Uploaded byMaclenny
PDF, PPTX433 views

OHS MY POWER POINT.pdf

Occupational health and safety aims to protect workers' physical and mental health in the workplace. It considers hazards from the work environment, tasks, and equipment. Key principles include identifying hazards, evaluating risks, and controlling risks if hazards cannot be eliminated. Common hazards include chemical, biological, physical, ergonomic and psychosocial risks. Occupational hygiene focuses on environmental contaminants and their control. Proper housekeeping, waste disposal, and tool management are important for surface work safety. Confined spaces like pipes and tunnels require permits and safety precautions due to risks like low oxygen, flooding, and engulfment.

Embed presentation

Download as PDF, PPTX
1 / 139
2 / 139
Most read
3 / 139
4 / 139
5 / 139
6 / 139
7 / 139
8 / 139
Most read
9 / 139
10 / 139
11 / 139
Most read
12 / 139
13 / 139
14 / 139
15 / 139
16 / 139
17 / 139
18 / 139
19 / 139
20 / 139
21 / 139
22 / 139
23 / 139
24 / 139
25 / 139
26 / 139
27 / 139
28 / 139
29 / 139
30 / 139
31 / 139
32 / 139
33 / 139
34 / 139
35 / 139
36 / 139
37 / 139
38 / 139
39 / 139
40 / 139
41 / 139
42 / 139
43 / 139
44 / 139
45 / 139
46 / 139
47 / 139
48 / 139
49 / 139
50 / 139
51 / 139
52 / 139
53 / 139
54 / 139
55 / 139
56 / 139
57 / 139
58 / 139
59 / 139
60 / 139
61 / 139
62 / 139
63 / 139
64 / 139
65 / 139
66 / 139
67 / 139
68 / 139
69 / 139
70 / 139
71 / 139
72 / 139
73 / 139
74 / 139
75 / 139
76 / 139
77 / 139
78 / 139
79 / 139
80 / 139
81 / 139
82 / 139
83 / 139
84 / 139
85 / 139
86 / 139
87 / 139
88 / 139
89 / 139
90 / 139
91 / 139
92 / 139
93 / 139
94 / 139
95 / 139
96 / 139
97 / 139
98 / 139
99 / 139
100 / 139
101 / 139
102 / 139
103 / 139
104 / 139
105 / 139
106 / 139
107 / 139
108 / 139
109 / 139
110 / 139
111 / 139
112 / 139
113 / 139
114 / 139
115 / 139
116 / 139
117 / 139
118 / 139
119 / 139
120 / 139
121 / 139
122 / 139
123 / 139
124 / 139
125 / 139
126 / 139
127 / 139
128 / 139
129 / 139
130 / 139
131 / 139
132 / 139
133 / 139
134 / 139
135 / 139
136 / 139
137 / 139
138 / 139
139 / 139
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OHS
INTRODUCTION Occupational health is an aspect of public health program. It was established to ensure that the health status of everybody in any occupation is protected, maintained and promoted. It considers the physical, mental and social dimensions of man in the work environment.
WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY According to the World health organization (WHO) Occupational Health and Safety is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of the physical, mental, economic and social well-being of the workers in all occupations.
The major goals of Occupational Health and Safety Act are: ❖To protect workers from hazards on the job. ❖To set standards for health and safety in the workplace. ❖To set out the duties of employers, supervisors and workers in the workplace Protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work is the primary goal of occupational health in every country.
PRINCIPALS OF OHS FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES "Unless and until the employer has done everything and everything means a good deal - the workman can do next to nothing to protect himself; although he is naturally willing enough to do his share”. All workmen should be told something of the danger of the material with which they come into contact, and not to be left to find out for themselves - sometimes at the cost of their lives". Leggee (1863 - 1932). The following are some of the fundamental principles of occupation health and safety; ❖ Set the conditions governing the design, construction and layout of undertakings with a view to avoiding or minimizing hazards; ❖ ensure that hazards are avoided or controlled when operations begin, or when major alterations or changes are made;
For us to appreciate what occupation health and safety is all about, we need to understand the following term: •Occupation •Health •Safety •Accidents, Incidents and a Near miss •Fatal •Occupational hygiene •Hygiene •Occupational medicine
➢Occupation; it can be a business, professional or job. According to the occupation health and safety act No 36 of the 2010 of the laws of zambia. ➢Health; means free from illness or injury attributable to occupational cause. ➢Safety; is the state, place or system where one is free from danger or risk. ➢Accident; an unexpected incident or exposure that results in an injury, death, illness to an employee or property damage. (It is an unplanned occurrence) ➢An incident; is the sequence of events or actions that may produces an accident. ➢A near miss; is an unplanned event that did not results in injury, illness or damage but had the potential to do so. ➢Fatal; is work related death caused by unsafe working conditions ➢Occupational hygiene is the science and art which is devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental health factors which arise in the workplace, and which may cause sickness, impaired health, discomfort or inefficiency among workers or citizens of the country. ➢Hygiene is defined as the study and practice of cleanliness as a means of promoting and maintaining good health standards and preventing diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and corona virus (COVID19) etc.
HAZARD AND RISK ➢A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone. ➢A risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. ➢The following elements are key in managing risks and hazard prevention; ➢Risk assessment ➢Job safety analysis ➢Safety audits ➢Work-site analysis ➢ A risk assessment would look to identify environmental hazards and put processes in place to mitigate the risk, while safety analysis will not. It is a process that is used to look for potential hazards in a facility and created controls to help mitigate them.
➢A job safety analysis looks at individual tasks. This can be done either as a regular workplace safety task, or after an incident occurs. Before carrying out any task, it is a requirement that a job safety analysis be done. ➢Work-site analysis- this is an essential procedure that helps in determining what jobs and workstations are the sources of potential problems. A Safety Audit ➢An Audit – assesses operational compliance with the company policy, procedures and ongoing legislative requirements. ➢A safety audit is a general term used to describe an activity where a facility gathers information about one or more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risk levels for health or safety issues. During this audit one or more people will gather data related to the efficiency, reliability and effectiveness of their health and safety systems.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND CONTROL What is hazard identification? Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, system, operation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe the full process is risk assessment. TYPES OF HAZARDS The common way to classify hazards is by category: ➢Biological hazards – from bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc. ➢Chemical hazards – depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical. ➢Ergonomic hazards – musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which may be caused by repetitive movements or improper set up of a workstation, etc. ➢Physical hazards – radiation, magnetic fields, temperature extremes, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc. ➢Psychosocial hazards – stress, violence, domestic problems etc. ➢NO safety policy –
OVERCONFIDENCE. Overconfidence bias is a tendency to hold a false and misleading assessment of our skills, intellect, or talent. It is an egotistical belief that we are better than we actually are. Overconfidence is behavior hazard if left unchecked. RISK CONTROL PROCES Risk control process is achieved through the following 1. Identifying hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm. (hazard identification). 2. Analyzing and evaluating the risks associated with the hazards. (risk analysis, and risk evaluation). 3. Determining appropriate ways to eliminate the hazards, or control the risk if the hazard cannot be eliminated. (risk control). The overall goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not – this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the inspection.
When should hazard identification be done? Hazard identification can be done: During design and implementation • Designing a new process or procedure • Purchasing and installing new machinery Before tasks are done • Checking equipment or following processes • Reviewing surroundings before each shift While tasks are being done • Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions During inspections • Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee After incidents • Near misses or minor events • Injuries
OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE Occupational hygiene is the science and art which is devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental health factors which arise in the workplace, and which may cause sickness, impaired health, discomfort or inefficiency among workers or citizens of the country. The following terms are key in the study and practice of hygiene. 1. Individual or personal hygiene, 2. Environmental or workplace hygiene (proper house keeping) 3. Contamination and contamination control The purpose of industrial hygiene program is to; 1. To determine whether the work environment and working conditions of workers are harmful to their health and well-being and prevent such conditions from occurring.
2. To promote the best possible physical, mental and social health of people at work. 3. To prevent occupational diseases caused by physical chemical and biological agents. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Is the science and art that is devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environment factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among worker or among the citizens of the community. It focuses on environmental contaminants. Environmental contaminants are any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water, soil, or living organisms. TYPES OF CONTAMINATION There are four categories of contamination in the food industry ➢Physical contamination ➢Chemical contamination
➢Microbiological contamination ➢Cross contamination What is physical contamination(or foreign bodies)- Are objects such as hair, plant stalks or pieces of plastic/metal that can occur as contaminants in food. It is a type of contamination that is more common in food processing and substances. What is chemical contamination-Refers to the addition or appearance of chemical substances in inappropriate places, including the workplace, home, food and environment. What is biological contamination- It is the presence in the environment of living organisms or agents derived by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and birds antigens that can cause many health effects. What is cross contamination- Is the transfer of bacteria or other microorganisms from one substance to another.
OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE Occupational Medicine (OM) is a branch of medicine that deals with a worker and occupationally related disease. The objective of OM is to protect the worker against hazards in the working environment and the treatment of emergency conditions sustained during the working time. Duties of Occupational Medical Practitioner (0MP) Occupational medical practitioners must take every measure that is reasonably practicable to;- ➢ Promote the health and safety of employees in the workplace. ➢ Assist employees in matters related to occupational medicine.
PATIENTS RIGHT TO PRIVACY A patient, who is examined by an Occupational Medical Practitioner (OMP), has the rights to confidentiality. This right is grounded in the ethical, legal and constitutional entrenchment of the right to privacy. However, in many situations undergoing a medical examination amounts to an implied consent for the results to be disclosed to the employer. This is true of a pre-employment medical to establish whether an employee has the physical capacity to perform a particular task. However, the doctor may only release information that is relevant to assessing the employee’s physical capacity to perform that particular task. The patient’s right to confidentiality is not absolute. There are circumstances where, for instance, the law requires all doctors to notify the relevant authorities that the employee has a notifiable condition.
WORK OPERATION CATEGORIES AND SAFETY There 3 main categories of work at the workplace; 1. Ground /surface operations and safety 2. Confined and underground operations and safety 3. Working at height operations and safety
NOTE, Safety is not about years of experience on a given job or task but it is about observing and adhering to safety regulations at all times. ➢Do you understand the task or the job you are given to do? ➢Are you competent enough to do it own your own or you need close supervision? ➢Do you know and understand the safety of that operation or task? ➢Do you have the right tools for the tasks and are they in good condition? ➢Are you physically and mentally fit for the task? ➢Can you identify the risks associated with the task? ➢Is the environment safe for you and the task?
Ground /surface operations and safety Construction site works, repair workshops, shopping centers, open-pit mines and airports are some of the open or surface operation areas. These places are to be kept clean and organized every time. The following elements are important to achieving a hazard free working are; ➢ Housekeeping ➢ Waste disposal ➢ Spills control ➢ Tools and equipment (housekeeping) HOUSE KEEPING A good housekeeping program plans and manages the orderly storage and movement of materials from point of entry to exit. It includes a material flow plan to ensure minimal handling. The plan also makes sure that work areas are not used as storage areas by having workers move materials to and from work areas as needed. Part of the plan could include investing in the extra bins more frequent disposal.
WASTE DISPOSAL The regular collection, grading and sorting of scrap contributes to good housekeeping practice in any working area. Open or confined space operations must be done in clean and well arranged environment. ➢Waste bins must be kept clean and disinfected if necessary. ➢Water waste must be treated if necessary. ➢Water must have a clear drainage systems. SPILLS CONTROL Spills must be controlled and managed well. If spills are left an attended to immediately they happen they can cause serious injuries to health or even death. If you see a spill, do not start looking for the person who did. Barricade the area, make sure there is complete zero access to the area until the area has been worked on and it is safe.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (housekeeping) Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room, on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench. Tools require suitable fixtures with marked locations to provide an orderly arrangement. Returning tools promptly after use reduces the chances of harm of to the workforce. Machines or equipment must be inspected regularly, cleaned and repaired successfully. All tools that damaged or worn must be taken out of service. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROPER HOUSEKEEPING OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ➢ Flying objects from lawnmowers ➢ Scattered material offcuts from a grinder, e.g. wood, metal and plastics. ➢ Flying material from a grinder, e.g fire sparks. ➢ Careless equipment parking ➢ Scattered carts and pallets ➢ Naked electrical cables ➢ Uneven or unstable surfaces or floors
Confined and underground operations and safety COFINED SPACES A confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space not intended or designed for continuous human occupancy with a restricted means of entry or exit. Examples of confined spaces are; ➢ Pipes ➢ Tunnels ➢ Curves
These work spaces may or may not be large enough for an employee to enter and perform the assigned responsibilities and they usually have limited exit options. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses the words “permit-required confined space” to describe a specific confined space, meeting one or more of the following characteristics: ➢ Hazardous (or potentially hazardous) atmosphere ➢ Potential to engulf worker ➢ Walls that converge inward ➢ Floors that slope downward and taper into an area that could entrap or suffocate entrant ➢ Contains any other recognized safety/health hazard (i.e. exposed live wires or heat stress) ➢ The possibilities of the tunnel to collapse ➢ Are there moving equipment or electrical equipment Whether you’re working in a tank, vessel, tunnel or manhole, there are certain things to keep in mind.
Confined space entry basic rules 1. Plan how to enter and enter with easy 2. Plan how to come out and come out with easy 3. Plan how to work and work with easy 4. Make sure you have sufficient oxygen to avoid asphyxiation. Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficiency supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking. 5. Make sure everyone knows that you inside 6. Make you are permitted to enter and carry out the task 7. Do you know the structure layout of the confined space. Underground tunnels have safety bays for personnel also known as refuge bays and machines bays for earth moving machines, it is very important to know how these bays are positioned, identified and used. Personnel must never take refuge in a machine bay. All personnel working underground must carry an oxygen an oxygen supply equipment.
Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficiency supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking. Prepare oxygen supply and emergency rescue plans
Do you know the structure layout of the confined space
Confined Spaces: What to Do • Know the Dangers – Make sure that you are well-informed of the specific risks with each confined space job. There are severe hazards to be aware of such as flooding, drowning, asphyxiation, toxic fumes, flammable air, lack of oxygen, etc. Of course, these things happen under unfortunate circumstances. But, to accept the job, you need to be informed of the risks that could occur. • Ensure Capability – The person doing the job must be capable to complete it. If they are healthy and properly trained and qualified in both the work needed and the use of emergency equipment. • Have a Plan – For every risk involved, come up with a plan to control these risks for the specific work space. For example, if there is a confined work space with reduced oxygen levels, make sure that your employer provides a breathing apparatus or has the space ventilated before entering.
Confined Spaces: What NOT to Do ➢DON’T Ignore the Hazards – Unfortunately, accidents do happen. Just because a confined space is safe one day doesn’t ensure its safe the following day. It’s imperative to be aware of the risks involved. ➢DON’T Enter the Space Until It’s Safe – A confined space needs to be marked safe before a worker enters the work area. ➢DON’T Forget about Emergency Arrangements – If someone is working in a confined space, there needs to be a plan in place in order to know if they are safe. And, if they are not safe, how will you get them out of the situation? Safety is imperative. Many job sites come with dangers or risks to be aware of. Do not take these lightly. Make sure that you are equipped with the proper gear, knowledge and training to complete the job effectively and safely.
WORKING AT HEIGHT OPERATIONS What is a Safety Harness? A safety harness is a form of personal protective equipment (PPE) that is designed to catch a person in case of falling while working at height. In its most generic form, safety harnesses are setup by making a combination between a stationary and a non stationary object. In practice, they are comprised of rope, locking hardware, webbing and body wear. ➢Falls, even from low elevations can be disabling or even fatal ➢You cannot work at a height greater than 2meters if you are not protected by guardrails or another type of fall protection system such a safety harness.
THE DO’S & DON’TS OF WORKING AT HEIGHTS DOS ➢Do as much work as you can while you are on the ground. ➢Make sure that the employees can safely move to and from the area where they are working at height. ➢Ensure that the equipment that you’re using for the job is strong, stable and suitable enough to get the job done. Inspect and maintain them regularly. ➢Be careful when you are working near to a fragile surface. ➢Ensure that you are protected from falling objects. ➢Make preparations for emergency evacuations and rescues. DON’TS ➢DON’T overload the ladders that they are working on, with equipment or materials. ➢DON’T try to reach too far when you’re on a ladder or stepladder. ➢DON’T use ladders or stepladders to do work that entail heavy or strenuous tasks. Only use them to do work that’s quick and light.
➢ DON’T allow incompetent workers do any work at height. ➢ DON’T lean or place the ladder on or fragile upper surfaces. ➢ DON’T stay quiet when you feel someone is compromising their own safety or the safety of others Assess the job before it begins. Will I be working at height? Could I be seriously hurt if I fell? Does the anchor point I will be attaching to have the capability to support me if I fall? When accessing ladders, 3 point contact is a must. Ensure that ladder is in good condition, on a stable surface and that work is not conducted from a ladder that involves reaching or leaning and have a right size safety harness on
SAFETY COLOUR CODING, SIGHN POSTS AND MARKINGS Safety Colours according to the Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and American National Standard Institute (ANSI) The term safety colour is used to describe the standard use of colours for safety purposes in the workplace. There are many standards in place concerning safety colours from a variety of organizations including OSHA, ANSI and others. Depending on the situation, each colour is assigned a different meaning, which allows peoples to immediately determine what type safety hazard is in the area, even if they are too far away to read any actual writing. OSHA Recommended Colour Coding The first set of safety colours issued by OSHA covers the broad categories of hazards that exist in facilities, and how people should be warned about them. There are four main types of warning language used for this set of standards:
➢Danger- To alert people to a danger (which is used when there is an immediate risk), OSHA says signs and other safety signals should be red or predominantly red. Any lettering or symbols need to be a contrasting colour to ensure maximum visibility. ➢Warning- The warning category is for when there is a risk, but it is not as severe or immediate as when danger is used. The safety colour associated with warning is orange or predominantly orange. ➢Caution- The category is for alerting people to a potential risk, and the colour used is yellow or predominantly yellow. Biological hazard- Biohazards dangers have gotten their own category because of the unique risks they present. When using a safety about biohazards, the colour to use is fluorescent orange or
WORKERS’ DUTIES AND RIGHTS The cooperation of workers within the enterprise is vital for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. The enterprise’s safety and health policy should therefore encourage workers and their representatives to play this essential role. ➢Workers should have adequate information on measures taken by the employer to secure occupational safety and health practices and policies ➢Workers should undergo appropriate training in occupational health and safety and have the opportunity to enquire into and be consulted by the employer on all aspects of occupational safety and health associated with their work. ➢Take reasonable care for their own safety and that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions ➢Comply with instructions given for their own safety and health, and those of others, and with safety and health procedures
EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES ❖Because occupational hazards arise at the workplace, it is the responsibility of employers to ensure that the working environment is safe and healthy. This means that they must prevent, and protect workers from, occupational risks. ❖Employers’ responsibility goes further, entailing knowledge of occupational hazards and a commitment to ensure that management processes promote safety and health at work. For example, an awareness of safety and health implications should guide decisions on the choice of technology and on how work is organized. ❖Workers need to know not only how to do their jobs, but also how to protect their lives and health and those of their co-workers while working. Therefore it is the responsibility of the employer to provide the necessary things such as; awareness, effective tools or machinery, and personal protective equipment (PPE) Where necessary, employers must be in a position to deal with accidents and emergencies, including providing first-aid facilities and Record-keeping.
GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY ➢Governments are responsible for drawing up occupational health and safety policies and making sure that they are implemented. Policies will be reflected in legislation, and legislation must be enforced. ➢The competent authority should issue and periodically review regulations or codes of practice; instigate research to identify hazards and to find ways of overcoming them; provide information and advice to employers and workers; and take specific measures to avoid catastrophes where potential risks are high. ➢The competent authority should supervise and advise on the implementation of a workers’ health surveillance system, which should be linked with programs to prevent accident and disease and to Protect and promote workers’ health at both enterprise and national levels. ➢NOTE; Legislation cannot cover all workplace risks, and it may also be advisable to address occupational health and safety issues by means of collective agreements reached between the social partners.
Duties of the Safety Auditor ➢ to carry out initial audits of a company’s safety programs at the frequency determined by the enforcement agency; ➢ to determine subsequent audit frequencies within the range appropriate for the priority classification of the business; ➢to assess company operations for compliance with the Safety Standards; ➢ to carry out follow-up action to ensure that nonconformance have been rectified; and ➢ to report the outcomes of the audit to relevant authorities or management A risk assessment, A job safety analysis and A Safety Audit are very important elements in risk management and hazard prevention.
OCCUPATIONAL PROBLEMS ➢Social and environmental health problems- They include increase in migration of both skilled and unskilled workers from rural to urban centers causing overcrowding and environmental pollution. ➢Poisonous - harmful substances- Other than gases, fumes can be present in industries and cause problems. Chemicals used in industrial plant ➢Extreme temperature conditions which are: ▪ HEAT - Excessive exposure to heat can cause a range of heat-related illnesses, from heat rash and heat cramps to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. ▪ COLD - Prolonged exposure to freezing or cold temperatures may cause serious health problems such as trench foot, frostbite, and hypothermia ➢Excessive noise pollution: Noise is a form of energy that is transmitted through the air as waves with varying pressure (Achalu, 2000, p. 28). Noise is measured in decibels.
CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES/PROBLEMS ❖Lack of provision of protective (safety) devices by the employers of labor. ❖ Inadequate or nonuse of safety devices by the respective worker. ❖Non or lack of compliance to company rules can predispose the worker to various illnesses. ❖Lack of compliance to safety regulations and policy by employee or employer ❖ Poor personal and environmental or workplace hygiene ❖Lack of safety management system (SMS) ❖Undertrained staff ❖Lack of ergonomic management and control system
BENEFITS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY The benefits of Occupational Health at work settings are as follows; ➢Improved worker's health. ➢Improved workers efficiency and productivity. ➢Lower sickness rates, lower accidents and injury rates. ➢Lower compensation for occupational illnesses and injuries. ➢Improved corporate image and industrial relations. ➢The environment is kept safe from pollution and contaminations ➢Improved intra-personal and inter-personal relationship within the companies, the family and in the community.
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ❖Your safety is your personal responsibility. ❖Always follow the correct procedures. ❖Never take shortcuts. ❖Take responsibility and clean up if you made a mess. ❖Clean and organize your workspace. Ensure a clear and easy route to emergency exits and equipment. ❖Be alert and awake on the job. ❖Be attentive at all times to your work surroundings. ❖When in doubt, contact your supervisor or manager for instruction, guidance, or training. ❖Never take risks when it comes to safety. ❖Obey safety signs, stickers, and tags ❖Always put on a well fitting personal protective equipment .
GENERAL MACHINERY AND HANDY TOOLS SAFETY What is a machine A machine is the devise that comprises of the stationary and moving parts combined together to generate, transform or utilize the mechanical energy. All machines are made up of elements or parts and units. Each element or component is a separate part of the machine, these elements in turn can be a complete part or made up of several pieces which are joined together by riveting, welding or bolts and nuts. Categories of machines Considering the various applications of machines, they are classified into four main types, these are; 1. Machines generating mechanical energy. These machines are also called prime movers, they convert some form of energy like heat, hydraulic, electrical , etc into mechanical energy or work. E.g combustion engines are machines were the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat energy which in turn is converted into mechanical energy.
2. Machines transforming mechanical energy. These machines are called converting machines because they convert mechanical energy into other forms of energy like electricity, hydraulic energy etc. E.g electric generator in which the rotation of the shaft is converted into electrical energy and hydraulic pump in which the rotation energy of rotors is converted into the hydraulic energy of the fluid. 3. Machines utilizing mechanical energy. These machines receive mechanical energy and utilize it for various applications. E.g lathe machines which utilizes the mechanical energy to cut metals and washing machines which utilizes the rotation of the rotor for washing the clothes. 4. Machines utilizing electrical energy. These machines receives electrical energy and utilizes it for various applications. E.g a welding machine in which electrical energy is converted into heat energy. What is machine safety These are safety guards and safe operations that are applied to both machinery and operators who work with them. Examples are interlocks that stop a motor if a person gets too close, guards that cover moving gears and blades and goggles and protective clothing.
