Linked (Open) Data

1. Linked (Open) Data INFO 4302 - April 18, 2011 Bernhard Haslhofer - Cornell University

2. Who am I? • Postdoc at Cornell Information Science • Research areas • linked data • user-contributed data (annotations) • (meta-)data interoperability • Contact: • bernhard.haslhofer@cornell.edu

3. Today we talk about... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cb3ik6zP2I

4. Today we talk about... • Movies, actors and other real-world entities • How to make data about these entities available on the Web (Linked Data) • Enabling technologies, best-practices and useful tools that help us in doing so • Other Linked Data projects (BBC, LoC)

5. Web Architecture Recap

6. The World Wide Web (WWW) • Internet != WWW != Google != Facebook • Fundamental technologies • URI - a simple and generic syntax for identiﬁers • HTML - a markup language without formal schema binding • HTTP - a simple protocol to access and manipulate resources and resource representations in a distributed environment • W3C Consortium (http://www.w3.org)

7. URIs • Identiﬁcation of resources via Uniform Resource Identiﬁers (URIs) •The generic syntax consists of a hierarchical sequence of components, scheme, Generic Syntax: authority, path, query, and fragment. URI = scheme “:” hier-path [ “?” query ] [ “#” fragment ] Scheme and hier-path are required, though the path may be empty. Example URIs with components: URI foo://example.com:8042/over/there?name=ferret#nose _/ ________________/_________/ _________/ __/ URL | | | | | URN scheme authority path query fragment

8. URIs / Resources • Information Resource • web pages, images, product catalogs, etc • all their essential characteristics can be conveyed in a message • e.g., http://www.ﬂickr.com/user2/photos/image.jpg • Non-Information Resource • other things such as dogs, people, this classroom, concepts • their essence is not information • e.g., http://www.example.com/ontology/meter

9. HTTP • A stateless request-response protocol in the client-server computing model • HTTP methods: GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, ... • Agents may use a URI to access the referenced resource = dereferencing the URI

10. HTTP Content Negotiation • A URI is not (necessarily) a ﬁlename • Conneg = making available multiple resource representations via the same URI Plain Text text/plain HTML (en) URI text/html HTML (jp) http://example.com/The_Shining text/html Resource

11. (X)HTML(5) • A resource representation data format... • ... for presentation markup • rendered by user agents (typically browsers) • focus on readability • less formal, user-friendly syntax and semantics

12. Web Services • Application-to-application communication based on the Web architecture • simple and open standards (HTTP, XML, JSON, ...) • send data from Application A to Application B through the Web • usually deﬁne some API Web Application A Application B

13. Linked Data

14. Why Linked Data?

17. Why Linked Data? • There is lots of information on the Web • ...valuable information that can be (re-)used • Problem • information is usually expressed in the form of HTML documents • the underlying raw data are locked in closed data silos (mostly DBMS)

18. (c) http://www.ﬂickr.com/photos/docsearls/5500714140

19. Why Linked Data? • The Web is successful because it provides • Uniform encoding (HTML) • Uniform addressing (URI) • Uniform transportation (HTTP) for the exchange of documents. • Why not apply the same mechanism to the underlying data?

20. What is Linked Data? • A method to build a Web of Data • Architectural style, set of standards Web

21. What is Linked Data? • A set of four principles • use URIs as names for things • use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names • when someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL) • include links to other URIs, so that they can discover more things

22. Enabling Technologies

23. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) • Name and identify things (resources) • Dereferencable HTTP URIs http://dbpedia.org/resource/ The_Shining_(film) http://data.linkedmdb.org/ resource/film/2014 http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m/ 04fjzv

24. Resource Description Framework (RDF) • A model for representing data on the Web • Several statements (triples) form a graph http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ Film Person rdf:type rdf:type http://dbpedia.org/resource/ http://dbpedia.org/resource/ dbpprop:starring The_Shining_(ﬁlm) Jack_Nicholson foaf:name rdfs:label rdfs:label dbpedia-owl:birthDate !" (#$) The Shining (ﬁlm) 1937-04-22 Jack Nicholson

25. RDF serialization (RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, etc.) • Data formats for RDF resource representations 7.2.2.3 RDF Serialization Formats: RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, N-Triple, etc • Used to transfer RDF data between apps Data formats for RDF resource representations Used to transfer RDF data from application-to-application N3/Turtle example: @prefix rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> . @prefix dbpedia-owl:<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/> . <http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_%28film%29> rdf:type dbpedia-owl:Work , dbpedia-owl:Film . @prefix dbpprop:<http://dbpedia.org/property/> . @prefix ns9:<http://dbpedia.org/datatype/> . <http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_%28film%29> dbpprop:runtime"146.0"^^ns9:minute ; © Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Klas und Dr. Bernhard Haslhofer, WS 2010/11 - Multimediale Systeme 2 7 Linked (Open) Data 7-15

26. RDF Vocabulary Description Language (RDFS) • A language for describing the syntax and semantics of vocabularies in a machine- understandable way http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ Work rdfs:subClassOf http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ Film

27. OWL - Web Ontology Language • A more expressive (formal) language for deﬁning the syntax and semantics of vocabularies • Solves RDFS shortcomings but introduces quite some complexity http://www.w3.org/2002/07/ http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ owl#ObjectProperty Work rdf:type rdfs:domain http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ http://dbpedia.org/ontology/ rdfs:range starring Person rdfs:label starring

28. Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) • A language for describing controlled vocabularies (taxonomies, thesauri, classification schemes) http://dbpedia.org/resource/ Category:1980s_horror_films skos:subject rdf:type http://dbpedia.org/resource/ skos:broader http://www.w3.org/2004/02/ The_Shining_(film) skos/core#Concept rdf:type http://dbpedia.org/resource/ Category:1980s_films

29. Links between Resources • OWL defines properties for linking resources http://dbpedia.org/resource/ http://dbpedia.org/resource/ dbpprop:starring The_Shining_(film) Jack_Nicholson owl:sameAs owl:sameAs owl:sameAs http://data.linkedmdb.org/ resource/film/2014 http://data.nytimes.com/ N5761411277431266513 http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m/ 04fjzv

30. SPARQL • A query language and protocol for accessing 7.2.2.7 SPARQL - RDF Query Language RDF data on the Web A query language and protocol for accessing RDF data on the Web SELECT DISTINCT ?x WHERE {?x skos:subject <http:dbpedia.org/resource/Cate- gory:1980s_horror_films>} LIMIT 10

31. Vocabulary / Data Publishing Best Practices

32. Publishing Vocabularies • Hash-based URIs • e.g., http://example.com/example1#ClassA • Suited to group the description of a moderate number of related terms into one RDF document • Agent can retrieve terms with a single request • Slash-based URIs • e.g., http://example.com/example1/ClassB • Suited to split terms in large vocabularies into one document per term • No need to download a massive document

33. Provide either: human-readable content from vocabulary URI

34. or: machine-readable content from vocabulary URI ... depending on what is requested.

35. Publishing Data • Distinguish between non-information and information resource • Sample non-information resource • http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_(film) • Sample information resource • http://dbpedia.org/page/The_Shining_(film) - HTML • http://dbpedia.org/data/The_Shining_(film) - RDF

36. Publishing Data GET http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_(film) Accept: application/rdf+xml 303 See Other Location: http://dbpedia.org/data/The_Shining_(film) GET http://dbpedia.org/data/The_Shining_(film) Accept: application/rdf+xml 200 OK ... <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <rdf:RDF ...

37. The Linking Open Data Community Project

38. Linking? Open? Data Project? • Open Data: a philosophy, practice, or policy that data are freely available to everyone without restrictions from copyright, patents, a.s.o. • Linked Data: method / best practices for exposing, sharing, and connecting data using URIs and RDF • Linking Open Data: a W3C community project with the goal to extend the Web with a data commons by publishing various open data sets as RDF on the Web and by setting links between data items from different sources

39. Useful Tools

40. RDF APIs • Java • Jena Semantic Web Framework (http://openjena.org/) • Sesame RDF API (http://www.openrdf.org/) • PHP • ARC (http://arc.semsol.org/) • Ruby • RDF.rb: Linked Data for Ruby (http://rdf.rubyforge.org/) • Python • RDFLib (http://www.rdﬂib.net/) • C • Redland RDF Libraries (http://librdf.org/)

41. RDF Stores • OpenLink Virtuoso (http://virtuoso.openlinksw.com/ dataspace/dav/wiki/Main/) • 4Store (http://4store.org/) • AllegroGraph (http://www.franz.com/agraph/ allegrograph/) • Oracle 11g (http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/ database/options/semantic-tech/ index.html) • ...and many more: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/Tools

42. RDF / Linked Data Wrappers • D2RQ - SPARQL / Linked Data for relational databases (http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/ bizer/d2rq/) • OAI2LOD Server - expose any OAI-PMH source as Linked Data • TripFS - ﬁlesystem as Linked Data • TripCel - XLS spreadsheets as Linked Dat • ...

43. Linked Data debugging Startup your console / terminal - native on Linux / Mac OS X - Windows: http://www.cygwin.com/ Dereference resources with cURL (http://curl.haxx.se/) curl -I -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml" http:// dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_%28film%29 curl -H "Accept: application/rdf+xml" http:// dbpedia.org/data/The_Shining_%28film%29

44. Linked Data debugging Install the Raptor RDF Syntax Library (http:// librdf.org/raptor/) - Mac: brew install raptor Use the rapper utility to dereference URIs rapper http://dbpedia.org/resource/The_Shining_%28film %29 rapper -o rdfxml http://dbpedia.org/resource/ The_Shining_%28film%29

45. Readings

46. Required Reading • T. Heath, C. Bizer. Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space, Chapters 1-5 http://linkeddatabook.com/editions/1.0/

47. Recommended Readings • Linked Data Web Site: http://linkeddata.org • Linked Data / Semantic Web Introduction: http:// www.linkeddatatools.com/semantic-web-basics • Tim Berners-Lee. Linked Data Design Issues: http:// www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html • Best Practice Recipes for Publishing RDF Vocabularies: http://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-vocab-pub/ • How to Publish Linked Data on the Web: http:// www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/LinkedDataTutorial/

Linked (Open) Data

You are reading a preview.

Check these out next

Linked (Open) Data

More Related Content

Slideshows for you (19)

Viewers also liked (6)

Similar to Linked (Open) Data (20)

More from Bernhard Haslhofer (20)

Linked (Open) Data