstly in the term paper , history of both
of these technologies , GSM and CDMA is introduced along with their brief terminology . After the
history construction , working and its application is discussed and compared . Finally the main
difference in both the technologies i.e GSM and CDMA is summarized to complete the term paper .
CDMA and GSM are the two types of technologies or way used in cell phones for transmitting the
digital signal over the air . CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access as from the name it is
clear that in this technologies the radio frequency are divided so that multiple user can access the
same wireless spectrum . GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication as from the
name it is clear that
History of GSM and CDMA . ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1982 Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed a study group named Groupe
Spécial Mobile this is the place were GSM begins . Seven year later it was ETSI (European
Telecommunication Standards Institute) , who takes the responsibility to develop GSM in 1989 .
Finally ETSI (European Telecommunication Standards Institute) published the phase – 1
specification of GSM in 1991 . It was a revolution in mobile communication , in just 2 years GSM
claimed near about 37 distinct networks which spreads over 22 nation

Accident Detection and Reporting System Using Gps, Gprs...
IEEE/OSA/IAPR International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision Accident Detection
and Reporting System using GPS, GPRS and GSM Technology Md. Syedul Amin, Jubayer Jalil
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia M. B. I. Reaz Department of Electrical, Electronic and
Systems Engineering Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
email: mamun.reaz@gmail.com Abstract– Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and reach in
time. Nowadays, GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle system. This paper proposes to utilize
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As such, an efficient automatic accident detection with an automatic notification to the emergency
service with the accident location is a prime need to save the precious human life. Many researchers
carried out their studies on accident detection system. Traditional traffic accident prediction uses
long–term traffic data such as annual average daily traffic and hourly volume. In contrast to
traditional traffic accident prediction, real–time traffic accident prediction relates accident
occurrences to real–time traffic data obtained from various detectors such as induction loops,
infrared detector, camera etc. Real–time traffic accident prediction focuses on the change of traffic
conditions before an accident occurrence, while traffic incident detection studies are concerned with
the change of traffic conditions after an incident occurrence [3]. However, the performance of these
detection and prediction 978–1–4673–1154–0/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE ICIEV 2012
IEEE/OSA/IAPR International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision system is greatly
restricted by the number of monitoring sensor, available fund, algorithms used to confirm an
accident, weather, traffic flow etc. Besides the automatic detection system, manual incident
detection methods detects the accident from the motorist report, transportation department or public
crews report,

3g Wireless Communication Technology
An Essay on 3G Wireless Communication Technology
Branch: EEE
The advent of Wireless Communication
Communication has been one of the most fundamental aspects of human development. It took the
eccentric genius of Nikola Tesla to come up with the design of the first radio transmitter in 1891.
The first transatlantic radio communication in 1901 was a sign of further things to come.
Communication technologies that have been developed over the last century have largely shaped
human interaction and have played a crucial role in sustaining human relationship be it ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The recent introduction of 3G mobile services in India have however brought in enhanced data and
voice transmission and are welcome signs in the improvement in mobile communication technology.
The essay deals in–depth with 3G wireless technology and the difference with its successors (3.5G
and 4G) and predecessor (2G).
3G (3rd generation mobile telecommunications)
3G wireless technology represents the convergence of various 2G wireless telecommunications
systems into a single global system that includes both terrestrial and satellite components. One of
the most important aspects of 3G wireless technology is its ability to unify existing cellular
standards, such as CDMA, GSM, and TDMA, under one umbrella. It improves the efficiency of data
can be transferred through the cellular phone. The data transfer rates for third generation mobile
telecommunications is up to 2 Megabits per second. Aside from this feature, 3G cellular phones also
have conventional voice, fax and data services, as well as high–resolution video and multimedia
services which can be used while on the move. It also includes mobile office services such as virtual
banking and online–billing, video conferencing, online entertainment and access to the Internet.
International Mobile Telecommunications–2000 (IMT–2000), better known as 3G or 3rd
Generation, is a family of standards for mobile telecommunications defined by the International
Telecommunication Union, which includes GSM EDGE, UMTS, and

The Number Of Mobile Cellular Networks Operators Who Can...
The work has been able to verify that the number of mobile cellular network operators who can
effectively share infrastructure on a base station is limited by the following parameters:
– Sensitivity degradation threshold
– E–field threshold or radiation limit
– Allowable BTS noise floor limit
– Require antenna isolation
– Interference level (from spurious emission, leakages, etc.)
– Tower wind loading
From the result, it was observed that six (6) GSM operators can share infrastructure for a passive
infrastructure sharing scheme without severe and unacceptable degradation of system performance.
For number of BTS operators greater than six (6), the noise floor becomes larger than –110dB,
which is not acceptable. However, as the number of users of a tower increase, the wind loading and
tower bending moment increases. Therefore, when designing towers, wind loading analysis for
collocation scenario should be carried out.
Among the parameters, the level of sensitivity degradation should be monitored closely, since its
value aid in determining system performance for a specific interference level and BTS noise floor,
which depends on the number of collocating operators. When the sensitivity degradation is greater
than 3dB it indicates that the interference threshold is larger than the noise floor limit, which is
temperature and bandwidth dependent.
It was also observed that the higher the antenna gain, the longer the antenna separating distance.
The coverage radius is affected by

