The document provides an overview of migration from C to C++, covering topics such as program structure, naming variables, data types, operators, control structures, and input/output operations. It includes examples and explanations of key concepts in C++ like functions, variables, basic math operations, conditional statements, and loops. The document is a lecture presented by Hadziq Fabroyir to teach basic C++ concepts for programmers experienced in C.

1. Migration: C to C++ 09/09/2009 1 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS

2. C/C++ Program Structure Operating System void function1() { //... return; } int main() { function1(); function2(); function3(); return 0; } void function2() { //... return; } void function3() { //... return; } Operating System

3. Naming Variable MUST Identifier / variable name can include letters(A-z), digits(0-9), and underscore(_) Identifier starts with letteror underscore Do NOT use keywordsas identifier Identifier in C++ is case-sensitive CONSIDER Usemeaningfullname Limit identifier length up to 31 characters, although it can have length up to 2048 Avoid using identifiers that start with an underscore 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 3

4. Keywords 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 4

5. Declaring Variable 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 5 int value; char[] firstName; Char[] address; int 9ball; long bigInt; System::String full_name; int count!; long class; float a234_djJ_685_abc___;

6. Initializing Variable int value = 0; char[] firstName = “Budi”; long bigInt(100L); System::String^ full_name = “Budi Lagi”; 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 6

7. Fundamental Data Types 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 7

8. Literals 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 8

9. Example of Data Types int main() { char c = 'A'; wchar_t wideChar = L'9'; int i = 123; long l = 10240L; float f = 3.14f; double d = 3.14; bool b = true; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 9

10. Enumerations Variable with specific sets of values Enum Day {Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun}; Day today = Mon; Enum Day {Mon = 1, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun}; Day nextDay = Tues; 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 10

11. Basic Input/Output Operations int main() { //declare and initialize variables int num1 = 0; int num2 = 0; //getting input from keyboard cin >> num1 >> num2; //output the variables value to command line cout << endl; cout << "Num1 : " << num1 << endl; cout << "Num2 : " << num2; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 11

12. Escape Sequence 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 12

13. Basic Operators int main() { int a = 0; int b = 0; int c = 0; c = a + b; c = a - b; c = a * b; c = a / b; c = a % b; a = -b; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 13

14. Bitwise Operators 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 14 & bitwise AND ~ bitwise NOT | bitwise OR ^ bitwise XOR >>shift right <<shift left

15. Increment and Decrement Operators int main() { int a = 0; int b = 0; a++; b--; ++a; ++b; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 15

16. Shorthand Operators int main() { int a = 0; int b = 0; a += 3; b -= a; a *= 2; b /= 32; a %= b; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 16

17. Explicit Casting static_cast<the_type_to_convert_to>(expression) (the_type_to_convert_to)expression 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 17

18. Constant Declaration int main() { const double rollwidth = 21.0; const double rolllength = 12.0*33.0; const double rollarea = rollwidth*rolllength; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 18

19. Declaring Namespace namespace MyNamespace { // code belongs to myNamespace } namespace OtherNamespace { // code belongs to otherNamespace } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 19

20. Using Namespace #include <iostream> namespace myStuff { int value = 0; } int main() { std::cout << “enter an integer: “; std::cin >> myStuff::value; std::cout << “You entered “ << myStuff::value << std:: endl; return 0; } #include <iostream> namespace myStuff { int value = 0; } using namespace myStuff; int main() { std::cout << “enter an integer: “; std::cin >> value; std::cout << “You entered “ << value<< std:: endl; return 0; } 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 20

21. Visual C++ Programming Environment Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS ISO/ANSI C++ (unmanaged) C++/CLI .NET Framework Managed C++ Native C++ Framework Classes Native C++ MFC Common Language Runtime (CLR) Operating System HHardware 09/09/2009 21

22. C++/CLI Data Types 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 22

23. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 23 Control Structures Three control structures Sequence structure Programs executed sequentially by default Selection structures if, if…else, switch Repetition structures while, do…while, for

24. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 24 if Selection Statement Choose among alternative courses of action Pseudocode example If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 print “Passed” If the condition is true Print statement executes, program continues to next statement If the condition is false Print statement ignored, program continues

25. Activity Diagram 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 25

26. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 26 if Selection Statement Translation into C++ if ( grade >= 60 ) cout << "Passed"; Any expression can be used as the condition If it evaluates to zero, it is treated as false If it evaluates to non-zero, it is treated as true

27. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 27 if…else Double-Selection Statement if Performs action if condition true if…else Performs one action if condition is true, a different action if it is false Pseudocode If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 print “Passed”Else print “Failed” C++ code if ( grade >= 60 ) cout << "Passed";else cout << "Failed";

28. Activity Diagram 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 28

29. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 29 if…else Double-Selection Statement Ternary conditional operator (?:) Three arguments (condition, value if true, value if false) Code could be written: cout << ( grade >= 60 ? “Passed” : “Failed” ); Condition Value if true Value if false

30. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 30 if…else Double-Selection Statement Nested if…else statements One inside another, test for multiple cases Once a condition met, other statements are skipped Example If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90 Print “A” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 Print “B” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 Print “C” Else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “D” Else Print “F”

31. ITC1398 Introduction to Programming Chapter 3 31 if…else Double-Selection Statement Nested if…else statements (Cont.) Written In C++ if ( studentGrade >= 90 ) cout << "A";elseif (studentGrade >= 80 ) cout << "B";elseif (studentGrade >= 70 ) cout << "C"; elseif ( studentGrade >= 60 ) cout << "D";else cout << "F";

32. while Repetition Statement A repetition statement (also called a looping statement or a loop) allows the programmer to specify that a program should repeat an action while some condition remains true. The pseudocode statement While there are more items on my shopping list Purchase next item and cross it off my list 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 32

33. for Repetition Statement 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 33

34. do …while Repetition Statement do { statement } while ( condition ); 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 34

35. switch Multiple-Selection Statement 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 35

36. For your practice … Lab Session I (Ahad, 19.00-21.00) 4.14 5.20 6.27 Lab Session II (Senin, 19.00-21.00) 4.35 5.12 6.30 09/09/2009 Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 36

37. ☺~ Next: OOP using C++ ~☺ [ 37 ] Hadziq Fabroyir - Informatics ITS 09/09/2009