The document discusses interaction diagrams, specifically sequence diagrams and communication diagrams. It explains that interaction diagrams show interactions between objects by depicting the messages exchanged. A sequence diagram emphasizes the time ordering of messages, showing objects arranged from left to right and messages ordered from top to bottom. A communication diagram emphasizes the structural organization of objects, showing them as vertices connected by links along which messages pass. Both diagram types are semantically equivalent but visualize information differently based on their focus. Examples of sequence and communication diagrams are provided for processes like patient admission to a hospital.
This document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines objects as having state, behavior, and identity, with similar objects defined by common classes. Classes represent groups of objects with similar behavior and structures. The relationships between classes and objects are explored, including generalization, aggregation, and association. Identification of classes and objects in analysis is discussed through various approaches like use case analysis and CRC cards. The importance of proper classification and key abstractions and mechanisms are also covered.
Data mining primitives include task-relevant data, the kind of knowledge to be mined, background knowledge such as concept hierarchies, interestingness measures, and methods for presenting discovered patterns. A data mining query specifies these primitives to guide the knowledge discovery process. Background knowledge like concept hierarchies allow mining patterns at different levels of abstraction. Interestingness measures estimate pattern simplicity, certainty, utility, and novelty to filter uninteresting results. Discovered patterns can be presented through various visualizations including rules, tables, charts, and decision trees.
This slide give the basic introduction about UML diagram and it's types, and brief intro about Activity Diagram, use of activity diagram in object oriented programming language..
This document discusses sockets programming in Java. It covers server sockets, which listen for incoming client connections, and client sockets, which connect to servers. It describes how to create server and client sockets in Java using the ServerSocket and Socket classes. Examples are provided of simple Java programs to implement a TCP/IP server and client using sockets.
This document discusses the evolution of the object model in programming. It describes how programming languages have evolved from procedural to object-oriented over several generations, with each generation incorporating new features like data abstraction, modularity, and object-oriented concepts. The core elements of the object model are explained as abstraction, encapsulation, hierarchy, and modularity. Minor elements like typing, concurrency, and persistence are also discussed. Examples are given throughout to illustrate object-oriented concepts.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
This document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented analysis and design. It defines objects as having state, behavior, and identity, with similar objects defined by common classes. Classes represent groups of objects with similar behavior and structures. The relationships between classes and objects are explored, including generalization, aggregation, and association. Identification of classes and objects in analysis is discussed through various approaches like use case analysis and CRC cards. The importance of proper classification and key abstractions and mechanisms are also covered.
Data mining primitives include task-relevant data, the kind of knowledge to be mined, background knowledge such as concept hierarchies, interestingness measures, and methods for presenting discovered patterns. A data mining query specifies these primitives to guide the knowledge discovery process. Background knowledge like concept hierarchies allow mining patterns at different levels of abstraction. Interestingness measures estimate pattern simplicity, certainty, utility, and novelty to filter uninteresting results. Discovered patterns can be presented through various visualizations including rules, tables, charts, and decision trees.
This slide give the basic introduction about UML diagram and it's types, and brief intro about Activity Diagram, use of activity diagram in object oriented programming language..
This document discusses sockets programming in Java. It covers server sockets, which listen for incoming client connections, and client sockets, which connect to servers. It describes how to create server and client sockets in Java using the ServerSocket and Socket classes. Examples are provided of simple Java programs to implement a TCP/IP server and client using sockets.
This document discusses the evolution of the object model in programming. It describes how programming languages have evolved from procedural to object-oriented over several generations, with each generation incorporating new features like data abstraction, modularity, and object-oriented concepts. The core elements of the object model are explained as abstraction, encapsulation, hierarchy, and modularity. Minor elements like typing, concurrency, and persistence are also discussed. Examples are given throughout to illustrate object-oriented concepts.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
Unit 2(advanced class modeling & state diagram)Manoj Reddy
This document discusses state modeling concepts in UML including states, transitions, events, and state diagrams. It provides examples of state diagrams for a phone and traffic lights. States represent conditions an object can be in, such as idle or running. Transitions are changes between states triggered by events like receiving a call. State diagrams visually depict the flow between states.