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gsma
INDEX
S No. Title name Page no.
1 Abstract 1
2 History of GSM 1
3 About GSM technology 2 to 3
4 History of CDMA 3 to 4
5 About CDMA technology 4 to 6
6 Advantage of using GSM 6 to 7
7 Advantage of using CDMA 7
8 Disadvantage of using CDMA 7 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CDMA is
additionally more secure than GSM by nature of the code division outline. CDMA
obliges in any event twice the same number of clients per MHz than GSM. To add
to this, CDMA gives a higher–quality transmission even under weaker signal
qualities .
Advantage of using CDMA : –
Increased cell correspondences security .
Simultaneous discussions .

Increased effectiveness , implying that the bearer can serve more endorsers .
Smaller telephones .
Low power necessities and little cell–to–cell coordination required by
administrators .
Extended scope – helpful to country clients arranged a long way from cells .
Disadvantage of using CDMA : –
Due to its exclusive nature , the majority of CDMA's imperfections are not
known not designing group .
CDMA is moderately new , and the system is not as developed as GSM .
CDMA cannot offer international roaming ,which is a large GSM
advantage .
Applications of GSM and CDMA : –
CDMA : –
1) CDMA permits far more prominent improvement and the utilization of
expansive band gadgets, for example, remote portable PC modems, GPS
framework units and other creative

A Computerised Gsm Based Vehicle Theft Control System
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION: The project "GSM BASED VEHICLE THEFT
CONTROL SYSTEM" deals with the design & development of a theft control system for
automobiles which is being used to prevent / control the theft of a vehicle. The developed system
makes use of an embedded system based on GSM technology. An interfacing mobile is also
connected to the microcontroller, which is in turn, connected to the engine. Once, the vehicle is
being stolen, the information is being used by the vehicle owner for further processing. The
information is passed onto the central processing insurance system, where by sitting at a remote
place, a particular number is dialed by them to the interfacing mobile that is with the ... Show more
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When any object is entering into the vehicle, Microcontroller P89s51 continuously monitor the
infrared receivers ,when any object pass through the IR receiver's then the IR rays falling on the
receiver's are obstructed, this obstruction is sensed by the microcontroller. Otherwise IR receiver
receives the rays continuously from the transmitter, then automatically vehicle door is closed.
Mainly the system is used for automatica door closing purpose.
The implementation is made simpler by using IR sensor to detect the person. The system include the
IR sensor, microcontroller, LED and a 5V power is supplied to run the system.
The system uses a compact circuitry built around 8051 microcontroller Programs are developed in
Embedded C. Flash magic is used for loading programs into Microcontroller. Download your
Reports for GSM Based Vehicle Theft Control System
International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
Issn 2250–3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1534
GSM Based Anti–theft Security System Using AT&T Command.
Visa M. Ibrahim
1
. Asogwa A. Victor
2
. S. Y. Musa
3
.
1,2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School Of Engineering and Engineering
Technology, Modibbo
Adamma University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State. Nigeria

Abstract
Antitheft security system security

Wireless Led Display Board Using Gsm
Wireless LED Display Board Using GSM
Kamal parmar Kamal parmar, M–tech in embedded system, Ganpat university,Ahmedabad.
kamal.parmar4@gmail.com Abstract– LED's are a fantastic way to illuminate any kind of sign, be it
lettering or panels.LED Dot–Matrix Displays are a common sight now a day on streets, malls,
Buildings, parks and other public places. It is a way of visual information where large LCD and
other display become too much expensive. My project is based on the wireless LED board . GSM
and GPRS based Designs are Public utility products for mass communication. This is a Scrolling
(Moving) Message Electronic Display Board which displays the messages received as SMS.This
project provides an efficient for a when we change any ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here I provide a basic starting of a flow chart to configure for one alphabet on LED MATRIX.
* * So as given , code is very easy to write and it have many other advantages. C. Hardware
.
MICROCONTROLLER – AT89C51: The AT89C51 is a low–power, high–performance CMOS 8–
bit microcomputer with 4 Kbytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory
(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel's high density non–volatile memory technology
and is compatible with the industry standard MCS–51 instruction set and pin out. The on–chip Flash
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in–system or by a conventional non–volatile
memory programmer.
MAX 232: The MAX220–MAX249 family of line drivers/receivers is intended for all EIA/TIA–
232E and V.28/V.24 communications interfaces, particularly applications where ±12V is not
available. These parts are especially useful in battery–powered systems, since their low–power
shutdown mode reduces power dissipation to less than 5μW
LED MATRIX (5x7): The display screen is made up of four 5 x 7 led matrix modules, resulting an 7
x 20 pixels display in 2–dimension. The size of each character is 5 x 7 in our design. With the
display holding up to four characters one at a time, it allows a four digit hour and minute clock to be
displayed simultaneously.
GSM MODEM : GSM MODEM used for send message or data

