This document provides an overview of ontologies, semantic web technologies, and their applications. It discusses syntactic web limitations and the need to add semantics. Key concepts covered include ontology, RDF, RDFS, OWL, Protege, and how these technologies enable a global linked database by semantically connecting data on the web.

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Ontology, Semantic Web
and
Global Database
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Contents
• Ontology? Why?
P tѐ ѐ• Protѐgѐ
• Semantic Web
• Linked Open Data
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Syntactic Web
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Problems
A typical web page is
designed with markup
language ,HTML,
which is designed for
rendering
presentation and
Hyperlink to related
information. Semantic
content is accessiblecontent is accessible
to humans but not to
computers.
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Linguistic
Concept
ReferentForm
Concept
Relates toActivates
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Tank
Stands for
?
Problems
• Keyword‐based Search
S d H• Synonyms and Homonyms
• No Parameter Search
• No Cross Silos Data Extraction or Comparison
• No Unified View and/or Interpretation of Data
• Limited Ability to Re‐use of Datay
• Difficult to Share Data with Business Partners
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Need to Add “Semantics”
• Using Ontology to specify the meaning of
annotationannotation.
– Ontology provides a set of vocabulary terms
– New terms can be defined with existing ones
– Meaning of each term can be formally specified
– The relationship between terms can be defined
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Web
• Web 1.0 – links documents to documents
W b 2 0 id t t f• Web 2.0 – provides contents from users
• Web 3.0 – links data to data
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What is Ontology?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_%28information_science%29
• In computer science and information science, an
ontology is a formal representation of a set ofontology is a formal representation of a set of
concepts within a domain and the relationships
between those concepts. It is used to reason about
the properties of that domain, and may be used to
define the domain.
• An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a
conceptualization.
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XML (Extensible
Markup Language)
It is a textual data format,
with strong support via
Unicode for the languages
Well‐formed and error‐handling
• It contains only properly‐encoded legal
Unicode characters. None of the special
syntax characters such as "<" and "&"
appear except when performing their
markup‐delineation roles.
• The begin, end, and empty‐elementUnicode for the languages
of the world. Although
XML’s design focuses on
documents, it is widely
used for the
representation of arbitrary
data structures.
The begin, end, and empty element
tags which delimit the elements are
correctly nested, with none missing and
none overlapping.
• The element tags are case‐sensitive; the
beginning and end tags must match
exactly.
• There is a single "root" element which
contains all the other elements.
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XSD
(XML Schema)
XSD datatypes ‐1/2
• xsd:string,
• xsd:boolean,
• xsd:decimal,
• xsd:float,
• xsd:double,
• xsd:dateTime,
d i
XSD can be used to express
a set of rules to which an
XML document must
XSD datatypes ‐2/2
• xsd:language,
• xsd:NMTOKEN,
• xsd:Name,
• xsd:NCName,
• xsd:integer,
• xsd:nonPositiveInteger,
• xsd:time,
• xsd:date,
• xsd:gYearMonth,
• xsd:gYear,
• xsd:gMonthDay,
• xsd:gDay,
• xsd:gMonth,
• xsd:hexBinary,
• xsd:base64Binary
XML document must
conform in order to be
considered 'valid'
according to that schema.
However, unlike most
other schema languages,
XSD was also designed
with the intent that
xsd:nonPositiveInteger,
• xsd:negativeInteger,
• xsd:long,
• xsd:int,
• xsd:short,
• xsd:byte,
• xsd:nonNegativeInteger,
• xsd:unsignedLong,
d i dIxsd:base64Binary,
• xsd:anyURI,
• xsd:normalizedString,
• xsd:token,
determination of a
document's validity would
produce a collection of
information adhering to
specific data types.
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• xsd:unsignedInt,
• xsd:unsignedShort,
• xsd:unsignedByte,
• xsd:positiveIntegers
RDF (Resource
Descriptive
Framework)
RDF vocabulary
• rdf:type
• rdf:Property
• rdf:XMLLiteral
• rdf:nil
• rdf:List
RDF describes statements
about resources, in
particular Web resources
• rdf:Statement
• rdf:subject
• rdf:predicate
• rdf:object
• rdf:first
• rdf:rest
• rdf:Seq
particular, Web resources,
in the form of subject‐
predicate‐object
expressions. These
expressions are known as
triples in RDF terminology.
rdf:Seq
• rdf:Bag
• rdf:Alt
• rdf:_1
• rdf:_2 ...
• rdf:value
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Triples and Graph
The base element of the
RDF model is the triple:
• a resource (the subject)• a resource (the subject)
• inks (the predicate)
• another resource (the
object)
A resource <subject> has a
property <predicate>
valued by <object>.
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<subject> <predicate> <object>
Pro and Cons of RDF
• Pros
U i l d t d l ( t XML bj t d l ti l– Universal data model (map to XML, object and relational
model)
– Additive, easy to merge multiple RDFs
– Predicate logic (like prolog)
– Use URI to identify a resource
• ConsCons
– Lacks of concepts of enumeration
– Lacks data types
– No Object‐Oriented Features
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Resource (RDFS)
Classes
• rdfs:Resource
• rdfs:Literal
• rdfs:Class
• rdfs:Datatype
df C i
RDF Schema (RDFS) is an
extensible knowledge
representation language
Properties
• rdfs:subClassOf
• rdfs:subPropertyOf
• rdfs:domain
• rdfs:range
• rdfs:label
df t• rdfs:Container
• rdfs:ContainerMe
mbershipProperty
• rdf:List
• rdf:Statement
• rdf:Bag
• rdf:Seq
representation language,
providing basic elements
for the description of
ontologies, otherwise
called Resource
Description Framework
(RDF) vocabularies,
intended to structure RDF
• rdfs:comment
• rdfs:member
• rdfs:seeAlso
• rdfs:isDefinedBy
• rdf:first
• rdf:rest
• rdf:type
• rdf:valuerdf:Seq
• rdf:Alt
• rdf:XMLLiteral
• rdf:Property
resources.