This document provides an overview of domain modeling concepts including:
- A domain model illustrates meaningful conceptual classes in a problem domain and is not focused on software components.
- Key elements of a domain model include conceptual classes, associations between classes, and attributes of classes.
- Identifying conceptual classes involves techniques like analyzing common nouns and noun phrases.
- Associations represent meaningful relationships between conceptual classes and should be identified based on information needs.
- Attributes specify logical data values of conceptual classes and should be kept simple.
- The document uses examples to demonstrate domain modeling techniques.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data by providing data independence, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and more. It also defines key concepts like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transactions, storage management, database users, administrators, and the roles they play in overall database system structure.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a popular approach for analyzing, designing, and developing applications using the object-oriented paradigm. It involves modeling a system as a group of interacting objects at various levels of abstraction. Key concepts in OOAD include objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like association, aggregation, and composition. Common OOAD techniques include use case diagrams, which show interactions between actors and the system, and class diagrams, which describe the structure and behavior of system objects and their relationships.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
This document provides an overview of Java servlets technology, including:
1. What Java servlets are and their main purposes and advantages such as portability, power, and integration with server APIs.
2. Key aspects of servlet architecture like the servlet lifecycle, the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects, and how different HTTP methods map to servlet methods.
3. Examples of simple servlets that process parameters, maintain a session counter, and examples of deploying servlets in Eclipse IDE.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), including an introduction to basic OO principles like encapsulation, abstraction, hierarchy, and modularity. It then covers various techniques for object-oriented analysis like noun lists and use cases. Finally, it discusses the process of transforming analysis models into design models using object-oriented design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. Design patterns describe common solutions to programming problems and always use UML diagrams. This document focuses on class diagrams, which show classes, interfaces, and their relationships. It provides examples of how to depict classes with variables and methods, and relationships between classes like inheritance.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The document discusses four common mechanisms in the Unified Modeling Language (UML): (i) specifications which provide textual definitions for graphical notations, (ii) adornments like notes that attach constraints to elements, (iii) common divisions between classes and objects, and (iv) extensibility mechanisms that allow customizing UML through stereotypes, tagged values, and constraints.
The document discusses various UML diagrams used for modeling dynamic and implementation aspects of software systems. It describes interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams which are used to model object interactions. It also covers state machine diagrams and activity diagrams which are used to model dynamic system behavior. Finally, it discusses implementation diagrams like package diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams which are used to model system organization and deployment.
This document discusses several key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD):
1. Traditional development methodologies are either algorithm-centric or data-centric, focusing on algorithms or data structure first.
2. Objects have attributes that describe their state and methods that define their behavior. An object represents a real-world entity like a car with attributes like color and methods like drive.
3. Object behavior is described through methods, which encapsulate what an object can do. Objects take responsibility for their own behavior.
This document discusses two common models for distributed computing communication: message passing and remote procedure calls (RPC). It describes the basic primitives and design issues for each model. For message passing, it covers synchronous vs asynchronous and blocking vs non-blocking primitives. For RPC, it explains the client-server model and how stubs are used to convert parameters and return results between machines. It also discusses binding, parameter passing techniques, and ensuring error handling and execution semantics.
This document discusses basic behavioral modeling using interaction diagrams. It defines key terms like interaction, context, objects and roles, links and connectors, messages, and sequencing. It explains the difference between sequence diagrams, which emphasize time ordering of messages, and collaboration diagrams, which emphasize the structural organization of roles. Both diagram types are semantically equivalent but show information differently. Interaction diagrams are commonly used to model dynamic system behavior by showing message flow between roles.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts. It discusses that software development is increasingly relying on object-oriented paradigms due to benefits like improved modeling of real-world problems and reusability. Key concepts discussed include classes and objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and object composition. Various object-oriented methodologies like those proposed by Coad/Yourdon, Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of database systems, including their purpose, components, and architecture. It describes how database systems offer solutions to problems with using file systems to store data by providing data independence, concurrency control, recovery from failures, and more. It also defines key concepts like data models, data definition and manipulation languages, transactions, storage management, database users, administrators, and the roles they play in overall database system structure.