SAFETY GUARDS A safety guard is a device that prevents the machine from being operated unintentionally.
MACHINE MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR Maintenance of machinery or equipment are intended to keep it in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function well, protecting it from failure or decline. Maintenance activities include: ➢inspection ➢replacement ➢testing ➢fault detection and repair ➢replacement of parts ➢Servicing Equipment preventative maintenance is supposed to prevent safety hazards and equipment malfunctions. A facility or machine that is well taken care of will be a much safer environment for staff, tenants, and visitors. Some maintenance procedures have inherent risks to which you never want to expose your staff.
Maintenance operations of equipment typically include both disassembly and reassembly. This can be associated with a greater risk of human error, increasing the accident risk. Working under time pressure is also typical for equipment maintenance operations, especially when shutdowns or high-priority repairs are involved. As a result, there is a high risk of accidents related to machine maintenance activities. Here are some of the most common accidents associated with machine maintenance: ➢ Crushing by machinery parts ➢ Injuries from unexpected machine start-up ➢ Oil spillage accidents ➢ Electrocution, electrical shocks or burns ➢ Explosions and fire. ➢ Trapped in articulation or pinch points ➢ Run over by un chocked or unlocked machine
Lock out Tag out (LOTO) Remember to always lock out and tag out all machines under maintenance. This is called zero access. Warning cards should be attached to machinery, with the date and time of lock-out, as well as the name of the person authorized to remove the lock. This way, the safety of the worker performing the maintenance on the machine will not be jeopardized by another worker starting it up.
GUIDELINES TO FOLLOW DURING MAINTENANCE. Do you know the operation system of this machine. It is a requirement that all the maintenance personnel are trained and are competent enough to carry out maintenance operations assigned to them. They must know how machines or tools operate ,the hazards associated with the operation, the function of machine safety guard system and the safe operation system of the machines Don’t perform maintenance on working equipment unless you know it is safe. If you plan to perform maintenance on facility equipment or appliances, always decommission it before calling your maintenance staff. Equipment such as conveyor belts and heavy machinery should never be active while the maintenance staff is working on them. This can lead to severe injury, especially if the maintenance worker is unaware that the system is in use. If you call in a maintenance request, be sure to stop running the equipment.
Machine safety guards If possible, guards should be designed so as to allow minor maintenance on the machines without removing them. If the guards must be removed or deactivated, then lock-out procedures should be followed. Appropriate machine training Maintenance workers must be trained on how, and under which conditions, safeguards may be removed. Wear appropriate safety gear Different maintenance tasks pose different safety risks. Full and good condition PPE is very important. You can be a big help by providing eyewear, masks, or special garments for your maintenance team or employees when they need to work on facility equipment.
Don’t allow employees near maintenance work areas. Employees should not be present while maintenance is working unless specifically requested by the maintenance staff. The employee or manager that reported the problem may be able to provide important information to the maintenance worker, but they should not be close by while potentially hazardous maintenance work is being performed. Know where your emergency first aid supplies are located. Some accidents cannot be prevented. In the event of an emergency, the facility manager and employees should know where your first aid kit is located. Long-term injuries can be minimized when treatment is provided immediately, even if it is basic such as providing gauze to stop bleeding. Have a no-tolerance policy for horseplay. Horseplay is one of the most common causes of injuries in the workplace. This can also distract maintenance workers who could be performing complex and hazardous procedures on your equipment. Do not allow employees to “goof off” in the office or in any place where heavy machinery is used.
A SAFETY COMMITTEE A safety committee is an organizational group within a workplace with members from management, the workforce as well as from all departments and staffs. It is a joint worker-management team that assists the employer in creating and maintaining a safe workplace. ➢The committee may be a formal arrangement with weekly or monthly meetings. However, in smaller companies, it may be more effective to have all staff attend a month or quarterly safety meeting. The safety committee will share with management the responsibility for implementing the company safety program. ➢Safety committee members are responsible for developing and reviewing safety procedures and policies, investigating and reviewing accidents and communicating safety issues or policies to company employees.
A SAFETY REPRESENTATIVE A Health and Safety Representative is an employee who is nominated by fellow non-managerial employees to work with the employer to determine and resolve any health and safety issues in the workplace. A Health and Safety Representative is responsible for handling health and safety disputes by collaborating with the employer and health and safety officers. The objective of a Health and Safety Representative is to reduce risk of injury or illness in the workplace. Their duties include; ➢ Conducting investigations and inspections; ➢ Recording incidents, risks, and accidents; ➢ Performing monthly workplace assessments; ➢ Assisting in the implementation of using protective gear; ➢ Assisting with changes to processes that affect health and safety, and identifying hazardous materials or environments.
HOW TO SET UP YOUR H&S COMMITTEE When setting up your Health and Safety Committee, you can choose to include all employees from the beginning or make the initial arrangements yourself. As consultation is about talking and listening to each other, ideally you should agree arrangements with your employees from the start. It involves them early so gives them a say in how the committee should run. If you have union-appointed representatives, the union will have written to you to let you know who they are and they may have requested that you set up a committee. If you do not have union-appointed representatives, or they are not representing everyone, then you will have to arrange elections for your employees so they can choose their representatives. If you want to involve your employees from the beginning of the process, then you can set up a small joint working group to get the committee started. They can help you with arrangements for organizing the election.
DUTIES OF A HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE ❖Make and assess statistics on accident records, ill health and sickness absence; ❖accident investigations and subsequent action; ❖inspections of the workplace by enforcing authorities, management or employee health and safety representatives; ❖risk assessments; ❖health and safety training; ❖emergency procedures; and ❖changes in the workplace affecting the health, safety and welfare of employees. ❖ consider what precautions might be taken ❖recommend appropriate actions ❖monitor progress with implementing the health and safety interventions Good practice Think about minor incidents and address strategic issues
Good practice for management representatives includes the following; ➢Involving a representative from the most senior level of management possible, such as a board member, to show commitment and leadership. ➢Involve a variety of people- a health and safety committee made up of employee representatives ... ➢Consult representatives - consult employee representatives to agree the membership and size of a safety committee; ➢Represent all groups - keep the total size reasonably small, but ensure all significant employee groups are represented; ➢Keep a balance - make sure employee representatives are not out-numbered by management representatives; ➢Represent employees - consider agreeing to more employee representatives rather than equal numbers of employee and management representatives as this shows you are not dominating the committee.
➢Keep a single location - ensure a committee's work is related to a single establishment not a collection of geographically different places; and ➢Avoid duplication - avoid duplicating committees for the same workplace, for example to represent different levels of staff. Resources employee representatives need as committee members Employee health and safety representatives need to have: ❖time to prepare for meetings as management representatives would; ❖access to the same information for the purposes of the discussion at the meetings; and ❖training that is reasonable in the circumstances to allow them to perform their role, which includes attending health and safety committee meetings for union- appointed representatives. Training for representatives can help them to contribute equally to the committee's aims and purpose. ❖Being a member of the health and safety committee is part of a person's role as a health and safety representative, so they should not suffer a loss of pay when they attend meetings or carry out other activities on behalf of the committee.
LEGISLATION PART III Occupational Health and Safety Act 36 of 2010. of the laws of zambia HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEES 11. Duty of employer to establish health and safety committee An employer of ten or more persons at any workplace shall establish a health and safety committee. 12. Composition of health and safety committee (1) A health and safety committee established in accordance with section 11 shall— (a) consist of an equal number of members, not less than two on each side, representing the employer and the employees: Provided that the representatives of the employees shall be chosen by the employees or designated by a trade union; and (b) be chaired by a person elected from amongst the employee representatives or by the employer or the senior most member of management on an alternating basis.
HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES ➢The representatives of the employees on a health and safety committee shall elect from amongst themselves a health and safety representative who shall coordinate health and safety activities at their workplace. ➢Where there are only two representatives of the employees on the health and safety committee, the employees whom they represent shall elect a health and safety representative from the two representatives on the committee. When setting up a dedicated health and safety committee, it is useful to agree together on the following; ➢ The principles of how it will work best so that it is clear for all employees and members of the committee; ➢ Who the members will be; ➢ How often the committee will meet; ➢ what the committee will do; ➢ How you will make decisions and deal with disagreements; and ➢ what resources representatives will need as committee members
PRESSURE VESSELS A pressure vessel is a container that holds vapors, gases or liquids at pressures above ambient pressure. Legally a vessel is considered to be a pressure vessel when it holds vapors, gases, or liquids at pressures of 15psig or above. Ambient pressure on an object is the pressure of the surrounding medium, such as a gas or liquid, in contact with the object. NOTE; Pressure vessels are exempted from regulation if: ➢Have a safety value set at 15 psi or less ➢are smaller than 5 cubic feet. while these pressure vessels are exempted from state regulation, they can still be harmful hence the need for care.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS TYPES OF PRESSUER VESSELS According to pressure: There are two types of pressure vessels ➢Internal pressure ➢External pressure According to material of constructions: there basically 3 types of materials ➢Steel pressure vessels ➢Cast iron pressure vessels ➢Aluminum pressure vessels According to orientation: there are basically 3 main types ➢Horizontal pressure vessels ➢Vertical pressure vessels ➢Inclined pressure vessels
According to installation: there are 2 main types ➢Fixed pressure vessels ➢Portable pressure vessels According to wall thickness: there are 2 main types ➢Thick walled pressure vessels ➢Thin walled pressure vessels. PRESSURE VESSELS PARTS ➢Vessels body ➢Vessel head ➢Vessel support ➢Vessel nozzles ➢Vessel man ways
INSPECTION OF PRESSURE VESSELS Inspection of pressure vessels are used in challenging industries environments, which makes their inspection a challenging task. If any weak spots are ignored, they may affect the performance of the pressure vessel. The following factors must be kept in mind while inspecting them: ➢Inspection must be performed by certified professionals only as they can identify the weak areas of the vessel . ➢The inspection must be conducted in adherence to established ̚industry standards. Most inspectors perform the inspection in adherence to the ASME standards which is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Board Inspection (NBI) Pressure vessel inspection can be internal or external. Internal pressure vessel: This inspection is performed when the pressure vessel is empty and not in operation. internal inspection is mainly conducted to identify wear and tear, and corrosion around components, welded nozzles and seams, and areas near to welds, external controls or fittings, and so on.
External Inspection: As the name suggests, this type of inspection is conducted outside the vessel when it is in opposition. During an external inspection, the inspection examines the working of external components such as inlet piping, vessel connections, outlet piping, and so on. FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION Frequency of Inspection depends on the hazard potential of the vessel. For instance, the vessels that store hazardous contents may require regular inspection compared to the ones that store relatively safe fluids. Pressure Vessel Testing Inspection is often ̚followed by different types of pressure tests such: 1. Hydrostatic Test: This is one of the important ways following which the pressure vessels such as boilers, fuel tanks, and pipelines are tested for leaks as well as strengths. 2. Pneumatic Tests: These tests demand a high level of potential energy, which is why they are only performed whenever required. They are recommended when pressure
Leak Tests: Vacuum and pressure vessels are subjected to leak tests to confirm their maximum permissible leak specified in the document. Mechanical Integrity Tests: These tests are conducted to check for the instability of vacuum pressure vessels or buckling. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR OPERATING ➢Timely Maintenance ➢Proper Knowledge and Training ➢Understanding Operations ➢Installing Protective Devices Timely maintenance: For a pressure vessel to function properly, it requires regular maintenance. ✓You should have a proper maintenance program of the entire pressure system ✓Checks the age of the vessel. One thing you should keep your eyes on is the ✓Check for signs of problems such a safety valve discharging rapidly which could be as a result of a faulty safety valve or over-pressurized system. Also check for signs of wear or corrosion
Proper Knowledge and Training: The person operating or handling pressure vessels should have a proper skill set as well as knowledge about the equipment. The knowledge must include: ✓Repairing procedures ✓Maintenance procedures ✓Installation procedures ✓Pressure checks procedures ✓Material type of the vessel container All personnel responsible for pressure vessels must be adequately trained and certified. Understanding operation conditions: this is one of the most important factors to be considered. ✓You must understand the system’s operating limits. ✓You must know and understand the pressure vessel operating conditions which include temperature and pressure.
✓Proper understanding about the gases or liquids contained in the pressure vessel which include toxicity and flammability is extremely important. Installing Protective Devices: when it comes to taking precautions of pressure vessels, you need to ensure that suitable protective devices are properly installed, and adjusted to the correct settings. These protective devices can be: ✓safety valves or any device which shuts down the operations when the temperature or pressure exceeds the maximum valve. ✓Warning devices which send out signals by lighting or sound so that it grabs your attention. ✓Always make sure protective devices are in good condition and only by a an authorized person REDUCING PRESSURE HAZARDS ➢Use appropriate materials ➢Avoid impacts ➢Secure cylinders ➢Store properly ➢Do not over pressurized ➢Examine labels
PRESSURE HAZARDS When pressure vessels are misused or mishandled they become extremely dangerous. The following are the hazards associated with pressure hazards: ➢Poisoning ➢Suffocation ➢Fires ➢Explosion hazards
FIRE SAFETY Fuel Oxygen Heat The fire triangle is useful for two reasons: 1. Fire prevention - if the three fire elements are kept apart fire cannot start. 2. Fire fighting - if one of the elements is removed the fire will go out. Once a fire is started it will produce heat, a flame (the zone where oxygen and flammable vapours are chemically combining in the combustion process) and smoke. The exact composition of the smoke will vary but typically smoke is made up of hot combustion gases such carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO). Fire is a rapid chemical reaction of oxidation with fuel accompanied by the release of energy. The fire triangle
Combustion Elements For a fire to happen, the following elements are essential ➢ Oxygen, to sustain combustion ➢ Heat, to reach ignition temperature ➢ Fuel or combustible material This results in a chemical chain reaction which states a fire. Removing any of these elements will extinguish the fire. Heat Transfer Heat transfer occurs by ➢Direct Burning- the simplest method of fire spread, where a flame front moves along or through the burning material. For example, if the corner of a piece of paper catchers fire, the flame front will spread across the paper.
➢Conduction- transfer of heat within the material itself. ➢Convection- transfer of heat by the physical movement of hot masses of air. ➢Radiation- refers to the emission of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves. ➢Ignition - is the process of initiating self-sustained combustion. The ignition temperature of a substance is the minimum temperature to which it must be heated for it to ignite. Sources of Ignition ➢Electrically powered equipment- Arcing, damaged wiring, overheating of cables due to excess loads, loose electrical connections, heat from electrical bulbs etc. ➢Open flames, hot surfaces, Sparks form welding operations, Chemical reaction between incompatible chemicals, Smoking, Batteries. Flash Point ➢Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapour to form an ignitable mixture. The lower the flash point a flammable liquid the greater the hazard. In a flammable liquid fire, it is the vapours released from the surfaces of the liquid that burns.
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE On the basis of the type of fuel, fires are classified into the following: ❖Class A Fires - Solids combustible materials of organic nature such as, wood, rubber, plastics, etc. ❖Class B Fires - Flammable liquids. ❖Class C Fires - flammable gasses under pressure, including liquefied gases. ❖Class D Fires - combustible metals, as magnesium, sodium, potassium, etc. NOTE; Some classification of fire like the UK based may include Class F for high- temperature fats and oils such as cooking fats. And the US based classification of fire may also include Class K for kitchen fire. .
Causes of Fire in The Workplace Fires in workplace start for many different reasons. Some of the most common causes of workplace fires are: • Electrical equipment – faulty wiring, overloaded conductors, misused equipment and the incorrect, unprofessional and inexperienced use of electrical equipment in inappropriate environments. • Deliberate ignition – many workplace fires are started deliberately. In some cases, the workplace has been targeted, e.g. by a disgruntled employee or an unhappy customer. In other cases youths playing with matches on an industrial estate can also cause a fire. • Hot work – any work involving the use of naked or open flames (e.g. a propane torch or oxyacetylene cutting equipment), or which creates a significant ignition source(e.g. arc-welding and grinding) • Smoking – in particular, carelessly discarded smoking materials, such as cigarette butts and matches.
• Cooking appliances, e.g. fat pans left unattended. • Heating appliances, e.g. electrical fan heaters and space heaters, especially when left unattended. Unsafe use and storage of flammable liquids and gases, e.g. petrol, acetone and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Static sparks can be generated, which could ignite a flammable vapor. • Mechanical heat – generated by friction between moving parts, such as a motor and its bearings, or cold work generating sparks. • Chemical reactions – can also generate heat, e.g oxidizers ( rags soaked in oil and solvents oxidize, heat is replaced and there is a risk of spontaneous combustion) Consequences Fires cause enormous damage to buildings and building contents. Items that are not directly destroyed by the fire will often be severely affected by smoke damage. These losses will usually be covered by insurance, although the loss of business and premises are difficult to recover, leaving many people without jobs and a place of work. People are also killed in case of fire in workplace not by direct flames only but indirectly also by smoke inhalation. Serious burns may also results. NOTE: Firefighting can cause pollution because of the large volumes of contaminated water that run off the fire site into watercourses
Fire Risk Assessment The three main reasons for assessing and managing fire risks are to: 1. Preventing harm to people – all employers have a moral duty to take appropriate steps to ensure the health and safety of their employees and other people who may be affected. 2. Comply with law – employers have legal obligations regarding fire safety and can be penalized if they fail to meet those obligations. 3. Minimize the cost of fire in the workplace– most businesses that suffer a major fire do not fully recover from its effects. If a factory or office burns down it may never be rebuilt, costing not only the business, but also the jobs of workers based there. Carrying out a fire risk assessment allows a company to establish a suitable safety management system and fire safety policy so it can continue to appreciate and manage the risks from fire in the workplace, as well as assuring its business future at the same time.
Factors to be considered in Fire Risk Assessment Fire safety legislation and fire safety standards vary between countries, and from region to region. Fire risk assessment is a legal requirement in many countries (e.g. in the EU), However, some factors should be considered in any workplace, these can best be described by applying risk assessment methods to fire safety. There are many different methodologies for carrying out a fire risk assessment but we will focus only on the five general factors with special emphasis on fire safety. Step 1: identify the fire hazards: • Sources of fuel • Sources of ignition • Sources of oxygen Step 2: identify the people who might be at risk: • People in the premises • Give special consideration to vulnerable people
Step 3: evaluation, identify and implement the fire precautions that are required: • fire prevention • prevention of the spread of smoke and flames • fire detection and alarm • firefighting equipment • means of escape • signs and notice • Lighting Step 4: recording findings, plan and train: • Emergency plans • Information and instruction • Training Step 5: review and revise the assessment as necessary Extinguishing Fire Fire can be extinguished by ➢ Cooling the fuel by removing heat (e.g. by applying water). ➢ Smothering by cutting off oxygen supply (e.g. by applying foam, carbon
➢Inhibition by stopping the chain reaction (e.g. by applying dry chemical power). Type of fire extinguishers Water fire extinguisher for class A fires. Water must not be used on fires involving electrical equipment. Water is used to remove heat. And must also not be used on metal fires. Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher for class B and C fire. The main bass chemicals in DCP extinguishers are sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. These extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel surface with chemical powder. They separate the fuel from the oxygen in the air and prevent vapor formation. The powder also interrupts the chemical chain reaction of fire. The disadvantage is that it leaves residues which are difficult to clean. Foam fire extinguisher for class A and B fire. It has a blanketing effect excluding oxygen from the surface of the fuel as it spreads on the fuel. Prevents vapor formation on the burning liquid. It must not be used on electrical and metal fire.
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher for class B and C fire. These puts out the fire by displacing oxygen in the surrounding air and is not suitable for metal firs but can be used on electrical/electronic equipment. It also does not leave residues. Special dry powder class D fire. These are on metallic fires. They form a crust on metal surface excluding air and also absorbs heat from the metal. Operating a Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguisher can be used by anybody they are simple to use and only have a few steps to follow: 1. Hold the fire extinguisher in upright position and pull out the pin 2. Squeeze the lever or press the plunger down hard. 3. Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire and maintain a safe distance of 1 or 1.5 meters away from the fire. 4. Use a sweeping motion to allow discharge to be directed over the entire fire area.
Fighting a fire on a windy day may be a bit of a challenge. Nevertheless wind can also help direct the discharged substance (water) from the extinguisher to the fire depending on the position and distance of the fire fighter from the fire. EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND FIRE SAFETY PROTECTION ➢ Activate the manual fire alarm call point. ➢ Alert personnel nearby so that they can come to your help. Inform security section. ➢ determine what is burning and use the right fire extinguishers always ➢ Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape behind you before attempting to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. Inform the fire station if you feel you can not tackle the fire by extinguishers
➢ Determine what is burning, and use the right extinguisher always ➢ Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape behind you before attempting to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. ➢ Inform the fire station if you feel you cannot tackle the fire by extinguishers ➢ If are trapped in the building and cannot put the fire out with a fire extinguisher, do not waste it out. Try to use it clear only your exit way but remember not wait until you are trapped. ➢ When the fire alarm evacuates the building and assembles at the designated assembly point. ➢ As you evacuate close the doors of the rooms, do not lock. This slows the spread of smoke and fire. Also do not use lifts because they may fail, use stairs. ➢ If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop to the ground cover your face and roll back and forth until the fire goes out. Do not run as it will make flame burn faster. ➢ Do not waste time looking for valuables to carry or start looking for clothes to up on. ➢ Try to feel the door before opening, if the door is hot, try to use another door. ➢ Smoke can make it very difficult to see. Therefore it is advised to stay low and crawl out of the room in cases of too much smoke.
RISK MANAGEMENT AND HAZARD PREVENTION Health and Safety Risk Management is the systematic identification, assessment and reduction of risk to staff, patients and others who may be affected by our work activities. Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivating and controlling the human recourses, financial, physical, environmental and information resources of an organization or company. It is important to understand that there is no such thing as absolute safety. A workplace can never be completely safe from risks and hazards hence the need for monitoring and evaluation of all workplace safety policies and systems. Risk management is often based on the concept of ALARP or (‘as low as reasonably practicable’). There is a wide acceptance that not all risk can be eliminated. The concept of ALARP will be replaced by ALoS (acceptable level of safety) in the very near future. All efforts should be made to reduce risks to the lowest level possible until a point is reached at which the cost of introducing further safety measures significantly outweighs the safety benefit.
Safety risk management performs the process of controlling risk through hazard identification, analysis, risk assessment and developing risk controls. Risk management is applied in 2 primary levels 1. The first is the process risk management 2. The second is the operational risk management Processes risk management Process risk management has 3 main areas to consider ➢ Policy Policy is what needs to be done. A health and safety policy serves as the guide for an employer’s health and safety programs. Without a well structured safety policy, safety risk management will not operate effectively. ➢ Procedure This is an organized method or way in which safety elements or activities are to be done or implemented.
➢ Controls These are required inspection items which defend against any possible risks which can occur at any level of operation. Operational risk management ➢ Operational controls The operational control aspect involve how risk management is employed on a mission by mission basis ➢ Team decision making This starts with front line personnel. They must have tools and procedures that help to make decisions In order to effectively manage risks, there are five effective stages which must be followed in risk management, these are; 1. System description and task analysis 2. Hazard identification 3. Risk analysis
