Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a helpful tool that has been used for years, and will continue to be used as it is versatile and can adapt to changes. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities or objects. There are several types of diagrams used in object oriented analysis including object relationship diagrams, use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, state transition diagrams, and activity diagrams.
Entity Relationship diagrams - ER diagrams, Entity set, Reletionship set, Attribute set, Cardinality, Generalisation, Specialization, Inheritance, one to one relationship, one to many relationship, many to one relationship, many to many relationship,
Entity Relationship diagrams - ER diagrams, Entity set, Reletionship set, Attribute set, Cardinality, Generalisation, Specialization, Inheritance, one to one relationship, one to many relationship, many to one relationship, many to many relationship,
COBB–Douglas Production function in SPSS
Yi=a X1i^b1 X2i^b2 X3i^b3 e^ui
Where,
Y= dependent variable
X=explanatory(independent)variable
a=intercept
bi are regression coefficients
e=2.718………….
u=error term Follows N(0,constant variance)
This function is non linear in parameters so to make it linear in parameters apply ln both sides then equation looks like
lnYi=lna+ b1lnX1i +b2lnX2i +b3lnX3i+ui
Steps
1.Goto variable view(type variables)
2.Data view(type respected data)
3.Apply logarithmic Transformation to the data
4.Go to Analyze
5.Get Output
Cobb Douglas production function in excel
Yi=a X1i^b1 X2i^b2 X3i^b3 e^ui
Where,
Y= dependent variable
X=explanatory(independent)variable
a=intercept
bi are regression coefficients
e=2.718………….
u=error term Follows N(0,constant variance)
This function is non linear in parameters so to make it linear in parameters apply ln both sides then equation looks like
lnYi=lna+ b1lnX1i +b2lnX2i +b3lnX3i+ui
Steps
1. Open Excel, Give Variable Names and Provide Data
2. Apply Logarithmic Transformation to the Data
3. Go to Data analysis
4. Get Output
COBB–Douglas Production function in SPSS
Yi=a X1i^b1 X2i^b2 X3i^b3 e^ui
Where,
Y= dependent variable
X=explanatory(independent)variable
a=intercept
bi are regression coefficients
e=2.718………….
u=error term Follows N(0,constant variance)
This function is non linear in parameters so to make it linear in parameters apply ln both sides then equation looks like
lnYi=lna+ b1lnX1i +b2lnX2i +b3lnX3i+ui
Steps
1.Goto variable view(type variables)
2.Data view(type respected data)
3.Apply logarithmic Transformation to the data
4.Go to Analyze
5.Get Output
Cobb Douglas production function in excel
Yi=a X1i^b1 X2i^b2 X3i^b3 e^ui
Where,
Y= dependent variable
X=explanatory(independent)variable
a=intercept
bi are regression coefficients
e=2.718………….
u=error term Follows N(0,constant variance)
This function is non linear in parameters so to make it linear in parameters apply ln both sides then equation looks like
lnYi=lna+ b1lnX1i +b2lnX2i +b3lnX3i+ui
Steps
1. Open Excel, Give Variable Names and Provide Data
2. Apply Logarithmic Transformation to the Data
3. Go to Data analysis
4. Get Output
Detailed description and introduction to UML(Unified Modeling Language).Structural and behavioral modeling.Class Diagram, Object Diagram.Notation for building all kinds of UML diagrams.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
Course Number
Course Section
Course Name
Project Name (Unit 1 IP)
Student Name
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Use cases 4
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagram 4
Class Diagram 5
Figure 2: Class diagram 6
Activity diagram 7
Figure 3: Activity diagram 8
Sequence diagram 9
Figure 4: Sequence Diagram 9
References 10
UML Model for Project Introduction
System design is a process that helps to conceptualize the software system requirements into a software implementation. It involves taking the user requirements and using it to define system architecture, interfaces and modules for the system. The most widely used method for software system design today is Object-Oriented analysis and design methods for their reusability and easy way of expressing relationship between system components(Martin, 2011). To be able to efficiently utilize the power of object-oriented analysis and design methods you need to use its standard language, Unified Modeling language (UML). UML is a general purpose modeling language that is used to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML is rich of modeling notations and methods that are used to create different diagrams to represent structural and behavior information of the system (Wazlawick, 2014). Example of this diagrams include class diagram, use case diagram, deployment diagrams, activity diagram, state, object, and sequence among other.
The diagram in the following sections represents the structural and behavior of the Online ordering system. Use cases
Use case diagram are used to represent a user’s interaction with the system hence showing the relationship between the system and its users. Use cases identify the different actors (users) of the system and the different ways (use cases) they interact with the system. The use case diagram below shows the two main users of the online orders system and how the use the system.
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagramClass Diagram
UML Class diagram are static structure diagram used to describe the structure of software system by showing classes, operations, their attributes and the relationship among them. Classes form the main building block of Object Oriented modeling and hence class diagram help to conceptualize the general structure of the system that can later be translate into programming code. Classes in class diagram represent the main elements in the application to be programmed (Booch, 1994).
The diagram below show the class diagram for the recommend online ordering system. Boxes represent classes. Boxes are supposed to have three compartments to complete the represent class information in full, one for class name, second for class attributes and the third for class operations. The diagram below shows a simple representation of classes. The lines represent links between classes and show the kind of relationship between classes. For example user is generalization for customer and sales. Customer makes o.
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2. Object oriented analysis and design focus on what the system does and how it does it. It is a very helpful tool in software engineering, and teams have been using it for years. It will continue to be used as it is very versatile and can be adjusted to the changing trends. Team Task 1
3. I will take things one step at a time. I will gather all of the objects I will need first and put them in a list. I will then determine what role each object has and how it performs the tasks needed. Team Task 2
4. Cardinality refers to the relationships between different entities (objects). Team Task 3
5. The first is an object relationship diagram. This provides a brief overview. Next comes the use case diagram, which is a visual summary of several related use cases within a system or subsystem. Class diagrams represent a detailed view of a single use case, shows the classes that participate in the use case, and documents the relations among the classes. A sequence diagram is a dynamic model of a use case, showing the interaction among classes during a specified time period. State transition diagrams show how an object changes from one state to another, depending on events that affect the object. Activity diagrams resemble a horizontal flowchart that shows the action and events as they occur. Team Task 4
6. Explain how O.O.A. can be used to describe an information system. Define the terms and concepts. Explain object relationships and inheritance. Identify the actors. Draw a use case diagram. Draw an object relationship diagram. Describe UML. Explain CASE tools. Explain how to organize an object model. Review the diagrams and object relationships. Manage the SWL 1.a.
7. Concurrent: (1a) Define terms and concepts, (1b) explain object relationships and inheritance, (1c) describe UML, (1d) explain CASE tools, and (1e) review how to organize an object model. Sequential: (2a) Explain how O.O.A. can be used to describe an information system, (2b) identify actors, (2c) draw a use case diagram, (2d) draw an object relationship diagram, and (2e) review the diagrams and object model. Manage the SWL 1.b.
8. Task 2c cannot be completed until task 2b is completed. Task 2d cannot be completed until task 2c is completed. Task 2e cannot be completed until task 2d is completed. Manage the SWL 1.c.