Unit 1( modelling concepts & class modeling)Manoj Reddy
The document discusses object-oriented modeling and design. It covers key concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also discusses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) which provides standard notation for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting models. The document is a lecture on object-oriented concepts for students to understand modeling using classes, objects, and relationships.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented analysis and design. It defines key terms and concepts in object-oriented modeling like use cases, class diagrams, states, sequences. It describes developing requirements models using use cases and class diagrams. It also explains modeling object behavior through state and sequence diagrams and transitioning analysis models to design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to model structural and behavioral aspects of a system. Common UML diagram types include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and state diagrams. Use case diagrams model user interactions, class diagrams show system entities and relationships, sequence diagrams visualize object interactions over time, and state diagrams depict object states and transitions. UML aims to simplify the complex process of software design through standardized modeling.
Coupling refers to the interdependence between software modules. There are several types of coupling from loose to tight, with the tightest being content coupling where one module relies on the internal workings of another. Cohesion measures how strongly related the functionality within a module is, ranging from coincidental to functional cohesion which is the strongest. Tight coupling and low cohesion can make software harder to maintain and reuse modules.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design concepts. It introduces key concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance etc. It then describes Object Modeling Technique (OMT), which is an object-oriented modeling methodology developed in 1991. OMT consists of three models - object model, dynamic model and functional model. It also discusses Unified Modeling Language (UML) conceptual model, including building blocks like things, relationships and diagrams. It describes different structural things, behavioral things and grouping things in UML. Finally, it covers various relationship types in UML like dependency, association, generalization etc.
Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) is a popular approach for analyzing, designing, and developing applications using the object-oriented paradigm. It involves modeling a system as a group of interacting objects at various levels of abstraction. Key concepts in OOAD include objects, classes, attributes, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and relationships like association, aggregation, and composition. Common OOAD techniques include use case diagrams, which show interactions between actors and the system, and class diagrams, which describe the structure and behavior of system objects and their relationships.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
Object Oriented Methodologies discusses several object-oriented analysis and design methodologies including Rambaugh's Object Modeling Technique (OMT), Booch methodology, and Jacobson's Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). OMT separates modeling into object, dynamic, and functional models represented by diagrams. Booch methodology uses class, object, state transition, module, process, and interaction diagrams. OOSE includes use case, domain object, analysis object, implementation, and test models.
This document provides an overview of Java servlets technology, including:
1. What Java servlets are and their main purposes and advantages such as portability, power, and integration with server APIs.
2. Key aspects of servlet architecture like the servlet lifecycle, the HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse objects, and how different HTTP methods map to servlet methods.
3. Examples of simple servlets that process parameters, maintain a session counter, and examples of deploying servlets in Eclipse IDE.
The document discusses object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD), including an introduction to basic OO principles like encapsulation, abstraction, hierarchy, and modularity. It then covers various techniques for object-oriented analysis like noun lists and use cases. Finally, it discusses the process of transforming analysis models into design models using object-oriented design.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. Design patterns describe common solutions to programming problems and always use UML diagrams. This document focuses on class diagrams, which show classes, interfaces, and their relationships. It provides examples of how to depict classes with variables and methods, and relationships between classes like inheritance.
The objective is to explain how a software design may be represented as a set of interacting objects that manage their own state and operations and to introduce various models that describe an object-oriented design.
The document discusses four common mechanisms in the Unified Modeling Language (UML): (i) specifications which provide textual definitions for graphical notations, (ii) adornments like notes that attach constraints to elements, (iii) common divisions between classes and objects, and (iv) extensibility mechanisms that allow customizing UML through stereotypes, tagged values, and constraints.
The document discusses various UML diagrams used for modeling dynamic and implementation aspects of software systems. It describes interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams which are used to model object interactions. It also covers state machine diagrams and activity diagrams which are used to model dynamic system behavior. Finally, it discusses implementation diagrams like package diagrams, component diagrams, and deployment diagrams which are used to model system organization and deployment.
This document discusses several key concepts in object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD):
1. Traditional development methodologies are either algorithm-centric or data-centric, focusing on algorithms or data structure first.
2. Objects have attributes that describe their state and methods that define their behavior. An object represents a real-world entity like a car with attributes like color and methods like drive.