4. Risk assessment 5. Risk control System Description and Task Analysis This is a system design function, it allows the company to know and understand what they do and in which environment they achieve company goals. System description and task analysis is the first step in risk management process. It is also a predictive method of hazard identification. Hazard identification; is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm Risk analysis is the process of analyzing and evaluating the risks associated with the hazards. Risk assessment; is a process that is used to look for potential hazards in a facility. Risk control These are required inspection items which defend against any possible risks which can occur at any level of operation.
RISK MATRIX The risk matrix below is also known as the risk assessment diagram which is used to show the likelihood and the severity of risks in workplace. During risk assessment 5 Almost Certain LOW 4 Likely 3 Possible 2 Unlikely 1 Rare LIKELIHOOD SEVERERITY (IMPACT OR CONSEQUENCES) LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM 1 Negligible 2 Minor 3 Moderate 4 Major 5 Extreme
Green: color means the risks are well controlled, precautions are sufficient and reliable. Yellow: means the risk is acceptable but of concern. The combination of the severity of the consequence and the likelihood indicates that although improvements would be desirable, serious adverse effects are unlikely. Orange: means the risk is unacceptable, remedial action is necessary. Red: means the risk is unacceptable, remedial action is urgent; consider stopping the work or task until the risk can be reduced. Risk Assessment The main purpose of risk assessment is the analysis of potential threats to the well being of staff and others from the organization activities; establishing what controls are required in order to either remove or reduce these threats to acceptable levels. The risk assessment should focus on the significant hazards. The ones with the potential to cause real harm.
A risk assessment can be broke into 5 step: 1. Identify the hazards 2. Decides who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Monitor and review ➢Design a risk assessment form A rist assessment form is a hazard checklist. Ones completed it becomes a working document for the health and safety within a department.
SAFETY AUDIT IN RISK MANAGEMENT Safety auditing is also one of the most important elements in Risk Management system. Results of an audit will show the current safety status of the facility or organization and give a direction of planning Risk Management. A safety audit is a general term used to describe an activity where a facility gathers information about one or more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risk levels for health or safety issues. During this audit one or more people will gather data related to the; ➢Efficiency ➢Reliability ➢Effectiveness of their health and safety systems ➢Operational compliance with the company policy, procedures and ongoing legislative requirements
RISK IDENTIFICATION ➢Risk identification involves identifying sources of risk, areas of impact, events and their causes and consequences. ➢Risk Management is the system that is capable of identifying risks in the workplace. Risk management system is responsible for the following: 1. Identifying sources of the risk, areas of impact, events (including changes in circumstances) and their ca uses and potential consequences 2. Describing those factors that might create, enhance, prevent, degrade, accelerate or delay the achievement of your safety objectives. Questions to identifying risks ➢ What could go wrong? ➢ What caused the risk? ➢ Where did it happen? ➢Why did it happen? ➢What is the impact?
TYPES OF RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Risk management is a major component of safety management systems(SMS). Safety management system (SMS) provides a systematic way to control risks and to provide assurance that those risk controls are effective. There are three types of risk management strategies. 1. Reactive Risk Management 2. Proactive Risk Management 3. Predictive Risk Management What is Reactive Risk Management, This is a process of reducing the damage of potential threats and speed an organization’s recovery from them, but assumes that those threats will happen eventually. What is Proactive Risk Management, This is a process of identifying threats and aims to prevent those events from ever happening again in the first place. What is Predictive Risk Management, This is a technical process of anticipating risks and risk controls. It is an element of proactive risk management.
Key Difference Between Proactive and Reactive Risk Management Key difference between proactive and reactive risk management is that the reactive risk management is a response based risk management approach, which is dependent on accident evaluation and audit based findings while proactive risk management is an adaptive, closed-loop feedback control strategy based on measurement and observation. Proactive risk management improves an organization’s ability to avoid or manage both existing and emerging risks and helps adapt quickly to unwanted events or crisis. It helps build an understanding required to measure and manage emerging risks which give organizations a better view of tomorrow’s risk and how it impacts their business. Reactive risk management: Reactive risk management solely depends on past accidental analysis and response. Proactive risk management: Proactive risk management combines a mixed method of past, present and future prediction before finding solutions to avoid risks.
Flexibility • Reactive risk management: Reactive risk management does not accommodate prediction, creativity, and problem-solving ability of humans in its approach which makes it less flexible to changes and challenges. • Proactive risk management: Proactive risk management includes creative thinking, prediction. Further, it principally depends on the accident source to reduce the accident which is a human attribute. So, this lets it be very adaptive to changing environment. • Reactive risk management: catalogues all previous accidents and documents them to find the errors which lead to the accident. Preventive measures are recommended and implemented via the reactive risk management method. This is the earlier model of risk management.
Risk management should be proactively implemented, rather than driven by events. Accidental analysis is part of the proactive risk management, with which accident scenarios are built and the key employees and stakeholders who may create the error for an accident, are identified. So, past accidents are important in proactive risk management as well. Risk Management System should encourage employees to: ➢Report promptly to their immediate supervisor any situation which they have reason to believe could present a hazard and which they cannot themselves correct and report any accident or injury to health which arises in the course of or in connection with work ➢Effectively cooperate with their employers and other persons in complying with the safety legislation and guidelines, and should not do anything to endanger themselves and other persons ➢Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly (and not render them inoperative).
INCIDENT INVESTIGATION An incident is an occurrence, condition, or situation arising in the course of work that resulted in or could have resulted in injuries, illnesses, damage to health, or fatalities. Technically An incident; is the sequence of events or actions that resulted or could have resulted in injuries, illnesses, damage to health or fatalities An accident is an unplanned event or occurrence that interrupts the completion of an activity and may or may not include injury or property damage. Incidents need to be investigated whether an incident is a near miss or an actual incident. Investigations reveal the effectiveness of hazard control in an organization and identify before another like incident becomes a serious incident. The objective of the incident investigation is to identify the root cause of the incident. Generally, the supervisor of the scene of the incident investigates the incident firsthand. However, a safety professional with good experience is the best investigator for any incident.
In an incident investigation, there are six basic elements, who, what, when, where, why, and how. Opinions and facts are to be distinguished and interviews, statements, and questionnaires to be recorded. Accident Investigation Definitions The Basics Accident: An unexpected incident or exposure that results in an injury or illness to an employee or property damage. Incident: Often referred to as a near miss, this is an event that could have resulted in personal harm or property damage. Lost-time injury: When an employee gets injured while carrying out a work task for the employer and unable to come in for their next shift or a longer stretch of time. Hazard: Things or objects that have the potential to harm or cause illness. Physical Exposure: An exposure which you must come into contact with to cause an injury or illness. Environmental Exposure: You must be in the general area to be affected, examples include: loud noises, chemicals fumes, etc.. Direct cause: The result of the condition and/or behavior. The final event which produces an accident.
Surface cause: Hazardous conditions and unsafe employee/management behaviors that caused the accident. Root cause: The underlying reason the surface cause exists. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. An example of PPE includes gloves or hard hats. Unsafe conditions: Unsafe equipment/tools which directly cause the accident. Unsafe actions: Harmful behaviors which contributed to the accident, this can include gaps in safety training for staff. System weaknesses: Underlying inadequate or missing programs, plans, policies, processes, and procedures that contributed to the accident.
MATERIAL TASK MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL ENVIRONMENT Figure 1 ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL ACCIDENT CAUSATION MODEL
Task ➢Was a safe work procedure used? ➢Had conditions changed to make the normal procedure unsafe? ➢Were the appropriate tools and materials available? ➢ Were they used? ➢Were safety devices working properly? ➢ Was lockout used when necessary? Material ➢Was there an equipment failure? ➢What caused it to fail? ➢ Was the machinery poorly designed? ➢Were hazardous substances involved? ➢ Were they clearly identified? ➢ Was the raw material substandard in some way? ➢Should personal protective equipment (PPE) have been used? ➢Was the PPE used? ➢ Were users of PPE properly trained?
• Environment The physical environment, and especially sudden changes to that environment, are factors that need to be identified. The situation at the time of the accident is what is important, not what the "usual" conditions were. For example, accident investigators may want to know: ➢What were the weather conditions? ➢ Was poor housekeeping a problem? ➢ Was it too hot or too cold? ➢ Was noise a problem? ➢Was there adequate light? ➢Were toxic or hazardous gases, dusts, or fumes present? Personnel The physical and mental condition of those individuals directly involved in the event must be explored. The purpose for investigating the accident is not to establish blame against someone but the inquiry will not be complete unless personal characteristics are considered. Some factors will remain essentially constant while others may vary from day to day:
➢Were workers experienced in the work being done? ➢ Had they been adequately trained? ➢Can they physically do the work? ➢What was the status of their health? ➢ Were they tired? ➢Were they under stress (work or personal)? ➢Were they panicking due to Deadlines and Budget Factors? ➢Were they understand the influence of Alcohol or Drugs? ➢Is it overconfidence or lack of motivation Motivation? Management Management holds the legal responsibility for the safety of the workplace and therefore the role of supervisors and higher management and the role or presence of management systems must always be considered in an accident investigation. Failures of management systems are often found to be direct or indirect factors in accidents. Ask questions such as:
➢Were safety rules communicated to and understood by all employees? ➢ Were written procedures and orientation available? ➢Were they being enforced? ➢Was there adequate supervision? ➢ Were workers trained to do the work? ➢Had hazards been previously identified? ➢Had procedures been developed to overcome them? ➢Were unsafe conditions corrected? ➢Was regular maintenance of equipment carried out? ➢Were regular safety inspections carried out? ❖It should be emphasized that the above sample questions in all the four categories do not make up a complete checklist, but are examples only. There is more involved when it comes to accident investigations.
LADDERS AND SAFETY Ladders are tools used to reach elevated working areas. They are helpful if used properly and dangerous if not used correctly. There are four major types of ladders 1. Portable ladders. These can be easily moved and carried by workers. Portable ladders are classifies as either self supporting or non self supporting 2. Fixed ladders. These are ladders that are permanently attached to a building or structure 3. Mobile ladder stands. These are movable self supporting ladders. 4. Job made ladders. These are fabricated at constructed sites and must meet engineering specification.
It is important to select the right ladder to use. Before you select a ladder you check to see if safer options exists. These safer options are; ➢ Can the work be performed on the ground. ➢ Can I use an aerial work platform ➢ Can I use scissor lift If a ladder is required survey the job area to determine, the correct type of a ladder.
Non self supported ladder A non self supported ladders are ladders that can not stand on their on without leaning on a structure. The rule setting up these ladders is a 4:1 rule as shown in below. The ladder must be extended 4meters for every 1meters
An extension or straight ladder must be long enough to extend at least 3 feet above the point of support.
If a ladder is required survey the job area to determine; ➢the correct type of a ladder. ➢Your maximum working high ➢Your working loading. This is the weight of a worker + the weight of tools and materials taken on to the ladder. The working load must be less than the ladder capacity rating. Ladders have five capacity rating; 1. Light duty type-3 capacity rating 200 lbs 2. Medium duty type-2 capacity rating 225 lbs 3. Heavy duty type-1 capacity rating 250 lbs 4. Extra heavy duty type-1A capacity rating 300 lbs 5. Special duty type-1AA capacity rating 375 lbs You must know the duty rating of the ladder you are using and verify it is below your working load. You must also consider the ladder materials. ladders should have non conductive side rails if they are used were contact with exposed sources of electricity is possible.
DONTS ➢Don’t use ladders in poor weather conditions. ➢Don’t climb ladders when you are feeling sick or drowsy ➢Workers with the fear of height should only climb to levels they are comfortable with ➢ Never use conductive ladders around sources of electricity ➢ Do not overload a ladder ➢ Do not jump off the ladder ➢ Do not skip a ladder rung ➢ Do not put ladders on unstable surfaces to raise its height. ➢ Ladders may not be moved, shifted or extended while occupied ➢ If possible avoid performing work on the ladder
Follow the belt backle rule, The center of waist should remain inside the rungs of the ladder. ➢ Never lean to the side or to back of the ladder ➢ Don’t stand on the top rung of the ladder ➢ Don’t carry objects in your hand, use a tool belt to move tools and items up and down the ladder ➢ Never leave a raise ladder un attended
Climb and Balance Safely Ascend properly by maintaining three points of contact with the ladder at all times. Face the ladder, climb hand over hand, and stay between the rails.
LADDERS AND UNSAFE ACTIVITIES
WAREHOUSE AND LOGISTICS Warehouses serve as storage areas for large amounts of inventory that will typically have to wait a month or more to be shipped to customers. While other types of logistics facilities provide more timely service and a wider offering of services, warehouses still occupy a vital role in a growing business’s logistics chain. Quite simply, there are few other places that are safe and clean enough for businesses to store inventory. Logistics is the science and art of obtaining , producing and distributing material and product in proper place and in proper quantities. Warehousing is a place where goods and products are stored prior to it being distributed, sold or used. Logistic management it is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of original and the point of consumption in order to meeting customer’s requirements.
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS Supply Chain, is the transforming of raw materials into products and getting them to customers while Logistics is the movement of materials in the supply chain.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF WAREHOUSES ➢Public warehouse ➢Private warehouse ➢Bonded warehouse ➢Smart warehouse Public Warehouses Public warehouses are owned by government entities and can be utilized by private sector companies. They’re highly competitive and are often rented out on a first-come, first-served basis. They play a vital role in supplementing the supply chains of companies due to their flexibility despite their limitations.
Pros ➢The public warehouse can be an affordable storage warehousing option, allowing for both personal and business use for a short time. ➢It’s easy to rent spaces in multiple locations and you can scale up (or down) your rental space as your needs change. ➢With a pay-as-you-go model, you are free from a lengthy contract for space. Cons ➢Public warehouses are often not current with state-of-the-art technology. ➢They may also experience surges in seasonal demand, making it difficult to obtain space when you need it most. ➢Over time, the pay-as-you-go model can be more expensive than what you would pay for a permanent space, at least in terms of the price per cubic foot.
Private Warehouses A private warehouse is owned by wholesalers who rent out space on longer-term contracts to a limited number of customers. They typically offer a wider range of services than public warehouses, including greater access to and oversight of your goods. They usually include a more specialized workforce that can do more than basic storage warehousing tasks. Private warehouses may also be owned by a single company that uses it for its own purposes. However, those added benefits come at a cost, which could put them out of reach of some companies. Pros ➢A private warehouse offers exclusive access to a limited number of customers or only your employees, if you own the building. ➢They allow for a greater degree of control over operations and more specialized services than a public facility. ➢A private warehouse is a good option for e-commerce businesses that need a long-term solution for a strategic location.
Cons ➢A private warehouse is a more expensive option at first than a public warehouse and requires a substantial capital investment should you decide to build it yourself. ➢If your company owns the warehouse, your logistics chain won’t be as flexible as other companies, should you need to change it. Bonded Warehouses ➢Bonded warehouses are used to store, manufacture, or otherwise manipulate dutiable goods prior to their sale. Goods may be stored for import or export duty free until such a time as they are released to their buyers, at which time the customs fees are paid.
Pros ➢Restricted items can be stored secure for up to two years until legal paperwork is completed. ➢Their customs fees are not paid until products are purchased. ➢This also allows companies to store more of their product closer to foreign consumers. Cons ➢After a period of two years, the goods inside a bonded warehouse must be sold if they haven’t been already, sometimes at a loss to their owner. ➢Bonds must be paid to warehouse authority whenever a space is rented. This ensures no monetary loss is incurred when products are released. ➢Bonded warehouses are only available for goods that face duty fees.
Smart Warehouses Smart warehouses heavily utilize automation to minimize human interaction with products at every stage of the logistics process. They may integrate a wide range of technologies, including robotics, RFID tagging, artificial intelligence, warehouse management systems, and various online tools to make agile, efficient processes. Pros ➢Much of the activity in a smart warehouse is automated and streamlined to eliminate human error while improving efficiency. ➢They improve transparency, as you’ll have visibility around the clock into each stage of the logistics process. ➢These facilities typically offer greater scalability than human-centric operations ➢When a smart warehouse works as intended, you’ll have little need to interact with the few humans who run it. Cons ➢Because it is automated and streamlined, AI sometimes makes mistakes in orders that should require human judgement. These mistakes could damage your reputation and may not be caught until after they have occurred. ➢Automated systems are vulnerable to hacking. ➢Power outages can take down critical systems, impeding warehouse logistics.
Warehousing Services The key to finding the right storage warehousing provider for your business is knowing what you need. Here’s a few questions to ask to guide your search. ➢Location: Where is the warehouse located? How close is it to your target market? Is it near major transportation hubs that could help you easily reach other markets in an emergency? ➢Scalability: How well can the warehouse scale its services to meet the projected needs of your business? Are they equipped to handle seasonal or sudden spikes in demand? ➢Reliability: What kind of record does the warehouse have in protecting its customers’ inventory? What is their policy if your inventory is damaged or delayed from shipping while in their facility? ➢Price: How much do the warehouse’s services cost?
PRINCIPLES OF LOGISTICS The role of each element of logistics often defines the logistics activities within a supply chain. The problem with definitions and discussions of supply chains is that it is not easy to recognize the role of logistics within them, which is why the supply chain river is a simple way to relate the role of logistics within a supply chain. The elements of logistics further help to explain what logistics activities and processes are being undertaken in a supply chain. There are five elements of logistics: ➢ Storage, warehousing and materials handling ➢Packaging and unitization ➢Inventory ➢Transport ➢Information and control
1. What is the role of storage, material handling and warehouses in logistics? ➢It is to enable a steady stream of products to be supplied by manufacturers. Why is this important? Manufacturers need to operate at peak efficiency, but consumers tend not to demand goods at the same rate as a manufacturer supplies them. ➢There tends to be an imbalance between supply, which is steady, and demand, which can be unpredictable. The answer is to store the surplus goods produced by a manufacturer until they are demanded by consumers. To achieve this, warehouse buildings are required. These need specialist storage equipment such as shelving or racks and material handling equipment to move them around the warehouse and to load and unload delivery vehicles.
2. What is the role of packaging and unitization? ➢A key definition and one of the Rs of logistics is the care and condition of a product. Packaging is an essential part of that. Unitization is also important as this assists storage and transportation. The easiest product to move and store is a cube, so packaging and unitization attempts to take all different sizes and shapes of product and pack them as near as possible into a cuboid shape. 3. What is the role of inventory? ➢Inventory is a logistics element that is closely related to storage and warehousing. It is concerned with what stock to hold, where the stock is located and how much stock to hold. Inventory is controlling the flows of goods going into and out of a warehouse. How is this achieved? By looking at sales data of past orders and using various mathematical and statistical tools to attempt to predict how much goods will be demanded by consumers. Inventory management is not an exact science, but depending on how variable demand can be, it is a useful tool to help manage the flows of goods through the supply chain.
4. What is the role of transport? ➢A major element of logistics that most will recognize is transport. This includes all modes of transport including road vehicles, freight trains, cargo shipping and air transport. Without transport, goods would be unable to move from one stage to another within a supply chain. Some goods with short supply chains, such as foods, do not travel far. Other more complex products consist of many components that can be transported from all over the world. 5. What is the role of information and control? ➢The element of information and control is needed by all the elements to act as triggers to various operational procedures. We have mentioned the information needed for inventory. Order levels help decide what orders need to be picked and packed in warehouses and enable the planning and organization of transport. Information and control’s role is to help design information systems that can control operational procedures. They are also key in the forecasting of demand and inventory as already mentioned.
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS A hazardous chemical is a chemical that has properties with the potential to do harm to human or animal health, the environment, or capable of damaging property. COMMON TYPES OF WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ➢Chlorine ➢Fuels ➢fertilizers and fungicides ➢Photocopy toner ➢Glues ➢Cleaning agents ➢Paint and varnish ➢Acids ➢Industrial gases and fumes ➢Caustic soda, ammonia and other alkalis
Hazardous chemicals can be grouped in the following categories ➢Toxic- chemicals that can cause conditions to the body ➢Carcinogenic chemicals- that can cause cancer after exposure ➢Corrosive chemicals- that can cause visible destruction alterations ➢Irritants chemicals- that cause an inflammatory effect ➢Sensitizers chemicals- that cause an allergic reaction in tissues ➢Flammable liquids- chemicals vapors that can cause fire ➢Combustible liquids- chemicals that combust after been exposed to high temperatures The chemicals can cause physical damage to the body. Hazardous chemicals can have Chronic effects- a disease that develops over time. Hazardous chemicals can have Acute effects- symptoms that appear or change rapidly.
METHODS HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ENTER THE BODY The route of exposure is the method hazards chemicals enter the body ➢Inhalation- the chemical entering the body through breathing. ➢Absorption- the chemical entering the body through the skin. ➢Ingestion- the chemical entering the body through drinking. Chemical safety begins with the written hazard communication program. There are two primary methods to communicate in chemical safety information. 1. Ensuring chemical containers are properly labeled 2. Maintaining safety data sheet or SDSs. A Safety data sheet is a source of detailed safety information on a particular hazardous chemical. The supplier must provide a Safety data sheet or must be downloaded.
SAFETY DATA SHEETS CONTAINS THE FOLLOWIN INFORMATION ➢CHEMICAL HEALTH HAZARDS ➢FLAMMABILITY OF THE CHEMICAL ➢FIRST AID AND FIREFIGHTING MEASURES ➢PRECAUTION FOR SAFET HANDLING AND STORAGE ➢APPROPRIATE ENGINEERING CONTROLS ➢ PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) ➢EMERGENCY SPILL PROCEDURES This information must be available on chemical containers All workers using chemicals must have access to Safety Data Sheets
HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SAFETY 1. Follow all establish procedures and perform job duties as you have been trained 2. Be cautious and plan ahead. Think about what could wrong and pay close attention to what you are doing while you work. 3. Always use required PPE. Inspect the PPE to make sure it not damaged 4. Make sure all containers are properly labeled and that the material is contained in an appropriate container. 5. Avoid moving chemical substances from there actual containers to other containers. If the substance is moved to a new container, make sure the new container is fully labeled. 6. Always read the labels and the material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using any material to make sure you understand hazards precautions. 7. Never eat or drink while handling hazardous substance and if your hands are contaminated, don't use cosmetics or handle contact lenses
8. Use all materials solely for their intended purpose. Don’t for example, use solvents to clean your hands, or gasoline to wipe down equipment. 9. Store all materials properly, separate incompatibles and store in ventilated, dry, and cool areas. 10 After using hazardous substances, it is good practice to wash your hands before removing the gloves and after removing the gloves and the area clean. 11 Learn and understand the emergency procedure, which are: ➢Evacuation procedure ➢Reporting procedure ➢Fire and spills procedure ➢Accident or injury procedure.
HAZARDOUS-WASTE MANAGEMENT, The collection, treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled, can cause substantial harm to human health and safety or to the environment. Hazardous wastes can take the form of solids, liquids, sludges, or contained gases, and they are generated primarily by chemical production, manufacturing, and other industrial activities. They may cause damage during inadequate storage, transportation, treatment, or disposal operations. Improper hazardous-waste storage or disposal frequently contaminates surface water and groundwater supplies as harmful water pollution and can also be a source of dangerous land pollution. People living in homes built near old and abandoned waste disposal sites may be in a particularly vulnerable position. In an effort to remedy existing problems and to prevent future harm from hazardous wastes, governments closely regulate the practice of hazardous-waste management.
TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Hazardous waste generated at a particular site often requires transport to an approved treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Because of potential threats to public safety and the environment, transport is given special attention by governmental agencies. In addition to the occasional accidental spill, hazardous waste has, in the past, been intentionally spilled or abandoned at random locations in a practice known as “midnight dumping.” This practice has been greatly curtailed by the enactment of laws that require proper labeling, transport, and tracking of all hazardous wastes.

More Related Content

PPS
Hazard identification & characterization
byArvind Kumar
 
PPTX
Industrial hygiene
byladdha1962
 
PPT
Workplace risk management
byDr. Faisal Al Haddad
 
PPTX
OHS
bybips007
 
PPTX
Risk assessment at workplace
bysajid ali
 
PDF
A simplified guide to Risk Assessment in Occupational Health & Safety
byWessam Atif
 
PPT
Risk assessment
byAhmedAbdelHalimAhmed
 
PDF
Hazard identification and risk assessment (hira) form revised
byHealthcare consultant
 
Hazard identification & characterization
byArvind Kumar
 
Industrial hygiene
byladdha1962
 
Workplace risk management
byDr. Faisal Al Haddad
 
OHS
bybips007
 
Risk assessment at workplace
bysajid ali
 
A simplified guide to Risk Assessment in Occupational Health & Safety
byWessam Atif
 
Risk assessment
byAhmedAbdelHalimAhmed
 
Hazard identification and risk assessment (hira) form revised
byHealthcare consultant
 

What's hot

PPTX
Electrical hazards
byKashif Riaz
 
PDF
EmergencyPlan-On-SiteAndOff-Site plan for secure
byShaileshPal24
 
PPTX
PPE
byMaria Romina Angustia
 
PPT
SG4:10 presentation
byAlan Bate
 
PPTX
General HSE Training (Level 1 & 2)
byObalim Esedebe - PMP, MSC
 
PPTX
Health and safety induction
byGanesan Raju
 
PPSX
Emergency Response Training
bydevan4ru
 
ODP
Hazards and Different Types of PPE
bycarltrom
 
PPTX
Personal Protective Equipment
byReliance
 
PPT
Working safely with chemicals
byAkshay Wilson
 
PDF
[Letter of Appointment] Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd. - Member of the Emergen...
byOlivean Anthony
 