Gsm ( Global System For Mobile Communication
Acknowledgement
At first I want to express gratitude to the Almighty Allah for his endless kindness to give me the
chance to work under tremendous supervision of my honorable teacher Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury
to give me the opportunity to work on an enormous task.
Objective:
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephony system which is
TDMA based wireless network technology developed widely in Europe and other parts of the world.
GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the
three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and
compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own
time slot.
GSM phones make use of a SIM card to identify the user 's account. The use of the SIM card allows
GSM network users to quickly move their phone number from one GSM phone to another by simply
moving the SIM card. Currently GSM networks operate on the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz, and
1900MHz frequency bands. Devices that support all four bands are called quad–band, with those
that support 3 or 2 bands called tri–band and dual–band, respectively. In the United States, Cingular
operates on the 850 and 1900MHz bands, while T–Mobile operates only on the 1900MHz band.
GSM security:–
Security is the degree of protection against damages, danger, loss and crime. In our days, the need
for security makes many people look for different ways in

Multiuser Sms Based Wireless Electronic Notice Board
Multiuser SMS Based Wireless Electronic Notice Board
Abstract– This is the model for displaying notices in colleges on electronic notice board by sending
messages in form of SMS through mobile; it is a wireless transmission system which has very less
errors and maintenance. The hardware board contains microcontroller AT89c52 at the heart of the
system. The microcontroller is interfaced with GSM Modem via MAX232 level convertor. It is used
to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels and vice versa. The hardware also has a 64K
EEPROM chip AT24C64. This EEPROM is used to store the timings and messages to be displayed.
Hardware also contains a real time clock DS1307 to maintain track of time. A 16x2 Character LCD
display is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B. GSM Modem
A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. A wireless modem
behaves like a dial–up modem. The main difference between them is that a dial–up modem sends
and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives data
through radio waves. Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM card from a
wireless carrier in order to operate.
Generally, computers use AT commands to control modems. Reading of message from the SIM card
inserted into the modem is done by sending the appropriate AT command to the modem.
In addition to the standard AT commands, GSM modems support an extended set of AT commands.
These extended AT commands are defined in the GSM standards. Some common basic SMS related
AT Commands are shown in table below:
[pic]
Fig.2. AT Commands
C. Display Unit
One of the most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display. Here we have used 16x2–
that means 2 rows and 16 characters. It is a Hitachi HD44780 compatible module, having 16 pins
including 2 pins for backlight.
To program the LCD module, first we have to initialize the LCD by sending some control words. RS
should be low and E should be high when we send control. R/W pin 0 mean write data or control to

LCD and R/W pin 1 means read data from the LCD. To send a data to LCD, make RS high, R/W
low, place

Liquid Crystal Display Advantages And Disadvantages
AGRICULTURE is the need of most of the Indians livelihood and it is one of the main sources of
livelihood. It also has a major impact on economy of the country. A major quantity of water is used
for irrigation system and therefore 85% of available fresh water resources are used for yielding
agricultural crops. This resource of water will decrease day by day and consumption of water will
dominate and increase more than 85% in upcoming half century. This is due to the high growth in
population due to this tremendous growth in population there is huge demand for food. Agriculture
is the main source for food production. Using science and technology we need to implement a
method by which there can be limited consumption of water.
Till date many methods have come into existence where water can be limitedly consumed. A method
where monitoring water status and based on status of water whether it is high or low irrigation is
scheduled which is based on canopy temperature of plant, which was captured with thermal
imaging. Another method is making use of information on volumetric water content of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is preferred by engineers because it uses very small amount of electric power. Liquid crystal
display (LCD) offers several advantages over traditional cathode ray tube that makes them ideal for
several applications. Of course LCD's are flat and they use only a fraction of power required by
cathode ray tubes. They are easier to read and more pleasant to work with for long periods of time.
There are several tradeoffs as well, such as limited view angle, brightness and contrast, not to
maintain high manufacturing cost. 16x2 LCD is used in this project to display data to user. There are
two rows and sixteen columns. It is possible to display 16 characters on each of the 2 rows. It has
registers, command and data

Monitoring Pickup Of School Children Essay
Abstract: It is time consuming task for parents to check the regular presence of the children in the
school. But this project of sending information to the parents whose children were absent from the
school through GSM in the form of SMS will give an easy, low cost and automatic solution. This
project presents a system to monitor pickup of school children to enhance the safety of children
during the daily transportation to school. The system consists of two main units, a bus unit and a
school unit. The bus unit system is used to detect when a child boards the bus. This information is
communicated to the school unit that identifies which of the children did not board the bus and
issues an alert message accordingly. The system has a developed PC–based database–driven
application that facilities its management and provides useful information about the children to
authorized personal. A complete prototype of the proposed system was implemented and tested to
validate the system functionality. The results show that the system is promising for daily
transportation safety. The technology implemented here is aimed to detect the presence of a
particular student who enters into the school bus and by sensing the presence of student, this
information is passed to the school from where the absent students information is sent to the student
parent's mobile through GSM. This entire information is stored in the computer simultaneously.
Keywords: RFID, ARM7, SMS Gateway,Transportation safety,

The History of Communication Leading Up to the 4G Essay
The First Generation of communication system is the Analog cellular system, means carrier is
Analog. we just send wave forms primarily with voice. it is continuous in amplitude and time.
variation in a signal disrupts over long distance . This Analog system was introduced in
seventies.NMT , AMPS, TACS, CDPD technologies were used in 1G. It uses FDMA technique call
to one country. All the Analog systems were used circuit switched technology and design only for
voice communication not data. The cost for the system and voice transfer is also high in
1G.Problems with 1G is poor voice quality , less battery life , no security , the phone size is big and
frequent call drops. second generation is digital cellular in this started sending 1's ... Show more
2. GPRS(General Packet Radio Service).
3. EDGE(Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evaluation).
HSCSD is one further step to 3G technology networks. wireless service providers are upgraded the
2G networks to 2.5 networks because of the subscribers demand and the 2G architecture remains
same to give better voice and data applications.
Many users will not wait until the final 3G technology so that in 2.5 G like IS–54 , IS –136 , IS–95 ,
IS–95A , IS – 95B technologies were launched. GPRS technology is a midway of 2G and 3G. It uses
packet switching technique , by this mobile data is cheaper and faster. The main difference between
EDGE and GPRS is data modulation.
Path to 3G
3G technology was designed to support merge the existing cellular technologies such as GSM ,
TDMA,FDMA, CDMA and complete successfully result with new technologies as Wideband
CDMA , CDMA 2000.Third generation is digital but not narrowband it is broadband. W–CDMA
network is used for high capacity application signals and CDMA 2000 is the improved version of
second generation CDMA IS–95.It focused on high speed internet access ,wide range market
applications , new creativity , innovation and user benefits. By using 3G maximum 2Mbps speed is
possible.
In each generation we get significantly the faster data speed but it is incompatible with previous
generation. The main concept of 3.5 G is increase several megabits of data using HSDPA , HSUPA,
TD–CDMA.

The System Selection Of Gsm
System Selection While discussing about the system selection on the basis of GSM, there are many
thins which need to consider ad play a very significant role. This can be providing security on the
wireless communication, adding most demanded features etc. Gums are the most widely used
technology used for communication with the help of mobile device which is generally used to talk to
a person which can be at far distance. This generally established communication between two
different devices which may or may not be places at distant location. The selection of the system
should so conducted in order to support better communication as well as better channel usage. In
order to selection the appropriate system for the GSM system many things or ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Without this device the life of every human being is incomplete. This because the GSM device is not
the device which is used to access the GSM services but it also offer more other services. The most
common and most frequent device which is used all over the world in the mobile. Mobile is the
most common and most demanded device. This device not only used to communication but it also
supports data communication. Earlier there were different generations of mobiles which are used to
access the bet work. But the second generation mobile uses the GSM services and hence the GSM
technology known as the second generation communication channel. As the GSM uses the
combination of Time and FDM, the mobile is used to demultiplex the given channel and also it is
responsible for accessing the channel more effectively and efficiently. The mobile device is used to
transmit and receive the required data within in a given time frame and with if a give condition.
With the help of mobile devices, there are many other services offered by the GSM to enable ad to
support more efficient data transmission. These services can be SMS, MMS etc. All these services
can only be accessed with the help of mobile devices which supports may other multimedia features
like live calling, video calling etc. Every day,

Essay on Wireless Technology Upgrade
Table of contents Page
1. Introduction 3
2. Strategic Business Assessment 3
3. Technology 4
4. Design a Wireless System 5
5. Compatibility Plans 6
6. Planned Competitive Improvements 7
7. Other Competitive Technological Solutions 8
8. Upgrading to Next Generation 9
9. Summary and Conclusions 10
10. Work Cited 12 Introduction:
Since the introduction of the first mobile phone in 1924, there has been a steady climb in developing
and enhancing, the mobile phone and its supporting technologies. The cellular network
infrastructures as well as service providers have been hard at work; in making sure they are
providing the best service as well as devices. The infrastructure alone ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Technology:
GoFone Cellular Communications is a leader in delivering innovative wireless cellular services. The
need for innovation and providing top–notch service has led GoFone into being an industry leader.
GoFone has been able stay ahead of the class, by keeping up with industry trends, and consumer
satisfaction. The services offered allow users to stay connected to the world. Subscribers are able to
talk and browse the Internet at the same time. GoFone also offers a variety of cellular phones with
several options. GoFone's service is currently being offered on 3rd generation technology, that
promises scalability. Having the ability to offer different services, with different pricing points
consumers will be able to pick a choice on what type of service or package they want. GoFone
promises to provide cellular wireless services, with the ability to stay connected and have minimal
to no impact.
GoFone's network is operating off Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS), which is
3rd generation wireless cellular technology. GoFone will deploy its UMTS network on the 900MHz
frequency. UMTS technology is mainly based off of Wide Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) affords; GoFone the opportunity to offer features such as mobile wireless Internet, email
and other services. The use of UMTS allows for

Radio Network Performance For Indoor Cellular Systems
Radio Network Performance for Indoor Cellular Systems Keshav Kumar Bollu (M547X932)
Abstract– Indoor wireless systems with cellular technology provides good coverage and high
capacity with great potential if a large number of small radio–ports are connected to a centralized
radio network controller. Various radio network solutions are investigated based on this approach.
Architecture of a base station sub–system (BSS) is presented and the proposed BSS is based on a
distributed architecture. The cost economical solution for indoor wireless deployment is presented
that meets indoor capacity need and provides good indoor coverage. Antenna hopping is done,
which transmits information continuously on different antennas. The Radio Resource ... Show more
High traffic capacity is achieved with smaller cells and microcell systems which cover downtown
hotspot areas. Microcells are characterized by lower antenna heights and lower power levels when
compared with ordinary macrocells and hence offer high outdoor traffic capacity but low indoor
coverage. Thus an indoor system should supply better coverage and high capacity simultaneously.
These needs are fulfilled by using a large number of small radio–ports into the cellular system.
Several solutions are available to increase the system capacity: frequency reuse by reducing the cell
size, dynamic resource allocation, slow frequency hopping, hierarchical cells etc. The transmission
link performance is a key property of a wireless communication system as it determines the
coverage of the system. An improvement of the transmission link performance provides a cost–
effective way of increasing capacity by allowing reuse of tighter channel. A method of improving
the transmission link performance of a wireless communication system is discussed here. These
needs are satisfied by arranging a huge number of small radio ports to the existing cellular system.
Spot coverage is provided for those areas which are hard or impossible to cover with the outdoor
cells. The radio–ports transmit with very low power for a small coverage area and keeping the
generated interference low. The reuse of traffic channels between the small areas covered by the
radio–ports can possibly be very frequent

Career Episode : India Bsc ( Base Station Controller )...
CAREER EPISODE – 1
MTNL India BSC (Base Station Controller) traffic migration
CE 1.1 Introduction:–
Duration : Jan 2008 – June 2008
Geographic Location : Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India
Position Held : Engineering Student (College project)
In final year of my bachelor's degree I got the opportunity to work with MTNL (Indian
Government's owned telecom company) on BSC (Base Station Controller) migration as part of
training and project. The migration involved both the circuit switched as well as packet switched
part.
MTNL was set up by the Government of India to upgrade the quality of telecom services, expand
the telecom network, and introduce new services and to raise revenue for telecom development
needs of Indias key metros with services ranging from 2G, 3G, LTE to high speed broadband
services.
CE 1.2 Background and Nature of the Work:
CE 1.2.1 Introduction:
As a telecommunication engineering student I studied and came to know that there are two basic
technologies in mobile phones on which our wireless network is based on. These are: CDMA (Code
Division Multiple Access ) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications).
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services.
My project of migrating call traffic of BSC was based on GSM technology. After getting familiar
with the

Telecommunication Companies Use Nokia 's Gsm Network
GSM ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
Most of the top telecommunication companies use Ericsson's GSM network including Vodafone
Delhi. GSM R9 network, a multi service network has the ability to accommodate a variety of
networks. For the operator, continuity of services, end client application portfolios and significant
cost reductions in transmission, operation and support are the implications of GSM R9. GSM is an
advanced TDMA framework upgraded for full duplex voice telephony.
The network is partitioned into:
Switching systems (SS)
Base station system (BSS)
Operation and support system (OSS)
The entire system is made up of every system's functional units.
NODES
1. Switching system
Mobile services switching centres
It plays out the system telephony switching functions as well as controls calls to and from other
telephony and data systems, such as the PSTN and PLMN. In Ericsson's GSM system, the VLR is
constantly incorporated with the MSC to shape a MSC/VLR to use internal signalling.
Visitor location register
The visitor location register is a database containing information about all the MSS that as of now
are located in the MSC service area. It has temporary subscriber information that the MSC requires
to provide service for visiting subscribers. The VLR can be seen as a distributed BHLR. When a
mobile station roams into a new MSC service area, the VLR associated with that MSC requests data
about the MS from the HLR and stores it. The VLR has all the required