3. Object behavior is described through methods, which encapsulate what an object can do. Objects take responsibility for their own behavior.
This document discusses two common models for distributed computing communication: message passing and remote procedure calls (RPC). It describes the basic primitives and design issues for each model. For message passing, it covers synchronous vs asynchronous and blocking vs non-blocking primitives. For RPC, it explains the client-server model and how stubs are used to convert parameters and return results between machines. It also discusses binding, parameter passing techniques, and ensuring error handling and execution semantics.
This document discusses basic behavioral modeling using interaction diagrams. It defines key terms like interaction, context, objects and roles, links and connectors, messages, and sequencing. It explains the difference between sequence diagrams, which emphasize time ordering of messages, and collaboration diagrams, which emphasize the structural organization of roles. Both diagram types are semantically equivalent but show information differently. Interaction diagrams are commonly used to model dynamic system behavior by showing message flow between roles.
The document discusses several modeling techniques used in software development including the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Entity-Relationship (ER) modeling, and dimensional modeling. It provides an overview of UML diagrams including use case, class, sequence, activity, and other diagrams. It also explains the basic concepts of ER modeling such as entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinalities. Finally, it gives an example of modeling a company database using ER diagrams with entities for departments, projects, employees, and their attributes and relationships.
The document discusses interaction diagrams, which illustrate how objects interact via messages. It describes collaboration diagrams and sequence diagrams. Collaboration diagrams show object interactions in a graph format and demonstrate static connections, while sequence diagrams show interaction in a timeline format generally illustrating the sequence of events. The document provides examples and descriptions of collaboration diagrams, sequence diagrams, use case diagrams, and activity diagrams. It discusses their notation, how to construct them, strengths and weaknesses.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
This document summarizes several agent-based modeling projects done by students at the University of East London. It describes projects using StarLogo, where students modeled emergent urban forms and traffic patterns. It also discusses modeling the growth of traditional Yemeni cities and experiments deforming NURBS surfaces using agent-based modeling in Microstation. The document provides examples of how agent-based modeling can be used as a design tool to explore emergent patterns and behaviors.
This document discusses UML interaction diagrams, specifically sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. It defines that interaction diagrams visualize interactive system behavior and consist of sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. Sequence diagrams represent message flow and lifelines, while collaboration diagrams depict object relationships and architecture. Notations for both include objects, links, and messages. Sequence diagrams show messages sequentially on lifelines, while collaboration diagrams attach messages to links between objects.
This document discusses UML interaction diagrams, specifically sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. It defines that interaction diagrams visualize interactive system behavior and consist of sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams. Sequence diagrams represent message flow and lifelines, while collaboration diagrams depict object relationships and architecture. Notations for both include objects, links, and messages. Sequence diagrams show messages sequentially on lifelines, while collaboration diagrams attach messages to links between objects.
Adaptive named entity recognition for social network analysis and domain onto...Cuong Tran Van
This document describes a system that uses adaptive named entity recognition and link analysis to uncover relationships between entities from web documents. The system uses ESpotter, an adaptive named entity recognition tool, to extract entities like people's names from documents on a domain. It then applies a link analysis algorithm to the entity data to find other entities closely related to each extracted entity. User feedback on the results is collected and can be used to update an existing domain ontology by suggesting new relationships and entities not currently represented. The system was tested on documents from the Knowledge Media Institute domain.
This document contains summaries of key concepts in knowledge-based agents, propositional logic, and theorem proving/inference:
1. Knowledge-based agents maintain an internal knowledge base and use an inference system to reason over that knowledge, update their knowledge based on observations, and determine appropriate actions. They represent the world using a formal knowledge representation language.
2. Propositional logic uses propositional variables and logical connectives to construct well-formed formulas that can be assigned true or false values. Truth tables are used to systematically evaluate the truth values of complex formulas.
3. Theorem proving demonstrates the validity of a mathematical statement by constructing a logical proof based on axioms, definitions, and previously proven theorems.