PPT
Safe use of power tools
byhtmisper
 
PPT
unsafe acts & unsafe conditions.ppt
byVipinChhabra5
 
PPTX
Safe Manual Handling in the Workplace
byDjCurrie
 
PPT
Basic safety
byLalit M
 
PPTX
Insulation job hazards & Precautions
byReliance
 
PPT
Ppe Training
byRob Vajko
 
PPT
Health, Safety & Environmental Presentation
byAbdul Qudoos healthyfoodmanagement.com
 
PPTX
Chemical hazards
byRachurivenkata Raghavendrarao
 
PPTX
Health and Safety Policies
byElsie Lessing
 
Electrical hazards
byKashif Riaz
 
EmergencyPlan-On-SiteAndOff-Site plan for secure
byShaileshPal24
 
PPE
byMaria Romina Angustia
 
SG4:10 presentation
byAlan Bate
 
General HSE Training (Level 1 & 2)
byObalim Esedebe - PMP, MSC
 
Health and safety induction
byGanesan Raju
 
Emergency Response Training
bydevan4ru
 
Hazards and Different Types of PPE
bycarltrom
 
Personal Protective Equipment
byReliance
 
Working safely with chemicals
byAkshay Wilson
 
[Letter of Appointment] Chemsain Konsultant Sdn. Bhd. - Member of the Emergen...
byOlivean Anthony
 
Safe use of power tools
byhtmisper
 
unsafe acts & unsafe conditions.ppt
byVipinChhabra5
 
Safe Manual Handling in the Workplace
byDjCurrie
 
Basic safety
byLalit M
 
Insulation job hazards & Precautions
byReliance
 
Ppe Training
byRob Vajko
 
Health, Safety & Environmental Presentation
byAbdul Qudoos healthyfoodmanagement.com
 
Chemical hazards
byRachurivenkata Raghavendrarao
 
Health and Safety Policies
byElsie Lessing
 

Similar to OHS MY POWER POINT.pdf

PDF
PRINT OHS MAC (1).pdf
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
PRINT OHS.pptx
byMaclenny
 
DOCX
Occupational Health And Safety in Childcare-presentation prepared by RUMANA B...
byRUMANABEGUM17
 
PPTX
occupational health.pptx 1.pptx and importance
bySakthiChella
 
PPTX
Multimedia Studio OH&S
byWebmaster
 
PPT
Occupational Health and Safety Management System
byAkshay Kant Mishra
 
PPTX
Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures.pptx
byRivenBarquilla
 
PPTX
OSH MODULE SHORT COURSES FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
OSH MODULE SHORT COURSES-2. INDUSTRIAL training
byMaclenny
 
PPT
Occupational safety and health zaf
byDHA Lahore
 
DOC
Hazard in the workplace ar 2
byMuhundhan Muhu
 
PPTX
Management system in safety and health at work
bysalvado52
 
PPTX
health-and-safety-workshop-Autosaved-1.pptx
byRicaJaneConde
 
PPTX
Occupational Disease and Preventive Measure
byRajan Kawan
 
PDF
Lecture 1. Mr Nzimah.pdf
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Occupational health and hazardsjsjshhshs
byNasirAhmed49425
 
PPTX
Practicing Occupational Health Grade 12.pptx
bymyaotnahitsuraanpa
 
PPTX
SPH1 Lecture 7 -Occupational health and safety_1400-7-7-10-19-1.pptx
byHgjUy7
 
PPTX
Occupational Health, causes and remedies.pptx
bybsaikia0062
 
PPT
Occupational Health Basics
byDrHIteshShah
 
PRINT OHS MAC (1).pdf
byMaclenny
 
PRINT OHS.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Occupational Health And Safety in Childcare-presentation prepared by RUMANA B...
byRUMANABEGUM17
 
occupational health.pptx 1.pptx and importance
bySakthiChella
 
Multimedia Studio OH&S
byWebmaster
 
Occupational Health and Safety Management System
byAkshay Kant Mishra
 
Practice Occupational Health and Safety Procedures.pptx
byRivenBarquilla
 
OSH MODULE SHORT COURSES FOR OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
OSH MODULE SHORT COURSES-2. INDUSTRIAL training
byMaclenny
 
Occupational safety and health zaf
byDHA Lahore
 
Hazard in the workplace ar 2
byMuhundhan Muhu
 
Management system in safety and health at work
bysalvado52
 
health-and-safety-workshop-Autosaved-1.pptx
byRicaJaneConde
 
Occupational Disease and Preventive Measure
byRajan Kawan
 
Lecture 1. Mr Nzimah.pdf
byMaclenny
 
Occupational health and hazardsjsjshhshs
byNasirAhmed49425
 
Practicing Occupational Health Grade 12.pptx
bymyaotnahitsuraanpa
 
SPH1 Lecture 7 -Occupational health and safety_1400-7-7-10-19-1.pptx
byHgjUy7
 
Occupational Health, causes and remedies.pptx
bybsaikia0062
 
Occupational Health Basics
byDrHIteshShah
 

More from Maclenny

PPTX
SAI PRESENTATION this is non profit and non political organisation
byMaclenny
 
PDF
Accident Investigation this good for training volunteer
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
HAZMAT. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
INDUSTRIALIZATION EVENT 01.UNDERSTANDING INDUSTRIALI
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
HAZMAT.HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS FOR INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
INDUSTRIALIZATION EVENT 01. UNDERSTANDING THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION
byMaclenny
 
PDF
hazmat-180929044254 (1).pdf
byMaclenny
 
PPT
wbm-slides-f04.ppt
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Airport Airside Safety.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Introduction to Airport Airside Careers.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Introduction to Civil Aviation 1 (1).pptx
byMaclenny
 
PDF
Lecture 2. Mr Nzimah.pdf
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
marriage teaching presentation.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
NGAP lesson.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Presentation 010256 pm_36637f.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPT
Fire.ppt
byMaclenny
 
PPT
Fire_Safety-Version_2.ppt
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
AVIATION CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN..pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
ELECTRICAL_SAFETY_QUIZ_PPT_QUESTIONS.pptx
byMaclenny
 
PPTX
Military_Aviation.pptx
byMaclenny
 
SAI PRESENTATION this is non profit and non political organisation
byMaclenny
 
Accident Investigation this good for training volunteer
byMaclenny
 
HAZMAT. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
INDUSTRIALIZATION EVENT 01.UNDERSTANDING INDUSTRIALI
byMaclenny
 
HAZMAT.HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS FOR INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
byMaclenny
 
INDUSTRIALIZATION EVENT 01. UNDERSTANDING THE NEED FOR INDUSTRIALIZATION
byMaclenny
 
hazmat-180929044254 (1).pdf
byMaclenny
 
wbm-slides-f04.ppt
byMaclenny
 
Airport Airside Safety.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Introduction to Airport Airside Careers.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Introduction to Civil Aviation 1 (1).pptx
byMaclenny
 
Lecture 2. Mr Nzimah.pdf
byMaclenny
 
marriage teaching presentation.pptx
byMaclenny
 
NGAP lesson.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Presentation 010256 pm_36637f.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Fire.ppt
byMaclenny
 
Fire_Safety-Version_2.ppt
byMaclenny
 
AVIATION CAREER DEVELOPMENT PLAN..pptx
byMaclenny
 
ELECTRICAL_SAFETY_QUIZ_PPT_QUESTIONS.pptx
byMaclenny
 
Military_Aviation.pptx
byMaclenny
 

Recently uploaded

PDF
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Unit 1 (BP606T)
byChetan Mali
 
PPTX
Types of counselling Directive, Non Directive, Eclectic Counselling
byPriya Sush
 
PPTX
Problem and Solution (PowerPoint Game Template)
byacpaulite
 
PPTX
Renal Physiology- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.pptx
byDisha Soriya
 
PDF
Four Stars Of Destiny By General Manoj Mukund Naravane
byAman744562
 
PPTX
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 4 Active Mobility and Transport
byKarl Donert
 
PDF
Art, Memory, and Modernity: A Study of W. H. Auden’s In Memory of W. B. Yeats
bypriyarathod315
 
PPTX
How to Create_Generate Engineering Change Orders ECOs in Odoo 18
byCeline George
 
PPTX
Greengnorance Toolkit Module1 Climate Change
byKarl Donert
 
PPTX
Methods & Applications of Enzyme Immobilization Technique.pptx
byAnupkumar Sharma
 
PDF
BP502T Industrial Pharmacy I (Theory) UNIT– I (Part 1)
byRushi Mandali
 
PDF
Workshop 29 Crystal Review All Students by YogiGoddess
by©LDMMIA, ©Reiki Yoga
 
PPTX
ELIMINATION NEEDS Fundamentals of Nursing .pptx
bySonali Gupta
 
PDF
How "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Ordinary People" Employ Non-Verbal Acting
by6x5csns4pn
 
PPTX
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 6 Water Resources
byKarl Donert
 
PDF
Holm Community Heritage at St Nicholas Kirk - 2025 AGM Minutes (30.04.2025)
byAntoine Pietri
 
PPTX
13 February 2026 - Bullying in education prevalence, impact and responses acr...
byEduSkills OECD
 
PDF
The Sheep and the Goat: Beckett’s Subversion of Divine Justice in Waiting for...
bysejadchokiya
 
PPTX
WEEK 2 (2).pptx TLE COOKERY 10 QUARTER 4
byResynFayeCortez2
 
PPTX
Plato's Insight model teaching and learning.pptx
byNikhitaDS
 
Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Unit 1 (BP606T)
byChetan Mali
 
Types of counselling Directive, Non Directive, Eclectic Counselling
byPriya Sush
 
Problem and Solution (PowerPoint Game Template)
byacpaulite
 
Renal Physiology- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus.pptx
byDisha Soriya
 
Four Stars Of Destiny By General Manoj Mukund Naravane
byAman744562
 
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 4 Active Mobility and Transport
byKarl Donert
 
Art, Memory, and Modernity: A Study of W. H. Auden’s In Memory of W. B. Yeats
bypriyarathod315
 
How to Create_Generate Engineering Change Orders ECOs in Odoo 18
byCeline George
 
Greengnorance Toolkit Module1 Climate Change
byKarl Donert
 
Methods & Applications of Enzyme Immobilization Technique.pptx
byAnupkumar Sharma
 
BP502T Industrial Pharmacy I (Theory) UNIT– I (Part 1)
byRushi Mandali
 
Workshop 29 Crystal Review All Students by YogiGoddess
by©LDMMIA, ©Reiki Yoga
 
ELIMINATION NEEDS Fundamentals of Nursing .pptx
bySonali Gupta
 
How "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and "Ordinary People" Employ Non-Verbal Acting
by6x5csns4pn
 
Greengnorance Toolkit Module 6 Water Resources
byKarl Donert
 
Holm Community Heritage at St Nicholas Kirk - 2025 AGM Minutes (30.04.2025)
byAntoine Pietri
 
13 February 2026 - Bullying in education prevalence, impact and responses acr...
byEduSkills OECD
 
The Sheep and the Goat: Beckett’s Subversion of Divine Justice in Waiting for...
bysejadchokiya
 
WEEK 2 (2).pptx TLE COOKERY 10 QUARTER 4
byResynFayeCortez2
 
Plato's Insight model teaching and learning.pptx
byNikhitaDS
 

OHS MY POWER POINT.pdf

  • 1.
  • 2.
    INTRODUCTION Occupational health isan aspect of public health program. It was established to ensure that the health status of everybody in any occupation is protected, maintained and promoted. It considers the physical, mental and social dimensions of man in the work environment.
  • 3.
    WHAT IS OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY According to the World health organization (WHO) Occupational Health and Safety is the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of the physical, mental, economic and social well-being of the workers in all occupations.
  • 4.
    The major goalsof Occupational Health and Safety Act are: ❖To protect workers from hazards on the job. ❖To set standards for health and safety in the workplace. ❖To set out the duties of employers, supervisors and workers in the workplace Protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work is the primary goal of occupational health in every country.
  • 5.
    PRINCIPALS OF OHS FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLES "Unless and until the employer has done everything and everything means a good deal - the workman can do next to nothing to protect himself; although he is naturally willing enough to do his share”. All workmen should be told something of the danger of the material with which they come into contact, and not to be left to find out for themselves - sometimes at the cost of their lives". Leggee (1863 - 1932). The following are some of the fundamental principles of occupation health and safety; ❖ Set the conditions governing the design, construction and layout of undertakings with a view to avoiding or minimizing hazards; ❖ ensure that hazards are avoided or controlled when operations begin, or when major alterations or changes are made;
  • 6.
    For us toappreciate what occupation health and safety is all about, we need to understand the following term: •Occupation •Health •Safety •Accidents, Incidents and a Near miss •Fatal •Occupational hygiene •Hygiene •Occupational medicine
  • 7.
    ➢Occupation; it canbe a business, professional or job. According to the occupation health and safety act No 36 of the 2010 of the laws of zambia. ➢Health; means free from illness or injury attributable to occupational cause. ➢Safety; is the state, place or system where one is free from danger or risk. ➢Accident; an unexpected incident or exposure that results in an injury, death, illness to an employee or property damage. (It is an unplanned occurrence) ➢An incident; is the sequence of events or actions that may produces an accident. ➢A near miss; is an unplanned event that did not results in injury, illness or damage but had the potential to do so. ➢Fatal; is work related death caused by unsafe working conditions ➢Occupational hygiene is the science and art which is devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental health factors which arise in the workplace, and which may cause sickness, impaired health, discomfort or inefficiency among workers or citizens of the country. ➢Hygiene is defined as the study and practice of cleanliness as a means of promoting and maintaining good health standards and preventing diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and corona virus (COVID19) etc.
  • 8.
    HAZARD AND RISK ➢Ahazard is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone. ➢A risk is the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experience an adverse health effect if exposed to a hazard. ➢The following elements are key in managing risks and hazard prevention; ➢Risk assessment ➢Job safety analysis ➢Safety audits ➢Work-site analysis ➢ A risk assessment would look to identify environmental hazards and put processes in place to mitigate the risk, while safety analysis will not. It is a process that is used to look for potential hazards in a facility and created controls to help mitigate them.
  • 9.
    ➢A job safetyanalysis looks at individual tasks. This can be done either as a regular workplace safety task, or after an incident occurs. Before carrying out any task, it is a requirement that a job safety analysis be done. ➢Work-site analysis- this is an essential procedure that helps in determining what jobs and workstations are the sources of potential problems. A Safety Audit ➢An Audit – assesses operational compliance with the company policy, procedures and ongoing legislative requirements. ➢A safety audit is a general term used to describe an activity where a facility gathers information about one or more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risk levels for health or safety issues. During this audit one or more people will gather data related to the efficiency, reliability and effectiveness of their health and safety systems.
  • 10.
    HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ANDCONTROL What is hazard identification? Hazard identification is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, system, operation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm. The term often used to describe the full process is risk assessment. TYPES OF HAZARDS The common way to classify hazards is by category: ➢Biological hazards – from bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, birds, animals, and humans, etc. ➢Chemical hazards – depends on the physical, chemical and toxic properties of the chemical. ➢Ergonomic hazards – musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) which may be caused by repetitive movements or improper set up of a workstation, etc. ➢Physical hazards – radiation, magnetic fields, temperature extremes, pressure extremes (high pressure or vacuum), noise, etc. ➢Psychosocial hazards – stress, violence, domestic problems etc. ➢NO safety policy –
  • 11.
    OVERCONFIDENCE. Overconfidence bias isa tendency to hold a false and misleading assessment of our skills, intellect, or talent. It is an egotistical belief that we are better than we actually are. Overconfidence is behavior hazard if left unchecked. RISK CONTROL PROCES Risk control process is achieved through the following 1. Identifying hazards and risk factors that have the potential to cause harm. (hazard identification). 2. Analyzing and evaluating the risks associated with the hazards. (risk analysis, and risk evaluation). 3. Determining appropriate ways to eliminate the hazards, or control the risk if the hazard cannot be eliminated. (risk control). The overall goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in your workplace. It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as well as people who are not – this way you have both the experienced and fresh eye to conduct the inspection.
  • 12.
    When should hazardidentification be done? Hazard identification can be done: During design and implementation • Designing a new process or procedure • Purchasing and installing new machinery Before tasks are done • Checking equipment or following processes • Reviewing surroundings before each shift While tasks are being done • Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions During inspections • Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee After incidents • Near misses or minor events • Injuries
  • 13.
    OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE Occupational hygieneis the science and art which is devoted to the recognition, evaluation and control of those environmental health factors which arise in the workplace, and which may cause sickness, impaired health, discomfort or inefficiency among workers or citizens of the country. The following terms are key in the study and practice of hygiene. 1. Individual or personal hygiene, 2. Environmental or workplace hygiene (proper house keeping) 3. Contamination and contamination control The purpose of industrial hygiene program is to; 1. To determine whether the work environment and working conditions of workers are harmful to their health and well-being and prevent such conditions from occurring.
  • 14.
    2. To promotethe best possible physical, mental and social health of people at work. 3. To prevent occupational diseases caused by physical chemical and biological agents. INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE Is the science and art that is devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of those environment factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among worker or among the citizens of the community. It focuses on environmental contaminants. Environmental contaminants are any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water, soil, or living organisms. TYPES OF CONTAMINATION There are four categories of contamination in the food industry ➢Physical contamination ➢Chemical contamination
  • 15.
    ➢Microbiological contamination ➢Cross contamination Whatis physical contamination(or foreign bodies)- Are objects such as hair, plant stalks or pieces of plastic/metal that can occur as contaminants in food. It is a type of contamination that is more common in food processing and substances. What is chemical contamination-Refers to the addition or appearance of chemical substances in inappropriate places, including the workplace, home, food and environment. What is biological contamination- It is the presence in the environment of living organisms or agents derived by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and birds antigens that can cause many health effects. What is cross contamination- Is the transfer of bacteria or other microorganisms from one substance to another.
  • 16.
    OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE Occupational Medicine(OM) is a branch of medicine that deals with a worker and occupationally related disease. The objective of OM is to protect the worker against hazards in the working environment and the treatment of emergency conditions sustained during the working time. Duties of Occupational Medical Practitioner (0MP) Occupational medical practitioners must take every measure that is reasonably practicable to;- ➢ Promote the health and safety of employees in the workplace. ➢ Assist employees in matters related to occupational medicine.
  • 17.
    PATIENTS RIGHT TOPRIVACY A patient, who is examined by an Occupational Medical Practitioner (OMP), has the rights to confidentiality. This right is grounded in the ethical, legal and constitutional entrenchment of the right to privacy. However, in many situations undergoing a medical examination amounts to an implied consent for the results to be disclosed to the employer. This is true of a pre-employment medical to establish whether an employee has the physical capacity to perform a particular task. However, the doctor may only release information that is relevant to assessing the employee’s physical capacity to perform that particular task. The patient’s right to confidentiality is not absolute. There are circumstances where, for instance, the law requires all doctors to notify the relevant authorities that the employee has a notifiable condition.
  • 18.
    WORK OPERATION CATEGORIESAND SAFETY There 3 main categories of work at the workplace; 1. Ground /surface operations and safety 2. Confined and underground operations and safety 3. Working at height operations and safety
  • 19.
    NOTE, Safety isnot about years of experience on a given job or task but it is about observing and adhering to safety regulations at all times. ➢Do you understand the task or the job you are given to do? ➢Are you competent enough to do it own your own or you need close supervision? ➢Do you know and understand the safety of that operation or task? ➢Do you have the right tools for the tasks and are they in good condition? ➢Are you physically and mentally fit for the task? ➢Can you identify the risks associated with the task? ➢Is the environment safe for you and the task?
  • 20.
    Ground /surface operationsand safety Construction site works, repair workshops, shopping centers, open-pit mines and airports are some of the open or surface operation areas. These places are to be kept clean and organized every time. The following elements are important to achieving a hazard free working are; ➢ Housekeeping ➢ Waste disposal ➢ Spills control ➢ Tools and equipment (housekeeping) HOUSE KEEPING A good housekeeping program plans and manages the orderly storage and movement of materials from point of entry to exit. It includes a material flow plan to ensure minimal handling. The plan also makes sure that work areas are not used as storage areas by having workers move materials to and from work areas as needed. Part of the plan could include investing in the extra bins more frequent disposal.
  • 21.
    WASTE DISPOSAL The regularcollection, grading and sorting of scrap contributes to good housekeeping practice in any working area. Open or confined space operations must be done in clean and well arranged environment. ➢Waste bins must be kept clean and disinfected if necessary. ➢Water waste must be treated if necessary. ➢Water must have a clear drainage systems. SPILLS CONTROL Spills must be controlled and managed well. If spills are left an attended to immediately they happen they can cause serious injuries to health or even death. If you see a spill, do not start looking for the person who did. Barricade the area, make sure there is complete zero access to the area until the area has been worked on and it is safe.
  • 22.
    TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT(housekeeping) Tool housekeeping is very important, whether in the tool room, on the rack, in the yard, or on the bench. Tools require suitable fixtures with marked locations to provide an orderly arrangement. Returning tools promptly after use reduces the chances of harm of to the workforce. Machines or equipment must be inspected regularly, cleaned and repaired successfully. All tools that damaged or worn must be taken out of service. HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH IMPROPER HOUSEKEEPING OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ➢ Flying objects from lawnmowers ➢ Scattered material offcuts from a grinder, e.g. wood, metal and plastics. ➢ Flying material from a grinder, e.g fire sparks. ➢ Careless equipment parking ➢ Scattered carts and pallets ➢ Naked electrical cables ➢ Uneven or unstable surfaces or floors
  • 23.
    Confined and undergroundoperations and safety COFINED SPACES A confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space not intended or designed for continuous human occupancy with a restricted means of entry or exit. Examples of confined spaces are; ➢ Pipes ➢ Tunnels ➢ Curves
  • 24.
    These work spacesmay or may not be large enough for an employee to enter and perform the assigned responsibilities and they usually have limited exit options. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses the words “permit-required confined space” to describe a specific confined space, meeting one or more of the following characteristics: ➢ Hazardous (or potentially hazardous) atmosphere ➢ Potential to engulf worker ➢ Walls that converge inward ➢ Floors that slope downward and taper into an area that could entrap or suffocate entrant ➢ Contains any other recognized safety/health hazard (i.e. exposed live wires or heat stress) ➢ The possibilities of the tunnel to collapse ➢ Are there moving equipment or electrical equipment Whether you’re working in a tank, vessel, tunnel or manhole, there are certain things to keep in mind.
  • 25.
    Confined space entrybasic rules 1. Plan how to enter and enter with easy 2. Plan how to come out and come out with easy 3. Plan how to work and work with easy 4. Make sure you have sufficient oxygen to avoid asphyxiation. Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a condition of deficiency supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking. 5. Make sure everyone knows that you inside 6. Make you are permitted to enter and carry out the task 7. Do you know the structure layout of the confined space. Underground tunnels have safety bays for personnel also known as refuge bays and machines bays for earth moving machines, it is very important to know how these bays are positioned, identified and used. Personnel must never take refuge in a machine bay. All personnel working underground must carry an oxygen an oxygen supply equipment.
  • 26.
    Asphyxia or asphyxiationis a condition of deficiency supply of oxygen to the body that arises from abnormal breathing. An example of asphyxia is choking. Prepare oxygen supply and emergency rescue plans
  • 27.
    Do you knowthe structure layout of the confined space
  • 28.
    Confined Spaces: Whatto Do • Know the Dangers – Make sure that you are well-informed of the specific risks with each confined space job. There are severe hazards to be aware of such as flooding, drowning, asphyxiation, toxic fumes, flammable air, lack of oxygen, etc. Of course, these things happen under unfortunate circumstances. But, to accept the job, you need to be informed of the risks that could occur. • Ensure Capability – The person doing the job must be capable to complete it. If they are healthy and properly trained and qualified in both the work needed and the use of emergency equipment. • Have a Plan – For every risk involved, come up with a plan to control these risks for the specific work space. For example, if there is a confined work space with reduced oxygen levels, make sure that your employer provides a breathing apparatus or has the space ventilated before entering.
  • 29.
    Confined Spaces: WhatNOT to Do ➢DON’T Ignore the Hazards – Unfortunately, accidents do happen. Just because a confined space is safe one day doesn’t ensure its safe the following day. It’s imperative to be aware of the risks involved. ➢DON’T Enter the Space Until It’s Safe – A confined space needs to be marked safe before a worker enters the work area. ➢DON’T Forget about Emergency Arrangements – If someone is working in a confined space, there needs to be a plan in place in order to know if they are safe. And, if they are not safe, how will you get them out of the situation? Safety is imperative. Many job sites come with dangers or risks to be aware of. Do not take these lightly. Make sure that you are equipped with the proper gear, knowledge and training to complete the job effectively and safely.
  • 30.
    WORKING AT HEIGHTOPERATIONS What is a Safety Harness? A safety harness is a form of personal protective equipment (PPE) that is designed to catch a person in case of falling while working at height. In its most generic form, safety harnesses are setup by making a combination between a stationary and a non stationary object. In practice, they are comprised of rope, locking hardware, webbing and body wear. ➢Falls, even from low elevations can be disabling or even fatal ➢You cannot work at a height greater than 2meters if you are not protected by guardrails or another type of fall protection system such a safety harness.
  • 32.
    THE DO’S &DON’TS OF WORKING AT HEIGHTS DOS ➢Do as much work as you can while you are on the ground. ➢Make sure that the employees can safely move to and from the area where they are working at height. ➢Ensure that the equipment that you’re using for the job is strong, stable and suitable enough to get the job done. Inspect and maintain them regularly. ➢Be careful when you are working near to a fragile surface. ➢Ensure that you are protected from falling objects. ➢Make preparations for emergency evacuations and rescues. DON’TS ➢DON’T overload the ladders that they are working on, with equipment or materials. ➢DON’T try to reach too far when you’re on a ladder or stepladder. ➢DON’T use ladders or stepladders to do work that entail heavy or strenuous tasks. Only use them to do work that’s quick and light.
  • 33.
    ➢ DON’T allowincompetent workers do any work at height. ➢ DON’T lean or place the ladder on or fragile upper surfaces. ➢ DON’T stay quiet when you feel someone is compromising their own safety or the safety of others Assess the job before it begins. Will I be working at height? Could I be seriously hurt if I fell? Does the anchor point I will be attaching to have the capability to support me if I fall? When accessing ladders, 3 point contact is a must. Ensure that ladder is in good condition, on a stable surface and that work is not conducted from a ladder that involves reaching or leaning and have a right size safety harness on
  • 34.
    SAFETY COLOUR CODING,SIGHN POSTS AND MARKINGS Safety Colours according to the Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and American National Standard Institute (ANSI) The term safety colour is used to describe the standard use of colours for safety purposes in the workplace. There are many standards in place concerning safety colours from a variety of organizations including OSHA, ANSI and others. Depending on the situation, each colour is assigned a different meaning, which allows peoples to immediately determine what type safety hazard is in the area, even if they are too far away to read any actual writing. OSHA Recommended Colour Coding The first set of safety colours issued by OSHA covers the broad categories of hazards that exist in facilities, and how people should be warned about them. There are four main types of warning language used for this set of standards:
  • 35.
    ➢Danger- To alertpeople to a danger (which is used when there is an immediate risk), OSHA says signs and other safety signals should be red or predominantly red. Any lettering or symbols need to be a contrasting colour to ensure maximum visibility. ➢Warning- The warning category is for when there is a risk, but it is not as severe or immediate as when danger is used. The safety colour associated with warning is orange or predominantly orange. ➢Caution- The category is for alerting people to a potential risk, and the colour used is yellow or predominantly yellow. Biological hazard- Biohazards dangers have gotten their own category because of the unique risks they present. When using a safety about biohazards, the colour to use is fluorescent orange or
  • 36.
    WORKERS’ DUTIES ANDRIGHTS The cooperation of workers within the enterprise is vital for the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. The enterprise’s safety and health policy should therefore encourage workers and their representatives to play this essential role. ➢Workers should have adequate information on measures taken by the employer to secure occupational safety and health practices and policies ➢Workers should undergo appropriate training in occupational health and safety and have the opportunity to enquire into and be consulted by the employer on all aspects of occupational safety and health associated with their work. ➢Take reasonable care for their own safety and that of other persons who may be affected by their acts or omissions ➢Comply with instructions given for their own safety and health, and those of others, and with safety and health procedures
  • 37.
    EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYERRESPONSIBILITIES EMPLOYER RESPONSIBILITIES ❖Because occupational hazards arise at the workplace, it is the responsibility of employers to ensure that the working environment is safe and healthy. This means that they must prevent, and protect workers from, occupational risks. ❖Employers’ responsibility goes further, entailing knowledge of occupational hazards and a commitment to ensure that management processes promote safety and health at work. For example, an awareness of safety and health implications should guide decisions on the choice of technology and on how work is organized. ❖Workers need to know not only how to do their jobs, but also how to protect their lives and health and those of their co-workers while working. Therefore it is the responsibility of the employer to provide the necessary things such as; awareness, effective tools or machinery, and personal protective equipment (PPE) Where necessary, employers must be in a position to deal with accidents and emergencies, including providing first-aid facilities and Record-keeping.
  • 38.
    GOVERNMENT RESPONSIBILITY ➢Governments areresponsible for drawing up occupational health and safety policies and making sure that they are implemented. Policies will be reflected in legislation, and legislation must be enforced. ➢The competent authority should issue and periodically review regulations or codes of practice; instigate research to identify hazards and to find ways of overcoming them; provide information and advice to employers and workers; and take specific measures to avoid catastrophes where potential risks are high. ➢The competent authority should supervise and advise on the implementation of a workers’ health surveillance system, which should be linked with programs to prevent accident and disease and to Protect and promote workers’ health at both enterprise and national levels. ➢NOTE; Legislation cannot cover all workplace risks, and it may also be advisable to address occupational health and safety issues by means of collective agreements reached between the social partners.
  • 39.
    Duties of theSafety Auditor ➢ to carry out initial audits of a company’s safety programs at the frequency determined by the enforcement agency; ➢ to determine subsequent audit frequencies within the range appropriate for the priority classification of the business; ➢to assess company operations for compliance with the Safety Standards; ➢ to carry out follow-up action to ensure that nonconformance have been rectified; and ➢ to report the outcomes of the audit to relevant authorities or management A risk assessment, A job safety analysis and A Safety Audit are very important elements in risk management and hazard prevention.
  • 40.
    OCCUPATIONAL PROBLEMS ➢Social andenvironmental health problems- They include increase in migration of both skilled and unskilled workers from rural to urban centers causing overcrowding and environmental pollution. ➢Poisonous - harmful substances- Other than gases, fumes can be present in industries and cause problems. Chemicals used in industrial plant ➢Extreme temperature conditions which are: ▪ HEAT - Excessive exposure to heat can cause a range of heat-related illnesses, from heat rash and heat cramps to heat exhaustion and heat stroke. ▪ COLD - Prolonged exposure to freezing or cold temperatures may cause serious health problems such as trench foot, frostbite, and hypothermia ➢Excessive noise pollution: Noise is a form of energy that is transmitted through the air as waves with varying pressure (Achalu, 2000, p. 28). Noise is measured in decibels.
  • 41.
    CAUSES OF OCCUPATIONALDISEASES/PROBLEMS ❖Lack of provision of protective (safety) devices by the employers of labor. ❖ Inadequate or nonuse of safety devices by the respective worker. ❖Non or lack of compliance to company rules can predispose the worker to various illnesses. ❖Lack of compliance to safety regulations and policy by employee or employer ❖ Poor personal and environmental or workplace hygiene ❖Lack of safety management system (SMS) ❖Undertrained staff ❖Lack of ergonomic management and control system
  • 42.
    BENEFITS OF OCCUPATIONALHEALTH AND SAFETY The benefits of Occupational Health at work settings are as follows; ➢Improved worker's health. ➢Improved workers efficiency and productivity. ➢Lower sickness rates, lower accidents and injury rates. ➢Lower compensation for occupational illnesses and injuries. ➢Improved corporate image and industrial relations. ➢The environment is kept safe from pollution and contaminations ➢Improved intra-personal and inter-personal relationship within the companies, the family and in the community.
  • 43.
    GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ❖Yoursafety is your personal responsibility. ❖Always follow the correct procedures. ❖Never take shortcuts. ❖Take responsibility and clean up if you made a mess. ❖Clean and organize your workspace. Ensure a clear and easy route to emergency exits and equipment. ❖Be alert and awake on the job. ❖Be attentive at all times to your work surroundings. ❖When in doubt, contact your supervisor or manager for instruction, guidance, or training. ❖Never take risks when it comes to safety. ❖Obey safety signs, stickers, and tags ❖Always put on a well fitting personal protective equipment .
  • 44.
    GENERAL MACHINERY ANDHANDY TOOLS SAFETY What is a machine A machine is the devise that comprises of the stationary and moving parts combined together to generate, transform or utilize the mechanical energy. All machines are made up of elements or parts and units. Each element or component is a separate part of the machine, these elements in turn can be a complete part or made up of several pieces which are joined together by riveting, welding or bolts and nuts. Categories of machines Considering the various applications of machines, they are classified into four main types, these are; 1. Machines generating mechanical energy. These machines are also called prime movers, they convert some form of energy like heat, hydraulic, electrical , etc into mechanical energy or work. E.g combustion engines are machines were the chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat energy which in turn is converted into mechanical energy.
  • 45.
    2. Machines transformingmechanical energy. These machines are called converting machines because they convert mechanical energy into other forms of energy like electricity, hydraulic energy etc. E.g electric generator in which the rotation of the shaft is converted into electrical energy and hydraulic pump in which the rotation energy of rotors is converted into the hydraulic energy of the fluid. 3. Machines utilizing mechanical energy. These machines receive mechanical energy and utilize it for various applications. E.g lathe machines which utilizes the mechanical energy to cut metals and washing machines which utilizes the rotation of the rotor for washing the clothes. 4. Machines utilizing electrical energy. These machines receives electrical energy and utilizes it for various applications. E.g a welding machine in which electrical energy is converted into heat energy. What is machine safety These are safety guards and safe operations that are applied to both machinery and operators who work with them. Examples are interlocks that stop a motor if a person gets too close, guards that cover moving gears and blades and goggles and protective clothing.
  • 46.
    SAFETY GUARDS A safetyguard is a device that prevents the machine from being operated unintentionally.
  • 47.
    MACHINE MAINTENANCE ANDREPAIR Maintenance of machinery or equipment are intended to keep it in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform the required function well, protecting it from failure or decline. Maintenance activities include: ➢inspection ➢replacement ➢testing ➢fault detection and repair ➢replacement of parts ➢Servicing Equipment preventative maintenance is supposed to prevent safety hazards and equipment malfunctions. A facility or machine that is well taken care of will be a much safer environment for staff, tenants, and visitors. Some maintenance procedures have inherent risks to which you never want to expose your staff.
  • 48.
    Maintenance operations ofequipment typically include both disassembly and reassembly. This can be associated with a greater risk of human error, increasing the accident risk. Working under time pressure is also typical for equipment maintenance operations, especially when shutdowns or high-priority repairs are involved. As a result, there is a high risk of accidents related to machine maintenance activities. Here are some of the most common accidents associated with machine maintenance: ➢ Crushing by machinery parts ➢ Injuries from unexpected machine start-up ➢ Oil spillage accidents ➢ Electrocution, electrical shocks or burns ➢ Explosions and fire. ➢ Trapped in articulation or pinch points ➢ Run over by un chocked or unlocked machine
  • 49.
    Lock out Tagout (LOTO) Remember to always lock out and tag out all machines under maintenance. This is called zero access. Warning cards should be attached to machinery, with the date and time of lock-out, as well as the name of the person authorized to remove the lock. This way, the safety of the worker performing the maintenance on the machine will not be jeopardized by another worker starting it up.
  • 50.
    GUIDELINES TO FOLLOWDURING MAINTENANCE. Do you know the operation system of this machine. It is a requirement that all the maintenance personnel are trained and are competent enough to carry out maintenance operations assigned to them. They must know how machines or tools operate ,the hazards associated with the operation, the function of machine safety guard system and the safe operation system of the machines Don’t perform maintenance on working equipment unless you know it is safe. If you plan to perform maintenance on facility equipment or appliances, always decommission it before calling your maintenance staff. Equipment such as conveyor belts and heavy machinery should never be active while the maintenance staff is working on them. This can lead to severe injury, especially if the maintenance worker is unaware that the system is in use. If you call in a maintenance request, be sure to stop running the equipment.
  • 51.
    Machine safety guards Ifpossible, guards should be designed so as to allow minor maintenance on the machines without removing them. If the guards must be removed or deactivated, then lock-out procedures should be followed. Appropriate machine training Maintenance workers must be trained on how, and under which conditions, safeguards may be removed. Wear appropriate safety gear Different maintenance tasks pose different safety risks. Full and good condition PPE is very important. You can be a big help by providing eyewear, masks, or special garments for your maintenance team or employees when they need to work on facility equipment.
  • 52.
    Don’t allow employeesnear maintenance work areas. Employees should not be present while maintenance is working unless specifically requested by the maintenance staff. The employee or manager that reported the problem may be able to provide important information to the maintenance worker, but they should not be close by while potentially hazardous maintenance work is being performed. Know where your emergency first aid supplies are located. Some accidents cannot be prevented. In the event of an emergency, the facility manager and employees should know where your first aid kit is located. Long-term injuries can be minimized when treatment is provided immediately, even if it is basic such as providing gauze to stop bleeding. Have a no-tolerance policy for horseplay. Horseplay is one of the most common causes of injuries in the workplace. This can also distract maintenance workers who could be performing complex and hazardous procedures on your equipment. Do not allow employees to “goof off” in the office or in any place where heavy machinery is used.
  • 53.
    A SAFETY COMMITTEE Asafety committee is an organizational group within a workplace with members from management, the workforce as well as from all departments and staffs. It is a joint worker-management team that assists the employer in creating and maintaining a safe workplace. ➢The committee may be a formal arrangement with weekly or monthly meetings. However, in smaller companies, it may be more effective to have all staff attend a month or quarterly safety meeting. The safety committee will share with management the responsibility for implementing the company safety program. ➢Safety committee members are responsible for developing and reviewing safety procedures and policies, investigating and reviewing accidents and communicating safety issues or policies to company employees.
  • 54.
    A SAFETY REPRESENTATIVE AHealth and Safety Representative is an employee who is nominated by fellow non-managerial employees to work with the employer to determine and resolve any health and safety issues in the workplace. A Health and Safety Representative is responsible for handling health and safety disputes by collaborating with the employer and health and safety officers. The objective of a Health and Safety Representative is to reduce risk of injury or illness in the workplace. Their duties include; ➢ Conducting investigations and inspections; ➢ Recording incidents, risks, and accidents; ➢ Performing monthly workplace assessments; ➢ Assisting in the implementation of using protective gear; ➢ Assisting with changes to processes that affect health and safety, and identifying hazardous materials or environments.
  • 55.
    HOW TO SETUP YOUR H&S COMMITTEE When setting up your Health and Safety Committee, you can choose to include all employees from the beginning or make the initial arrangements yourself. As consultation is about talking and listening to each other, ideally you should agree arrangements with your employees from the start. It involves them early so gives them a say in how the committee should run. If you have union-appointed representatives, the union will have written to you to let you know who they are and they may have requested that you set up a committee. If you do not have union-appointed representatives, or they are not representing everyone, then you will have to arrange elections for your employees so they can choose their representatives. If you want to involve your employees from the beginning of the process, then you can set up a small joint working group to get the committee started. They can help you with arrangements for organizing the election.
  • 56.
    DUTIES OF AHEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE ❖Make and assess statistics on accident records, ill health and sickness absence; ❖accident investigations and subsequent action; ❖inspections of the workplace by enforcing authorities, management or employee health and safety representatives; ❖risk assessments; ❖health and safety training; ❖emergency procedures; and ❖changes in the workplace affecting the health, safety and welfare of employees. ❖ consider what precautions might be taken ❖recommend appropriate actions ❖monitor progress with implementing the health and safety interventions Good practice Think about minor incidents and address strategic issues
  • 57.
    Good practice formanagement representatives includes the following; ➢Involving a representative from the most senior level of management possible, such as a board member, to show commitment and leadership. ➢Involve a variety of people- a health and safety committee made up of employee representatives ... ➢Consult representatives - consult employee representatives to agree the membership and size of a safety committee; ➢Represent all groups - keep the total size reasonably small, but ensure all significant employee groups are represented; ➢Keep a balance - make sure employee representatives are not out-numbered by management representatives; ➢Represent employees - consider agreeing to more employee representatives rather than equal numbers of employee and management representatives as this shows you are not dominating the committee.
  • 58.
    ➢Keep a singlelocation - ensure a committee's work is related to a single establishment not a collection of geographically different places; and ➢Avoid duplication - avoid duplicating committees for the same workplace, for example to represent different levels of staff. Resources employee representatives need as committee members Employee health and safety representatives need to have: ❖time to prepare for meetings as management representatives would; ❖access to the same information for the purposes of the discussion at the meetings; and ❖training that is reasonable in the circumstances to allow them to perform their role, which includes attending health and safety committee meetings for union- appointed representatives. Training for representatives can help them to contribute equally to the committee's aims and purpose. ❖Being a member of the health and safety committee is part of a person's role as a health and safety representative, so they should not suffer a loss of pay when they attend meetings or carry out other activities on behalf of the committee.
  • 59.
    LEGISLATION PART III OccupationalHealth and Safety Act 36 of 2010. of the laws of zambia HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEES 11. Duty of employer to establish health and safety committee An employer of ten or more persons at any workplace shall establish a health and safety committee. 12. Composition of health and safety committee (1) A health and safety committee established in accordance with section 11 shall— (a) consist of an equal number of members, not less than two on each side, representing the employer and the employees: Provided that the representatives of the employees shall be chosen by the employees or designated by a trade union; and (b) be chaired by a person elected from amongst the employee representatives or by the employer or the senior most member of management on an alternating basis.
  • 60.
    HEALTH AND SAFETYREPRESENTATIVES ➢The representatives of the employees on a health and safety committee shall elect from amongst themselves a health and safety representative who shall coordinate health and safety activities at their workplace. ➢Where there are only two representatives of the employees on the health and safety committee, the employees whom they represent shall elect a health and safety representative from the two representatives on the committee. When setting up a dedicated health and safety committee, it is useful to agree together on the following; ➢ The principles of how it will work best so that it is clear for all employees and members of the committee; ➢ Who the members will be; ➢ How often the committee will meet; ➢ what the committee will do; ➢ How you will make decisions and deal with disagreements; and ➢ what resources representatives will need as committee members
  • 61.
    PRESSURE VESSELS A pressurevessel is a container that holds vapors, gases or liquids at pressures above ambient pressure. Legally a vessel is considered to be a pressure vessel when it holds vapors, gases, or liquids at pressures of 15psig or above. Ambient pressure on an object is the pressure of the surrounding medium, such as a gas or liquid, in contact with the object. NOTE; Pressure vessels are exempted from regulation if: ➢Have a safety value set at 15 psi or less ➢are smaller than 5 cubic feet. while these pressure vessels are exempted from state regulation, they can still be harmful hence the need for care.
  • 62.
    CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSUREVESSELS TYPES OF PRESSUER VESSELS According to pressure: There are two types of pressure vessels ➢Internal pressure ➢External pressure According to material of constructions: there basically 3 types of materials ➢Steel pressure vessels ➢Cast iron pressure vessels ➢Aluminum pressure vessels According to orientation: there are basically 3 main types ➢Horizontal pressure vessels ➢Vertical pressure vessels ➢Inclined pressure vessels
  • 63.
    According to installation:there are 2 main types ➢Fixed pressure vessels ➢Portable pressure vessels According to wall thickness: there are 2 main types ➢Thick walled pressure vessels ➢Thin walled pressure vessels. PRESSURE VESSELS PARTS ➢Vessels body ➢Vessel head ➢Vessel support ➢Vessel nozzles ➢Vessel man ways
  • 64.
    INSPECTION OF PRESSUREVESSELS Inspection of pressure vessels are used in challenging industries environments, which makes their inspection a challenging task. If any weak spots are ignored, they may affect the performance of the pressure vessel. The following factors must be kept in mind while inspecting them: ➢Inspection must be performed by certified professionals only as they can identify the weak areas of the vessel . ➢The inspection must be conducted in adherence to established ̚industry standards. Most inspectors perform the inspection in adherence to the ASME standards which is the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Board Inspection (NBI) Pressure vessel inspection can be internal or external. Internal pressure vessel: This inspection is performed when the pressure vessel is empty and not in operation. internal inspection is mainly conducted to identify wear and tear, and corrosion around components, welded nozzles and seams, and areas near to welds, external controls or fittings, and so on.
  • 65.
    External Inspection: Asthe name suggests, this type of inspection is conducted outside the vessel when it is in opposition. During an external inspection, the inspection examines the working of external components such as inlet piping, vessel connections, outlet piping, and so on. FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION Frequency of Inspection depends on the hazard potential of the vessel. For instance, the vessels that store hazardous contents may require regular inspection compared to the ones that store relatively safe fluids. Pressure Vessel Testing Inspection is often ̚followed by different types of pressure tests such: 1. Hydrostatic Test: This is one of the important ways following which the pressure vessels such as boilers, fuel tanks, and pipelines are tested for leaks as well as strengths. 2. Pneumatic Tests: These tests demand a high level of potential energy, which is why they are only performed whenever required. They are recommended when pressure
  • 66.
    Leak Tests: Vacuumand pressure vessels are subjected to leak tests to confirm their maximum permissible leak specified in the document. Mechanical Integrity Tests: These tests are conducted to check for the instability of vacuum pressure vessels or buckling. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR OPERATING ➢Timely Maintenance ➢Proper Knowledge and Training ➢Understanding Operations ➢Installing Protective Devices Timely maintenance: For a pressure vessel to function properly, it requires regular maintenance. ✓You should have a proper maintenance program of the entire pressure system ✓Checks the age of the vessel. One thing you should keep your eyes on is the ✓Check for signs of problems such a safety valve discharging rapidly which could be as a result of a faulty safety valve or over-pressurized system. Also check for signs of wear or corrosion
  • 67.
    Proper Knowledge andTraining: The person operating or handling pressure vessels should have a proper skill set as well as knowledge about the equipment. The knowledge must include: ✓Repairing procedures ✓Maintenance procedures ✓Installation procedures ✓Pressure checks procedures ✓Material type of the vessel container All personnel responsible for pressure vessels must be adequately trained and certified. Understanding operation conditions: this is one of the most important factors to be considered. ✓You must understand the system’s operating limits. ✓You must know and understand the pressure vessel operating conditions which include temperature and pressure.
  • 68.
    ✓Proper understanding aboutthe gases or liquids contained in the pressure vessel which include toxicity and flammability is extremely important. Installing Protective Devices: when it comes to taking precautions of pressure vessels, you need to ensure that suitable protective devices are properly installed, and adjusted to the correct settings. These protective devices can be: ✓safety valves or any device which shuts down the operations when the temperature or pressure exceeds the maximum valve. ✓Warning devices which send out signals by lighting or sound so that it grabs your attention. ✓Always make sure protective devices are in good condition and only by a an authorized person REDUCING PRESSURE HAZARDS ➢Use appropriate materials ➢Avoid impacts ➢Secure cylinders ➢Store properly ➢Do not over pressurized ➢Examine labels
  • 69.
    PRESSURE HAZARDS When pressurevessels are misused or mishandled they become extremely dangerous. The following are the hazards associated with pressure hazards: ➢Poisoning ➢Suffocation ➢Fires ➢Explosion hazards
  • 70.
    FIRE SAFETY Fuel Oxygen Heat Thefire triangle is useful for two reasons: 1. Fire prevention - if the three fire elements are kept apart fire cannot start. 2. Fire fighting - if one of the elements is removed the fire will go out. Once a fire is started it will produce heat, a flame (the zone where oxygen and flammable vapours are chemically combining in the combustion process) and smoke. The exact composition of the smoke will vary but typically smoke is made up of hot combustion gases such carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO). Fire is a rapid chemical reaction of oxidation with fuel accompanied by the release of energy. The fire triangle
  • 71.
    Combustion Elements For afire to happen, the following elements are essential ➢ Oxygen, to sustain combustion ➢ Heat, to reach ignition temperature ➢ Fuel or combustible material This results in a chemical chain reaction which states a fire. Removing any of these elements will extinguish the fire. Heat Transfer Heat transfer occurs by ➢Direct Burning- the simplest method of fire spread, where a flame front moves along or through the burning material. For example, if the corner of a piece of paper catchers fire, the flame front will spread across the paper.
  • 72.
    ➢Conduction- transfer ofheat within the material itself. ➢Convection- transfer of heat by the physical movement of hot masses of air. ➢Radiation- refers to the emission of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves. ➢Ignition - is the process of initiating self-sustained combustion. The ignition temperature of a substance is the minimum temperature to which it must be heated for it to ignite. Sources of Ignition ➢Electrically powered equipment- Arcing, damaged wiring, overheating of cables due to excess loads, loose electrical connections, heat from electrical bulbs etc. ➢Open flames, hot surfaces, Sparks form welding operations, Chemical reaction between incompatible chemicals, Smoking, Batteries. Flash Point ➢Flash point is the lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapour to form an ignitable mixture. The lower the flash point a flammable liquid the greater the hazard. In a flammable liquid fire, it is the vapours released from the surfaces of the liquid that burns.
  • 73.
    CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE Onthe basis of the type of fuel, fires are classified into the following: ❖Class A Fires - Solids combustible materials of organic nature such as, wood, rubber, plastics, etc. ❖Class B Fires - Flammable liquids. ❖Class C Fires - flammable gasses under pressure, including liquefied gases. ❖Class D Fires - combustible metals, as magnesium, sodium, potassium, etc. NOTE; Some classification of fire like the UK based may include Class F for high- temperature fats and oils such as cooking fats. And the US based classification of fire may also include Class K for kitchen fire. .
  • 74.
    Causes of Firein The Workplace Fires in workplace start for many different reasons. Some of the most common causes of workplace fires are: • Electrical equipment – faulty wiring, overloaded conductors, misused equipment and the incorrect, unprofessional and inexperienced use of electrical equipment in inappropriate environments. • Deliberate ignition – many workplace fires are started deliberately. In some cases, the workplace has been targeted, e.g. by a disgruntled employee or an unhappy customer. In other cases youths playing with matches on an industrial estate can also cause a fire. • Hot work – any work involving the use of naked or open flames (e.g. a propane torch or oxyacetylene cutting equipment), or which creates a significant ignition source(e.g. arc-welding and grinding) • Smoking – in particular, carelessly discarded smoking materials, such as cigarette butts and matches.
  • 75.
    • Cooking appliances,e.g. fat pans left unattended. • Heating appliances, e.g. electrical fan heaters and space heaters, especially when left unattended. Unsafe use and storage of flammable liquids and gases, e.g. petrol, acetone and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Static sparks can be generated, which could ignite a flammable vapor. • Mechanical heat – generated by friction between moving parts, such as a motor and its bearings, or cold work generating sparks. • Chemical reactions – can also generate heat, e.g oxidizers ( rags soaked in oil and solvents oxidize, heat is replaced and there is a risk of spontaneous combustion) Consequences Fires cause enormous damage to buildings and building contents. Items that are not directly destroyed by the fire will often be severely affected by smoke damage. These losses will usually be covered by insurance, although the loss of business and premises are difficult to recover, leaving many people without jobs and a place of work. People are also killed in case of fire in workplace not by direct flames only but indirectly also by smoke inhalation. Serious burns may also results. NOTE: Firefighting can cause pollution because of the large volumes of contaminated water that run off the fire site into watercourses