The Impact Of Digital Technology On Consumer Electronics,...
Abstract–With the rapid development of digital technology in consumer electronics, advertising and
notification system has greater importance. Earlier systems had the drawback that the notice board
or systems that were to display notice has been done manually. The idea proposed to this project is
that using GSM technology so that the updates could be made with mobile and check for the
authority in the system. So updates to these notice boards could be made through a simple SMS. The
importance of notice in academic is well known to us but this system could be not only in the school
or educational but also for commercial purposes such as advertising or emergency notification
system.
Keywords: GSM modem, AVR 328, visual basic 6.0, LCD Display.
I. Introduction
This is an embedded based project. An embedded system is a combination of hardware and software
and perhaps other mechanical parts designed to perform a specific function. A Notice Board is a
very essential device in any institution/organization or public utility place like bus stations, railway
stations and parks. The big problem with these displays is to carry a computer or special keyboard
for generating and sending messages to LCD moving display board dynamically. Carrying a host
computer or special keyboard every time to generate message for LCD display boards is big
headache and also increase cost if it go for wireless based message sending. To make the
LCD display more portable, a GSM mobile phone is used

Theft Intimation For Goods And Vehicle
Theft Intimation for Goods and Vehicle
Rasure Ravindra Mahadev
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Dhole Patil College of Engineering
Pune, India rrasure63@gmail.com Kulkarni Suyash Sadanand
Pune, India
Suyashk57@gmail.com
Dhemare Pranoti Suresh
Pune, India pranoti.dhemare@gmail.com Jagtap Dinesh Annasaheb
Pune, India dineshajagtap@gmail.com Abstract– Consolidating the Global Positioning
System(GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Technology an Embedded
wireless system named Theft Detection of Goods and Vehicle Tracking system is propounded. This
is a long distance real time vehicle surveillance and security system. This system fulfils the critical
need of continuous weight monitoring of goods in a vehicle and real time tracking if the vehicle.
Keywords– Embedded system, GPS ,GSM, Vehicle, Load cell.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this modern and fast pace moving world vehicular tracking system is an urgent technological
need to be implemented ensuring are personal and business life security. Safety and security of a
vehicle is a foremost requirement of its owner. Hence, equipping your vehicle with a smart system
well ensure full proof mechanism for the vehicle's safety [1]. This system enhances efficiency

Gps, Gsm And Zapper Circuit Based Women Safety System
Abstract
Women's security is a critical issue in today's world and it's very much needed for every individual
to be acting over such an issue. This paper describes a "GPS, GSM and Zapper Circuit based women
safety system" that provides the combination of GPS device specialized to track the location as well
as provide alerts and messages with an emergency button trigger. It also contains shock mechanism
to produce non–lethal electric shock in emergency situation. Our endeavour behind this paper is to
design and fabricate a gadget which is so compact in itself that provide advantage of camouflage.
The main advantage of this system is that the user does not require a Smartphone unlike other
applications that have been developed earlier. The device provides with all the features which will
leave no stone unturned to help the dupe in any kind of emergency situations. The gadget also
contains healthcare system for patients and those who needed critical care. In this paper we provide
key points of the gadget and its application in danger time. Keywords– GPS (Global Positioning
System); GSM (Global System for Mobile communication); Zapper circuit. Buzzer.
I. INTRODUCTION
Women all over the world are facing much unethical physical harassment. Women and girls
experience and fear various types of sexual violence in public spaces, from sexual harassment to
sexual assault including rape and feticide. It happens on streets, public

Disadvantages Of GPS Trackers
Today, one of the biggest fears of pet owners is losing their pets, the sole prerogative of keeping
your pet safe is your responsibility. Unfortunately, people lose their pets on a daily basis, this
scenario is avoidable and can be prevented by the use of GPS tracker for your dogs and pets. GPS
trackers are more efficient than implanting a microchip on your animals because they hardly fall off,
they are waterproof and sturdy.
Advantages of GPS Trackers for Pets
It provides a real–time monitoring of your pet's whereabouts.
It is easy to use; with a touch of a button, you can access where your pets are and what is happening
to them.
Today, some technologically advanced trackers can be linked to your phone and computer to
monitor your pets easily.
Why do I need to use a GPS tracker for my Dogs/Pets?
GPS tracker for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Tracker is like a smartphone for your pet and needs its own SIM card to function and monitor
your pets.
Real–time GPS Trackers require five (5) major components and parts to work.
GPS Antenna – for connecting with the local telecommunication towers and for getting coordinates
from the satellite
GSM Sim card – To enable transmission of local data via the telecommunication towers
Processing board – For managing and processing the data
Battery – The battery helps to power up all the above listed components
The GPS tracking device is worn outside the dog's body and it is like the size of a business card, it
transmits the exact location of your dog and gives information on directions to get to the location.
The GPS tracker also alerts you when your dog strays beyond the preset jurisdiction or when it is in
danger of being harmed.
The GPS tracker interacts with a network of space satellites that is capable of determining the
location of your pets by triangulating the signal between these