This document discusses various dynamic modeling diagrams in UML. State diagrams depict the states and transitions of an object over time. Sequence diagrams show the messages exchanged between objects and can include recursion. Collaboration diagrams also show object interaction but focus on how messages affect each object. Activity diagrams model the flow of activities and their results, and can represent concurrency using swimlanes.
Complex systems,
Software systems,
Database systems,
Operating systems,
Bioinformatics systems,
Social Systems,
Service Oriented Systems,
Cloud Systems,
Ubiquitous systems,
Distributed Version Control Systems (GitHub), and
Software Container Systems (DockerHub and Google App Engine).
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1. o
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3. 6
4. -1 (throws StringIndexOutOfBoundsException)
5. Removes leading and trailing whitespace
6. false
7. A negative integer, since "sam" is less than "Sam" alphabetically
Packages and interfaces are two of Java's most innovative features. Packages are used to group related classes and avoid naming conflicts by providing a mechanism to partition the class namespace into more manageable chunks. Packages also provide access control, with protected and default members having package-level access. To define a package, the package statement is included at the top of a Java file specifying the package name. Import statements are used to make classes in other packages visible. Packages can be built-in, from the Java API, or user-defined.
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The document discusses exception handling in Java. It explains that exceptions represent runtime errors and can be handled using try, catch, and finally blocks. The key exception types are Exception, RuntimeException, and Error. Exception is the superclass of all exceptions and must be caught, while RuntimeException represents programming errors that do not require catching. Error represents very severe errors outside the program's control. The document provides examples of how to throw, catch, and handle different exception types in Java code.
The document discusses the structure of Java classes. A class describes a set of objects through fields, constructors, and methods. Fields hold an object's data, constructors create new objects, and methods describe actions objects can perform. A class can also contain static data and methods that are not part of individual objects. Methods define the behavior of a class using parameters, return types, and local variables. Objects communicate by sending messages to each other's methods.
Java - Object Oriented Programming ConceptsVicter Paul
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Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
2. 2
Interactions
In every interesting system, objects don't just sit idle; they
interact with one another by passing messages.
An interaction is a behavior that comprises a set of messages
exchanged among a set of objects within a context to accomplish
a purpose
A message is a specification of a communication between objects
Graphically, a message is rendered as a directed line and always
includes the name of its operation.
You may find an interaction wherever objects are linked to one another.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
3. 3
Contents
Objects and Roles
Links
Messages
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
4. 4
Objects and Roles
The objects that participate in an interaction are either concrete
things or prototypical things.
As a concrete thing, an object represents something in the real
world. For example, p, an instance of the class Person, might
denote a particular human.
Alternately, as a prototypical thing, p might represent any
instance of Person.
In the context of an interaction, you may find instances of classes,
components, nodes, and use cases.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
5. 5
Messages
In the UML, you can model several kinds of messages.
A message is shown by an arrow from one lifeline to another.
The arrowhead points to the receiver.
If the message is synchronous (a call), the line has a filled
triangular arrowhead.
If the message is asynchronous, the line has a stick arrowhead.
A reply to a synchronous message (a return from a call) is
shown by a dashed arrow with a stick arrowhead.
The return message may be omitted, as there is an implicit
return after any call, but it is often useful for showing return
values.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
6. 6
Messages
In the UML, you can model several
kinds of messages.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
7. 7
Interaction Diagram
An interaction diagram shows an interaction, consisting of a set
of objects and their relationships, including the messages that
may be dispatched among them.
Sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams - both are called
as interaction diagrams
A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that emphasizes the
time ordering of messages.
Graphically, a sequence diagram is a table that shows objects arranged
along the X axis and messages, ordered in increasing time, along the Y
axis.
A collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that
emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send
and receive messages.
Graphically, a collaboration diagram is a collection of vertices and arcs.Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
8. 8
Sequence Diagram
A sequence diagram emphasizes the time ordering of messages.
As below figure shows, you form a sequence diagram by first
placing the objects that participate in the interaction at the top of
your diagram, across the X axis.
Typically, you place the object that initiates the interaction at the
left, and increasingly more subordinate objects to the right.
Next, you place the messages that these objects send and receive
along the Y axis, in order of increasing time from top to bottom.