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• rdf:subject
• rdf:predicate
• rdf:object
Web Ontology Language
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Web Ontology Language (OWL)
• Extends RDF/RDFS to support complex knowledge
representationrepresentation.
• An OWL ontology may include descriptions of
classes, properties and their instances.
• Open‐World assumption – what is not known is not
“untrue”, it is just “unknown”.
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OWL‐1
• OWL‐Lite
S t i l l ifi ti ll l di liti– Support simple classification, allows only cardinalities
(member count) of 1 and 0 and only minimal constraints.
• OWL‐DL (Descriptive Language)
– Supports more complex ontologies, but with guarantees,
such as processing finishing in finite time, restricting
elements to be one type.
• OWL‐Full
– Full support for maximum freedom of RDF, with no
computational guarantees.
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OWL Classes and Properties
partial list, see http://www.w3.org/TR/owl‐guide/ for full list
• Class
– owl:class
• Property Restrictions
– owl:allValuesFrom
– rdfs:subClassOf
• Property
– owl:ObjectProperty
– owl:DataProperty
– rdfs:subPropertyOf
– rdfs:domain
– rdfs:range
• Property Characteristic
– owl:someValuesFrom
– owl:cardinality
– owl:someValue
• Equivalence
– owl:EquivalenceClass
– owl:EquivalenceProperty
– owl:sameAs
• Complex Classesp y
– owl:TransitiveProperty
– owl:FunctionalProperty
– owl:InverseProperty
– owl:InverseFunctionalProperty
p
– owl:IntersectionOf
– owl:UnionOf
– owl:CompoundOf
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Semantic Web Layer Cake
From: http://www.semanticfocus.com/blog/entry/title/introduction‐to‐the‐semantic‐web‐vision‐
and‐technologies‐part‐1‐overview/
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Tools
• RDF/OWL Editors
P tѐ ѐ T b id– Protѐgѐ, Topbraid, …
• RDF Store
– SwiftOWLIM, AllegroGraph, OpenLink Virtuoso, …
• Query
– SPARQL
• Reasoners
– Pellet, FaCT++, …
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Protѐgѐ Overview
• Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research,
– Stanford UniversityStanford University
– University of Manchester
• OWL Editor
• Plugins: Natural Language, Visualization, Rules Engine,
Database, …
• Very well documented,
• Long history with many academic supports
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Protѐgѐ – Class View
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Protѐgѐ – Object Property View
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Protѐgѐ – Value Property View
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Protѐgѐ ‐ Visualization
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Ontology Development
• Define purpose and scopes
Eli it k l d• Elicit knowledge
• Collect and organize concepts
• Classify and add axioms
• Reasoning
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OWL vs. UML class modeling
• OWL properties vs. UML associations & attributes
OWL ti h di ti– OWL properties have a direction
– OWL properties are binary relations
– OWL properties are “first‐class” citizens (global scope)
• OWL classes vs. UML classes
– OWL classes have no operations
OWL classes can have “sufficient” conditions– OWL classes can have sufficient conditions
• Primitive vs. defined classes
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Ontologies and Data Models
• Ontologies live in an open, distributed world; data
models in a closed worldmodels in a closed world
• Writing a model in OWL does not make it an
ontology
– The ontology should be shared
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Semantic Web
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Web Technologies
from http://www.abricocotier.fr/5694‐les‐trois‐grandes‐etapes‐de‐levolution‐du‐web
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Benefit Semantic Web Applications
• Less coding, more meaningful data structure
L b i l• Less business rules
• More across boundary information
• Embedded logic
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Global Database
from: Tim Berners‐Lee, Weaving the Web, 1999
• "If HTML and the Web made all the online
documents look like one huge book RDF schemadocuments look like one huge book, RDF, schema,
and inference languages will make all the data in the
world look like one huge database"
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nternetnternetmemeto the Into the In
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WelcomWelcom
One Global Machine
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Dimension of Global Machine
From: http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2007/11/dimensions_of_t.php
170 quadrillion (170 * 10^15) Transistors
55 trillion (55* 10^12) Links55 trillion (55 10 12) Links
2 megahertz Emails
31 kilohertz Text Messages
162 kilohertz Instance Messages
14 kilohertz Search
246 exabyte Storage
9 exabyte (9 * 10^18) RAM
9 terabyes/second Bandwidth
800 billion kwh/year Power consumption
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DBpedia
• Structure multiple wikipedia information to allow
query directlyquery directly
• Build from scratch, 170 classes, 900 properties
• Serves as hub for other databases
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Multilingual
Abstracts
– English: 2,613,000 g , ,
– German: 391,000
– French: 383,000
– Dutch: 284,000
– Polish: 256,000
– Italian: 286,000
– Spanish: 226,000
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– Japanese: 199,000
– Portuguese: 246,000
– Swedish: 144,000
– Chinese: 101,000
Sept 2008
May 2007
April 2008
2 billion RDF triples
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May 2007
500 million RDF triples

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Linked Open Database March 2009
4.5 billion RDF triples
180 data million links
Online ActivitiesMusic Online Activities
PublicationsGeographic
Cross-Domain
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Life Sciences
Open Questions
• Architecture Impact
D i A li ti• Device Applications
• Device Management
• Data Structure and Management
• Software Evolution, new requirements
• Competitor’s offersp
• …
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Thank You for Your Attention
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