Scheming Of Efficient Blood Banks By Usage Of Embedded...
SCHEMING OF EFFICIENT BLOOD BANKS BY USAGE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
R.B.KALYANI G.NARESH
M.Tech Student,EEE, Asst.Prof,EEE,
Aarushi Engineering college, Aarushi Engineering college,
Warangal, Telangana, India. Warangal, Telangana, India.
Mail.id: kalyani.471@gmail.com Mail.id:nareshsce@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Automated Blood stream Bank is certainly a joint venture partner work that can bring voluntary
blood stream contributing factors and people searching for blood stream onto an average platform.
The mission is always to fulfil every blood stream request within the U. S. states getting an
encouraging android application and motivated those who are ready to donate blood stream. This
project is targeted at servicing the people seeking contributing factors who are ready to donate blood
stream in addition to provide it within the timeframe needed. Automated Blood stream Bank tries to
assist sufferers/patients/people in want of blood stream. This is an endeavour to achieve dead set
these individuals in want of blood stream and connects those to people ready to donate. The
recommended

Attacks On Gsm Standards : Attack Against Mobile...
Attacks on GSM Standards: Attacks against mobile communication are not only depends on the
network weaknesses but the reasons may be mobile phones malware, identity theft by SIM cloning
and so on. Some other attacks, such as phishing with SMS, may exploit human factors as well. But
most of these attacks are done on the A5 family of ciphering algorithms. The exact formulation of
these algorithm is still unknown but many researchers try to calculate it through reverse engineering
and cryptanalysis. Some of the attacks done on A5 are discuss below, that can be distinguished as
passive and active attacks. PASSIVE ATTACKS: After the general configuration of A5/1 was
released, a few shortcomings of this calculation have Been uncovered by mainstream researchers.
The primary assault focusing on the A5/1 calculation has been proposed by Golic [Golic 1997],
which presented a successful Time–Memory Trade–Off (TMTO) assault in light of the birthday
Catch 22. This method is pertinent to any cryptosystem with a generally little number of inner states
like A5/1, which has 264 states characterized by three movement registers. The essential thought of
the TMTO is to pre–process a huge set of states A, and to consider the arrangement of states B
through which the calculation advances amid the era of yield bits. Any crossing point in the middle
of A and B permits the distinguishing proof of a genuine condition of the calculation. The proposed
assault would be practicable just having

The Accident Detection Techniques And Its Future...
Abstract–This paper presents review on the accident detection techniques and some future
possibilities in this field. Now–a–days lots of accidents happen on highways due to increase in
traffic and also due to rash driving of the drivers. And in many situations the family members or the
ambulance and police authority is not informed in time. This result in delaying the help reached to
the person suffered due to accident.Road accidents constitute the major part of the accident .The
purpose of the project is to find the vehicle where it is and locate the vehicle by means of sending a
message using a system which is placed inside of vehicle system Most of the times we may not be
able to find accident location because we don't know where accident will happen. Our project Real
Time Vehicle Tracking and Accident Detection with GPS is designed to avoid such situations.
Keywords–GPS, GSM,microcontroller AT89S52, Accident detection
I.INTRODUCTION–
Now–a–days lots of accidents happen on highways due to increase in traffic and also due to rash
driving of the drivers. And in many situations the family members or the ambulance and police
authority is not informed in time. This result in delaying the help reached to the person suffered due
to accident. Our project Real Time Vehicle Tracking and Accident Detection with GPS is designed
to avoid such situations. Road accidents constitute the major part of the accident. Our project Real
Time Vehicle Tracking and Accident Detection with GPS is

Technology Used By Gsm And Its Related Process Essay
Summary:
The document focuses on the technology used by GSM and its related process which is necessary
for setting up a GSM network. This mainly imphasize on the technology which is available recently
in the market and its competition with the others. It also shows the types of communication provided
by the company. Meanwhile we are talking about the different stratagies in the business, there are
also several other factors which plays an important role in GSM services. These important factors
are elaborated in this article to have an eye on different business stratagies.
Business Strategy:
As we all know there is no shortcut to success, the same implies on the business stratagies as well.
The long path is painful but always fruitful. So the first and the most important tast is to deep
research on the market. As we do more reserach we will come to know more about the market
policy and the risk taken in the business. We have to learn by our own steps also taken in diffrent
modes. We have to learn from others also and need to follow them in their positive steps to some
extent, as this may lead to different ideas captured. We have to also deal with the current position of
the market as well. If we want to attract the customer we have to follow the present trends of the
market.
If we talk about GSM technology, it is wide as it is used for communication and transmission of data
as well. Recently launching of 4g network have boost up the market. Users are attracted in a hufge
way

Case Study Of Mobilink GSM
Pakistan Mobile Communications Limited or PMCL which is better known to be as Mobilink GSM
‎
is the first GSM–based cellular operator or telecommunication service provider in South Asia. It
operates the GSM network in Pakistan which provides both prepaid and postpaid services to its
subscribers. Mobilink started operating in 1990 by the joint collaboration of Motorola Inc. and Saif
Group, they later sold it to an Egypt–based multinational company named as Orascom Telecom
which was then further sold to a Russian company "Vimpelcom Group". Mobilink employs nearly
8500 people across Pakistan and has served more than 38.2 million customers by April 2015. Its
head office is located in Islamabad. Its current President and CEO is Jeffrey Hedberg.  MISSION :
Mobilink's mission is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The number one 3G network has introduced some new trendy, smart and featured phones for its
customers. These phones were especially designed for 3G. These phones include the Jazz X phones
as 'Jazz Xcite (3G feature phone) and Jazz Xplore (smartphone series).  UNETHICAL
CAMPAIGN OF MOBILINK JAZZ X : A campaign was being run by Mobilink in which they used
sexual objectification as their marketing and advertising stunt to make it a big success by attracting
its audience towards their brand in a very unethical way. Through this way, it seems they are not
trying to sell the phones but trying to use women as a commodity or object to sell their bodies. A
renowned Bollywood female star Nargis Fakri was hired for this campaign. Though she was not
happy with this print campaign in newspapers. The lying Nargis Fakhri in red outfit on the front
page of newspaper made the readers think about the power of media and marketing. The campaign's
basic purpose which was the mobile phone advertising distracted the audience from its actual
message to something really disappointing and negative

Gsm Based Remote Patient Monitoring System
GSM BASED REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
Mrs. M. V. PatH, Mrs. M. S. Cbavan Department of Electronics Bbarati Vidyapeetb University
College of Engg. Pune. Email: mv14patil@gmail.com.meenacbavan2007@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the methodology for monitoring patients remotely using GSM network & Very
large scale integration (VLSI) technique. Patient monitoring systems consist of equipment, devices
and supplies that measure, including blood pressure, body temperature, heart activity,
display and record human physiological
characteristics,
various bodily substances (e.g. cholesterol, glucose, etc.), pulse rate, respiration rate and other
health–related criteria. A patient monitoring system for providing continuous ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
[1,2,]. Micro–controllers don't make the
transducers
used
bioelectrical signals. The signals obtained from the transducers are weak signals,
which are then amplified and converted into digital form using Analog to Digital
world go round, but they most certainly help us get around in the world Micro monitoring controller
system, which based has patient several
Converter (ADC). ADC output is fed to the FPGA device.
form of variables and compares with desired values stored m processor. Processor
continuously displays these variables on the LCD Display. FPGA continuously does this work, thus
providing a real time monitoring and control of temperature Field programmable Logic array is

another way to extend the density of the simple PLD's. The concept is to have a few paths can be
implemented within a single block, where a lot of inputs and outputs are u ...
CIS
a ... ...
~ ~ a..
"0 0
.8
0.
u
=
~ .... ...
X Figure.l.l
0
as
required. Processor continuously does this work, thus providing a real time monitoring and control
of these variables .
E 0
m
iii
0
Block diagram of remote patient monitoring system.
III. IMPLEMENTATION This system is to monitor information of multiple patients in ICU/CCU
via 3G mobile
Field programmable gate array receives digital form of variables then compares with desired hard
coded values stored in the processor

Gsm Specification & Air Interface
[pic]
WHAT IS GSM????
GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Groupe Spécial Mobile)
is the most popular standard for mobile telephone systems in the world. The GSM Association, its
promoting industry trade organization of mobile phone carriers and manufacturers, estimates that
80% of the global mobile market uses the standard.
GSM Specifications–I
RF Spectrum
GSM 900
1. Mobile to BTS (uplink): 890–915 MHz
2. BTS to Mobile (downlink):935–960 MHz
3. Bandwidth: 2* 25 MHz
GSM 1800
1. Mobile to BTS (uplink): 1710–1785 MHz
2. BTS to Mobile (downlink) 1805–1880 MHz
3. Bandwidth: 2* 75 MHz
GSM ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters for a filter that mimics
the vocal tract. The signal passes through this filter, leaving behind a residual signal. Speech is
encoded at 13 kbps.
GSM Subscriber Services

There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as tele
services) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice services
that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to
communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit
appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition
to normal telephony and emergency calling, the following subscriber services are supported by
GSM:
* Dual–tone multi–frequency (DTMF) –DTMF is a tone signaling scheme often used for various
control purposes via the telephone network, such as remote control of an answering machine. GSM
supports full–originating DTMF.
* Facsimile group III –GSM supports CCITT Group 3 facsimile. As standard fax machines are
designed to be connected to a telephone using analog signals, a special fax converter connected to
the exchange is used in the GSM system. This enables a GSM–connected fax to communicate with
any analog fax in the network.
* Short message services –A convenient facility

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