Two important features,
the object lifeline
the focus of control
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
9. 9
object lifeline
An object lifeline is the vertical dashed line that represents the
existence of an object over a period of time.
Most objects that appear in an interaction diagram will be in
existence for the duration of the interaction, so these objects are
all aligned at the top of the diagram, with their lifelines drawn
from the top of the diagram to the bottom.
Objects may be created during the interaction.
Their lifelines start with the receipt of the message stereotyped as create.
Objects may be destroyed during the interaction.
Their lifelines end with the receipt of the message stereotyped as destroy
(and are given the visual cue of a large X, marking the end of their lives).
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
11. 11
focus of control
The focus of control is a tall, thin rectangle that shows the period
of time during which an object is performing an action, either
directly or through a subordinate procedure.
The top of the rectangle is aligned with the start of the action; the
bottom is aligned with its completion (and can be marked by a
return message).
You can show the nesting of a focus of control (caused by
recursion, a call to a self-operation, or by a callback from another
object) by stacking another focus of control slightly to the right of
its parent (and can do so to an arbitrary depth).
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
13. 13
How to model Sequence Diagram
Set the context for the interaction, whether it is a system,
subsystem, operation
Set the stage for the interaction by identifying which objects play
a role in the interaction.
Lay them out on the sequence diagram from left to right, placing the more
important objects to the left and their neighboring objects to the right.
Set the lifeline for each object.
For those objects that are created and destroyed during the interaction, set
their lifelines, as appropriate, and explicitly indicate their birth and death
with appropriately stereotyped messages.
Starting with the message that initiates this interaction, lay out
each subsequent message from top to bottom between the
lifelines, showing each message's properties as necessary to
explain the semantics of the interaction.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
26. 26
Communication Diagram
Sequence diagrams permit you to model the lifeline of an object.
An object's lifeline represents the existence of the object at a
particular time.
Collaboration diagrams permit you to model the structural links
that may exist among the objects in an interaction.
It is also called as Collaboration Diagram
A collaboration diagram is an interaction diagram that
emphasizes the structural organization of the objects that send
and receive messages.
Collaboration diagram can be modelled by first placing the
objects that participate in the interaction as the vertices in a
graph.
Next, you render the links that connect these objects as the arcs of
this graph.Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
27. 27
How to model Communication Diagram
Set the context for the interaction, it is a system, subsystem, operation?
Set the stage for the interaction by identifying which objects play a role in
the interaction.
Lay them out on the collaboration diagram as vertices in a graph, placing the
more important objects in the center of the diagram and their neighboring
objects to the outside.
Specify the links among these objects, along which messages may pass
Finally, you adorn these links with the messages that objects send and
receive.
This gives the reader a clear visual cue to the flow of control in the context
of the structural organization of objects that collaborate.
To indicate the time order of a message, you prefix the message with a
number (starting with the message numbered 1), increasing monotonically
for each new message in the flow of control (2, 3, and so on).
To show nesting, you use Dewey decimal numbering (1 is the first message;
1.1 is the first message nested in message 1; 1.2 is the second message
nested in message 1; and so on).Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
30. 30
Semantic Equivalence
Because they both derive from the same information in the UML's
metamodel, sequence diagrams and collaboration diagrams are
semantically equivalent.
As a result, you can take a diagram in one form and convert it to the
other without any loss of information, as you can see in the previous
two figures, which are semantically equivalent.
However, this does not mean that both diagrams will explicitly
visualize the same information.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam
31. 31
Differences between diagrams
Sequence Diagrams Collaboration Diagrams
The sequence diagram represents the
UML, which is used to visualize the
sequence of calls in a system that is used
to perform a specific functionality.
The collaboration diagram also comes
under the UML representation which is
used to visualize the organization of the
objects and their interaction.
The sequence diagram are used to
represent the sequence of messages that
are flowing from one object to another.
The collaboration diagram are used to
represent the structural organization of
the system and the messages that are
sent and received.
The sequence diagram is used when
time sequence is main focus.
The collaboration dagram is used when
object organization is main focus.
The sequence diagrams are better suited
of analysis activities.
The collaboration diagrams are better
suited for depicting simpler interactions
of the smaller number of objects.
Dr. P. Victer Paul, Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam