Open access savvy skills 2011

Introduction to Open Access

Robert Perret
Savvy Skills for Researchers
October 2011
University of Idaho

What is Open Access?
• Free of charge(to the reader)
• Free of most copyright and licensing
restrictions
• Online
• Digital
• Immediate (No delays or embargoes)
• Full-text

• Simply removing the price barrier is not
sufficient
• Tolerating “fair use” is not sufficient

• Per the Bethesda and Berlin statements, to be
OA the copyright holder must consent in
advance to let users
copy, use, print, index, distribute, transmit and
display the work publically, as well as to make
and transmit derivative works
• Essentially the only right retained under OA is
the right to proper attribution of authorship

History of Open Access

www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/ARPANET.html

• 1969 – Steve Crocker sends a “Request for
Comment” on his paper about IMP software
across ARPANet.

http://www.woldgate50.com/Seventies.htm

• 1970 First free online databases
– Agricola (Government)
– Project Gutenberg (Private)

http://s3.media.squarespace.com/production/650702/7578546/wp-
content/uploads/2009/12/1174631634_faad3aaea7_thumb.jpg

• 1971 First email sent by engineer Ray
Tomlinson

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Te-Va/Transactinides.html

• 1974 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
begins cataloging electronic pre-print
literature

http://echo.gmu.edu/node/5147

• 1979 USENET created
• 1981 JANET and BITNET

http://www.photosfan.com/images/ealy-home-computer-pcs.jpg

• 1983 – ARPAnet switches protocols from NCP
to TCP/IP. Generally considered to be the
birth of the Internet.

http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/large/c6289-25a.jpg

• 1985 The White House issues National
Security Decisions Directive 189 stating that
“to the maximum extent possible, the
products of fundamental research remain
unrestricted.”

http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTwj-
H3pjRpNmynksyoAj5QdDVUFejpl7VixKcvrBarVU367JEw

• 1987 Syracuse University launches New
Horizons in Adult Education, the first
free, online peer-reviewed journal

emeraldinsight.com

• 1990 Hytelnet, the first online hypertext
internet directory

www.guardian.co.uk

• 1990 CERN scientist Tim Berners-Lee creates
the first web client and server

http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=394653

• 1991 GOPHER protocol launched

http://www.library.rochester.edu/images_Dbases/DB_icon_Project_Muse.gif

• 1993 Project MUSE provides free full-text
searching and authors retain copyright

http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/17257797fb4c1f67145f388dd39519a4_1M.png

• 1994 National Academy Press provides free
full-text versions of all its books online. They
find that free online copies actually drive the
sales of print versions.

http://web.archive.org/web/19970126045828/http://www.archive.org/

• 1996 Computer scientist Brewster Kahle
launches the Internet Archive

http://web.archive.org/web/19980113191222/http://slashdot.org/

• 1997 Undergrad Rob Malda launches
“Slashdot”, widely considered to be the first blog

http://web.archive.org/web/20000229093412/http://www.openarchives.org/

• 1999 Open Archives Initiative launched

http://web.archive.org/web/20010727112808/http://www.wikipedia.org/

• 2001 Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales
launches Wikipedia

http://www.researchinformation.info/rimarapr05oaister.html

• 2002 OAIster launched by University of
Michigan

http://web.archive.org/web/20110628180027/http://creativecommons.org/

• 2002 Stanford law professor Lawrence Lessig
launches the Creative Commons system

http://web.archive.org/web/20030214235014/http://www.doaj.org/

• 2003 The Directory of Open Access Journals
launches

http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm

• 2003 Bethesda Statement on Open Access
Publishing released

http://web.archive.org/web/20110722063241/http://books.google.com/

• 2004 Google Scholar and Google Books

http://blogs.library.ualberta.ca/libnews/wp-
content/uploads/2008/10/oad_120x240.jpg

• 2008 First International Open Access Day

http://web.archive.org/web/20070114162346/http://www.wikileaks.org/index.html

• 2009 Wikileaks created

http://web.archive.org/web/20090315183941/http://www.openaccessweek.org/

• 2009 First International Open Access Week

What OA is intended to do
• Block plagiarism and misrepresentation
• Impedes commercial re-use
• Authorizes and facilitates legitimate
scholarship

What OA is not intended to do
• Legitimize vigilante behavior (wikileaks)
• Facilitate expropriating
• Encouraging infringing
• Justify piracy

What OA isn’t
• OA is not the same as universal access. OA
does not address:
– Filtering and censorship barriers
– Language barriers
– Handicap access
– Connectivity barriers

Issues in Open Access
• Credibility
– Peer review
– Impact factor
• Cost
– Author fees
• Self-publishing?
– Institutional Funds
– Advertising/Sponsorship

OA Credibility
• The value, rigor, and integrity of peer review is
independent of the price or medium of a
journal
• The same procedures, standards, and even the
same reviewers and editors can be used

Journal vs. Repository
• OA journals have the ability to maintain the same
standards and practices as traditional peer-
reviewed journals
• Repositories do not have a quality-control
function, merely a preservation/access function
• Repositories can also contain
theses, dissertations, course materials, data
files, audio and video files, institutional
records, and digitalized special collections

OA “Business Model”
• In the traditional publisher paradigm, authors
write, reviewers review, and editors edit
without direct compensation.
• All of this is supported by research
institutions.
• Publishers package the writing and then sell
the product back to the research institutions
that created the writing in the first place.

OA “Business Model”
• Academics write and edit for impact and career
advancement, not (directly) profit, so OA is compatible
and even advantageous
• Institutions are already paying for published research
(twice) with diminishing returns on access
• Supporting the system by paying once upfront instead
of on an ongoing basis is advantageous for institutions
in the long run
• Large institutions will publish more articles and bear
more cost, but will be buying the same prestige and
impact they are already buying at a lower cost, with
greater access for everyone, including themselves

Reduced cost
• OA reduces the cost of scholarly publishing by:
– Eliminating print
– Eliminating subscription management
– Eliminating DRM
– Reducing legal expenses
– Reducing marketing costs by relying on social
media and search engines

Mitigated costs
• Some OA resources offset costs by:
– Author/publication fee
– Advertising
– Add-ons
– Auxiliary Services

Need for Open Access

Journal costs outpace
inflation by 400%
since the 1980s!

Quantity of scholarly
information is
growing while access
is disappearing!

Advantages to institution
• Broader access to resources
• Lower-cost in the long-run
• Facilitates text and data mining
• Increases author visibility and impact
• Advances mission to share knowledge

OA and public funding
• Open Access publishing is now often required
to receive public funding, except for classified
military research, patentable discoveries, and
research that generates royalties

Open Access Fund
• Pool of money set aside by an institution or
other research-sponsoring entity specifically
to defray or cover OA journal processing fees
• Cornell University, Dartmouth
College, Harvard University, MIT, and UC
Berkeley

Advantages for authors
• Wider audience and greater impact than
subscription journals (Studies vary by
discipline and journal, but 2011 studies
showed an increase of citation between 130%-
740%. Looking at the past several years, it
seems safe to say that OA publishing easily
doubles the number of citations in most
cases.)
http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html

Advantages for journals/publishers
• Increased visibility may attracts:
– Submissions
– Advertisers
– Readers
– Citations
• May be combined with subscription strategies

Open Access Availability
• Estimated 4200 open access peer-reviewed
journals
• Directory of Open Access Journals is a great
resource
• It has been estimated that about 20% of
scholarly papers are published OA http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-
biblio.html

Open Access vs. Creative Commons
• Creative Commons is a standardized system
for indicating that an author has granted
permissive rights to a work
• OA and CC are not the same thing
• However, sufficiently permissive CC licenses
may be compatible with OA
• Similar impetus

Author Permission
• Be aware that if you have already transferred
copyright to a publisher, you must now seek
permission for OA publication, even repository
storage

Green OA
• However, many publishers provide blanket
permission for Green OA, or placing any pre-
publication draft in an OA repository
• This can include drafts that have been through
the peer review process – anything up until
you sign the contract on the final proof
• Project SHERPA is an online clearinghouse for
publishing agreements – including Green OA

Resources
• www.righttoresearch.org
• www.doaj.org
• http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/
• Effect on Impact Factor bibliography

Citations
• Björk, B.-C., Welling, P., Laakso, M., Majlender, P., Hedlund, T., &
Guðnason, G. (2010). Open Access to the Scientific Journal
Literature: Situation 2009. PLoS ONE, 5(6), e11273.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011273
• Eyal Amiran. (2010). The Open Access Debate. symploke, 18(1-
2), 251-260.
• Jacobs, N. (2006). Open access  key strategic, technical and
:
economic aspects. Oxford: Chandos.
• Laakso, M., Welling, P., Bukvova, H., Nyman, L., Björk, B.-C., &
Hedlund, T. (2011). The Development of Open Access Journal
Publishing from 1993 to 2009. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20961.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020961
• Willinsky, J. (2006). The access principle  the case for open access
:
to research and scholarship. Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.

Open access savvy skills 2011

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