  • 76.
    Fire Risk Assessment Thethree main reasons for assessing and managing fire risks are to: 1. Preventing harm to people – all employers have a moral duty to take appropriate steps to ensure the health and safety of their employees and other people who may be affected. 2. Comply with law – employers have legal obligations regarding fire safety and can be penalized if they fail to meet those obligations. 3. Minimize the cost of fire in the workplace– most businesses that suffer a major fire do not fully recover from its effects. If a factory or office burns down it may never be rebuilt, costing not only the business, but also the jobs of workers based there. Carrying out a fire risk assessment allows a company to establish a suitable safety management system and fire safety policy so it can continue to appreciate and manage the risks from fire in the workplace, as well as assuring its business future at the same time.
  • 77.
    Factors to beconsidered in Fire Risk Assessment Fire safety legislation and fire safety standards vary between countries, and from region to region. Fire risk assessment is a legal requirement in many countries (e.g. in the EU), However, some factors should be considered in any workplace, these can best be described by applying risk assessment methods to fire safety. There are many different methodologies for carrying out a fire risk assessment but we will focus only on the five general factors with special emphasis on fire safety. Step 1: identify the fire hazards: • Sources of fuel • Sources of ignition • Sources of oxygen Step 2: identify the people who might be at risk: • People in the premises • Give special consideration to vulnerable people
  • 78.
    Step 3: evaluation,identify and implement the fire precautions that are required: • fire prevention • prevention of the spread of smoke and flames • fire detection and alarm • firefighting equipment • means of escape • signs and notice • Lighting Step 4: recording findings, plan and train: • Emergency plans • Information and instruction • Training Step 5: review and revise the assessment as necessary Extinguishing Fire Fire can be extinguished by ➢ Cooling the fuel by removing heat (e.g. by applying water). ➢ Smothering by cutting off oxygen supply (e.g. by applying foam, carbon
  • 79.
    ➢Inhibition by stoppingthe chain reaction (e.g. by applying dry chemical power). Type of fire extinguishers Water fire extinguisher for class A fires. Water must not be used on fires involving electrical equipment. Water is used to remove heat. And must also not be used on metal fires. Dry chemical powder fire extinguisher for class B and C fire. The main bass chemicals in DCP extinguishers are sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate. These extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel surface with chemical powder. They separate the fuel from the oxygen in the air and prevent vapor formation. The powder also interrupts the chemical chain reaction of fire. The disadvantage is that it leaves residues which are difficult to clean. Foam fire extinguisher for class A and B fire. It has a blanketing effect excluding oxygen from the surface of the fuel as it spreads on the fuel. Prevents vapor formation on the burning liquid. It must not be used on electrical and metal fire.
  • 80.
    Carbon dioxide fireextinguisher for class B and C fire. These puts out the fire by displacing oxygen in the surrounding air and is not suitable for metal firs but can be used on electrical/electronic equipment. It also does not leave residues. Special dry powder class D fire. These are on metallic fires. They form a crust on metal surface excluding air and also absorbs heat from the metal. Operating a Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguisher can be used by anybody they are simple to use and only have a few steps to follow: 1. Hold the fire extinguisher in upright position and pull out the pin 2. Squeeze the lever or press the plunger down hard. 3. Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the fire and maintain a safe distance of 1 or 1.5 meters away from the fire. 4. Use a sweeping motion to allow discharge to be directed over the entire fire area.
  • 82.
    Fighting a fireon a windy day may be a bit of a challenge. Nevertheless wind can also help direct the discharged substance (water) from the extinguisher to the fire depending on the position and distance of the fire fighter from the fire. EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND FIRE SAFETY PROTECTION ➢ Activate the manual fire alarm call point. ➢ Alert personnel nearby so that they can come to your help. Inform security section. ➢ determine what is burning and use the right fire extinguishers always ➢ Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape behind you before attempting to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. Inform the fire station if you feel you can not tackle the fire by extinguishers
  • 83.
    ➢ Determine whatis burning, and use the right extinguisher always ➢ Always position yourself with an exit or means of escape behind you before attempting to use an extinguisher to put out a fire. ➢ Inform the fire station if you feel you cannot tackle the fire by extinguishers ➢ If are trapped in the building and cannot put the fire out with a fire extinguisher, do not waste it out. Try to use it clear only your exit way but remember not wait until you are trapped. ➢ When the fire alarm evacuates the building and assembles at the designated assembly point. ➢ As you evacuate close the doors of the rooms, do not lock. This slows the spread of smoke and fire. Also do not use lifts because they may fail, use stairs. ➢ If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop to the ground cover your face and roll back and forth until the fire goes out. Do not run as it will make flame burn faster. ➢ Do not waste time looking for valuables to carry or start looking for clothes to up on. ➢ Try to feel the door before opening, if the door is hot, try to use another door. ➢ Smoke can make it very difficult to see. Therefore it is advised to stay low and crawl out of the room in cases of too much smoke.
  • 84.
    RISK MANAGEMENT ANDHAZARD PREVENTION Health and Safety Risk Management is the systematic identification, assessment and reduction of risk to staff, patients and others who may be affected by our work activities. Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivating and controlling the human recourses, financial, physical, environmental and information resources of an organization or company. It is important to understand that there is no such thing as absolute safety. A workplace can never be completely safe from risks and hazards hence the need for monitoring and evaluation of all workplace safety policies and systems. Risk management is often based on the concept of ALARP or (‘as low as reasonably practicable’). There is a wide acceptance that not all risk can be eliminated. The concept of ALARP will be replaced by ALoS (acceptable level of safety) in the very near future. All efforts should be made to reduce risks to the lowest level possible until a point is reached at which the cost of introducing further safety measures significantly outweighs the safety benefit.
  • 85.
    Safety risk managementperforms the process of controlling risk through hazard identification, analysis, risk assessment and developing risk controls. Risk management is applied in 2 primary levels 1. The first is the process risk management 2. The second is the operational risk management Processes risk management Process risk management has 3 main areas to consider ➢ Policy Policy is what needs to be done. A health and safety policy serves as the guide for an employer’s health and safety programs. Without a well structured safety policy, safety risk management will not operate effectively. ➢ Procedure This is an organized method or way in which safety elements or activities are to be done or implemented.
  • 86.
    ➢ Controls These arerequired inspection items which defend against any possible risks which can occur at any level of operation. Operational risk management ➢ Operational controls The operational control aspect involve how risk management is employed on a mission by mission basis ➢ Team decision making This starts with front line personnel. They must have tools and procedures that help to make decisions In order to effectively manage risks, there are five effective stages which must be followed in risk management, these are; 1. System description and task analysis 2. Hazard identification 3. Risk analysis
  • 87.
    4. Risk assessment 5.Risk control System Description and Task Analysis This is a system design function, it allows the company to know and understand what they do and in which environment they achieve company goals. System description and task analysis is the first step in risk management process. It is also a predictive method of hazard identification. Hazard identification; is part of the process used to evaluate if any particular situation, item, thing, etc. may have the potential to cause harm Risk analysis is the process of analyzing and evaluating the risks associated with the hazards. Risk assessment; is a process that is used to look for potential hazards in a facility. Risk control These are required inspection items which defend against any possible risks which can occur at any level of operation.
  • 88.
    RISK MATRIX The riskmatrix below is also known as the risk assessment diagram which is used to show the likelihood and the severity of risks in workplace. During risk assessment 5 Almost Certain LOW 4 Likely 3 Possible 2 Unlikely 1 Rare LIKELIHOOD SEVERERITY (IMPACT OR CONSEQUENCES) LOW LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH HIGH HIGH MEDIUM 1 Negligible 2 Minor 3 Moderate 4 Major 5 Extreme
  • 89.
    Green: color meansthe risks are well controlled, precautions are sufficient and reliable. Yellow: means the risk is acceptable but of concern. The combination of the severity of the consequence and the likelihood indicates that although improvements would be desirable, serious adverse effects are unlikely. Orange: means the risk is unacceptable, remedial action is necessary. Red: means the risk is unacceptable, remedial action is urgent; consider stopping the work or task until the risk can be reduced. Risk Assessment The main purpose of risk assessment is the analysis of potential threats to the well being of staff and others from the organization activities; establishing what controls are required in order to either remove or reduce these threats to acceptable levels. The risk assessment should focus on the significant hazards. The ones with the potential to cause real harm.
  • 90.
    A risk assessmentcan be broke into 5 step: 1. Identify the hazards 2. Decides who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Monitor and review ➢Design a risk assessment form A rist assessment form is a hazard checklist. Ones completed it becomes a working document for the health and safety within a department.
  • 91.
    SAFETY AUDIT INRISK MANAGEMENT Safety auditing is also one of the most important elements in Risk Management system. Results of an audit will show the current safety status of the facility or organization and give a direction of planning Risk Management. A safety audit is a general term used to describe an activity where a facility gathers information about one or more aspects of the workplace in order to evaluate the risk levels for health or safety issues. During this audit one or more people will gather data related to the; ➢Efficiency ➢Reliability ➢Effectiveness of their health and safety systems ➢Operational compliance with the company policy, procedures and ongoing legislative requirements
  • 92.
    RISK IDENTIFICATION ➢Risk identificationinvolves identifying sources of risk, areas of impact, events and their causes and consequences. ➢Risk Management is the system that is capable of identifying risks in the workplace. Risk management system is responsible for the following: 1. Identifying sources of the risk, areas of impact, events (including changes in circumstances) and their ca uses and potential consequences 2. Describing those factors that might create, enhance, prevent, degrade, accelerate or delay the achievement of your safety objectives. Questions to identifying risks ➢ What could go wrong? ➢ What caused the risk? ➢ Where did it happen? ➢Why did it happen? ➢What is the impact?
  • 93.
    TYPES OF RISKMANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Risk management is a major component of safety management systems(SMS). Safety management system (SMS) provides a systematic way to control risks and to provide assurance that those risk controls are effective. There are three types of risk management strategies. 1. Reactive Risk Management 2. Proactive Risk Management 3. Predictive Risk Management What is Reactive Risk Management, This is a process of reducing the damage of potential threats and speed an organization’s recovery from them, but assumes that those threats will happen eventually. What is Proactive Risk Management, This is a process of identifying threats and aims to prevent those events from ever happening again in the first place. What is Predictive Risk Management, This is a technical process of anticipating risks and risk controls. It is an element of proactive risk management.
  • 94.
    Key Difference BetweenProactive and Reactive Risk Management Key difference between proactive and reactive risk management is that the reactive risk management is a response based risk management approach, which is dependent on accident evaluation and audit based findings while proactive risk management is an adaptive, closed-loop feedback control strategy based on measurement and observation. Proactive risk management improves an organization’s ability to avoid or manage both existing and emerging risks and helps adapt quickly to unwanted events or crisis. It helps build an understanding required to measure and manage emerging risks which give organizations a better view of tomorrow’s risk and how it impacts their business. Reactive risk management: Reactive risk management solely depends on past accidental analysis and response. Proactive risk management: Proactive risk management combines a mixed method of past, present and future prediction before finding solutions to avoid risks.
  • 95.
    Flexibility • Reactive riskmanagement: Reactive risk management does not accommodate prediction, creativity, and problem-solving ability of humans in its approach which makes it less flexible to changes and challenges. • Proactive risk management: Proactive risk management includes creative thinking, prediction. Further, it principally depends on the accident source to reduce the accident which is a human attribute. So, this lets it be very adaptive to changing environment. • Reactive risk management: catalogues all previous accidents and documents them to find the errors which lead to the accident. Preventive measures are recommended and implemented via the reactive risk management method. This is the earlier model of risk management.
  • 96.
    Risk management shouldbe proactively implemented, rather than driven by events. Accidental analysis is part of the proactive risk management, with which accident scenarios are built and the key employees and stakeholders who may create the error for an accident, are identified. So, past accidents are important in proactive risk management as well. Risk Management System should encourage employees to: ➢Report promptly to their immediate supervisor any situation which they have reason to believe could present a hazard and which they cannot themselves correct and report any accident or injury to health which arises in the course of or in connection with work ➢Effectively cooperate with their employers and other persons in complying with the safety legislation and guidelines, and should not do anything to endanger themselves and other persons ➢Use safety devices and protective equipment correctly (and not render them inoperative).
  • 97.
    INCIDENT INVESTIGATION An incidentis an occurrence, condition, or situation arising in the course of work that resulted in or could have resulted in injuries, illnesses, damage to health, or fatalities. Technically An incident; is the sequence of events or actions that resulted or could have resulted in injuries, illnesses, damage to health or fatalities An accident is an unplanned event or occurrence that interrupts the completion of an activity and may or may not include injury or property damage. Incidents need to be investigated whether an incident is a near miss or an actual incident. Investigations reveal the effectiveness of hazard control in an organization and identify before another like incident becomes a serious incident. The objective of the incident investigation is to identify the root cause of the incident. Generally, the supervisor of the scene of the incident investigates the incident firsthand. However, a safety professional with good experience is the best investigator for any incident.
  • 98.
    In an incidentinvestigation, there are six basic elements, who, what, when, where, why, and how. Opinions and facts are to be distinguished and interviews, statements, and questionnaires to be recorded. Accident Investigation Definitions The Basics Accident: An unexpected incident or exposure that results in an injury or illness to an employee or property damage. Incident: Often referred to as a near miss, this is an event that could have resulted in personal harm or property damage. Lost-time injury: When an employee gets injured while carrying out a work task for the employer and unable to come in for their next shift or a longer stretch of time. Hazard: Things or objects that have the potential to harm or cause illness. Physical Exposure: An exposure which you must come into contact with to cause an injury or illness. Environmental Exposure: You must be in the general area to be affected, examples include: loud noises, chemicals fumes, etc.. Direct cause: The result of the condition and/or behavior. The final event which produces an accident.
  • 99.
    Surface cause: Hazardousconditions and unsafe employee/management behaviors that caused the accident. Root cause: The underlying reason the surface cause exists. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Equipment worn to minimize exposure to a variety of hazards. An example of PPE includes gloves or hard hats. Unsafe conditions: Unsafe equipment/tools which directly cause the accident. Unsafe actions: Harmful behaviors which contributed to the accident, this can include gaps in safety training for staff. System weaknesses: Underlying inadequate or missing programs, plans, policies, processes, and procedures that contributed to the accident.
  • 100.
  • 101.
    Task ➢Was a safework procedure used? ➢Had conditions changed to make the normal procedure unsafe? ➢Were the appropriate tools and materials available? ➢ Were they used? ➢Were safety devices working properly? ➢ Was lockout used when necessary? Material ➢Was there an equipment failure? ➢What caused it to fail? ➢ Was the machinery poorly designed? ➢Were hazardous substances involved? ➢ Were they clearly identified? ➢ Was the raw material substandard in some way? ➢Should personal protective equipment (PPE) have been used? ➢Was the PPE used? ➢ Were users of PPE properly trained?
  • 102.
    • Environment The physical environment,and especially sudden changes to that environment, are factors that need to be identified. The situation at the time of the accident is what is important, not what the "usual" conditions were. For example, accident investigators may want to know: ➢What were the weather conditions? ➢ Was poor housekeeping a problem? ➢ Was it too hot or too cold? ➢ Was noise a problem? ➢Was there adequate light? ➢Were toxic or hazardous gases, dusts, or fumes present? Personnel The physical and mental condition of those individuals directly involved in the event must be explored. The purpose for investigating the accident is not to establish blame against someone but the inquiry will not be complete unless personal characteristics are considered. Some factors will remain essentially constant while others may vary from day to day:
  • 103.
    ➢Were workers experiencedin the work being done? ➢ Had they been adequately trained? ➢Can they physically do the work? ➢What was the status of their health? ➢ Were they tired? ➢Were they under stress (work or personal)? ➢Were they panicking due to Deadlines and Budget Factors? ➢Were they understand the influence of Alcohol or Drugs? ➢Is it overconfidence or lack of motivation Motivation? Management Management holds the legal responsibility for the safety of the workplace and therefore the role of supervisors and higher management and the role or presence of management systems must always be considered in an accident investigation. Failures of management systems are often found to be direct or indirect factors in accidents. Ask questions such as:
  • 104.
    ➢Were safety rulescommunicated to and understood by all employees? ➢ Were written procedures and orientation available? ➢Were they being enforced? ➢Was there adequate supervision? ➢ Were workers trained to do the work? ➢Had hazards been previously identified? ➢Had procedures been developed to overcome them? ➢Were unsafe conditions corrected? ➢Was regular maintenance of equipment carried out? ➢Were regular safety inspections carried out? ❖It should be emphasized that the above sample questions in all the four categories do not make up a complete checklist, but are examples only. There is more involved when it comes to accident investigations.
  • 105.
    LADDERS AND SAFETY Laddersare tools used to reach elevated working areas. They are helpful if used properly and dangerous if not used correctly. There are four major types of ladders 1. Portable ladders. These can be easily moved and carried by workers. Portable ladders are classifies as either self supporting or non self supporting 2. Fixed ladders. These are ladders that are permanently attached to a building or structure 3. Mobile ladder stands. These are movable self supporting ladders. 4. Job made ladders. These are fabricated at constructed sites and must meet engineering specification.
  • 107.
    It is importantto select the right ladder to use. Before you select a ladder you check to see if safer options exists. These safer options are; ➢ Can the work be performed on the ground. ➢ Can I use an aerial work platform ➢ Can I use scissor lift If a ladder is required survey the job area to determine, the correct type of a ladder.
  • 108.
    Non self supportedladder A non self supported ladders are ladders that can not stand on their on without leaning on a structure. The rule setting up these ladders is a 4:1 rule as shown in below. The ladder must be extended 4meters for every 1meters
  • 109.
    An extension orstraight ladder must be long enough to extend at least 3 feet above the point of support.
  • 110.
    If a ladderis required survey the job area to determine; ➢the correct type of a ladder. ➢Your maximum working high ➢Your working loading. This is the weight of a worker + the weight of tools and materials taken on to the ladder. The working load must be less than the ladder capacity rating. Ladders have five capacity rating; 1. Light duty type-3 capacity rating 200 lbs 2. Medium duty type-2 capacity rating 225 lbs 3. Heavy duty type-1 capacity rating 250 lbs 4. Extra heavy duty type-1A capacity rating 300 lbs 5. Special duty type-1AA capacity rating 375 lbs You must know the duty rating of the ladder you are using and verify it is below your working load. You must also consider the ladder materials. ladders should have non conductive side rails if they are used were contact with exposed sources of electricity is possible.
  • 112.
    DONTS ➢Don’t use laddersin poor weather conditions. ➢Don’t climb ladders when you are feeling sick or drowsy ➢Workers with the fear of height should only climb to levels they are comfortable with ➢ Never use conductive ladders around sources of electricity ➢ Do not overload a ladder ➢ Do not jump off the ladder ➢ Do not skip a ladder rung ➢ Do not put ladders on unstable surfaces to raise its height. ➢ Ladders may not be moved, shifted or extended while occupied ➢ If possible avoid performing work on the ladder
  • 113.
    Follow the beltbackle rule, The center of waist should remain inside the rungs of the ladder. ➢ Never lean to the side or to back of the ladder ➢ Don’t stand on the top rung of the ladder ➢ Don’t carry objects in your hand, use a tool belt to move tools and items up and down the ladder ➢ Never leave a raise ladder un attended
  • 114.
    Climb and BalanceSafely Ascend properly by maintaining three points of contact with the ladder at all times. Face the ladder, climb hand over hand, and stay between the rails.
  • 116.
  • 117.
    WAREHOUSE AND LOGISTICS Warehousesserve as storage areas for large amounts of inventory that will typically have to wait a month or more to be shipped to customers. While other types of logistics facilities provide more timely service and a wider offering of services, warehouses still occupy a vital role in a growing business’s logistics chain. Quite simply, there are few other places that are safe and clean enough for businesses to store inventory. Logistics is the science and art of obtaining , producing and distributing material and product in proper place and in proper quantities. Warehousing is a place where goods and products are stored prior to it being distributed, sold or used. Logistic management it is the part of supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services and related information between the point of original and the point of consumption in order to meeting customer’s requirements.
  • 118.
    THE DIFFERENCE BETWEENSUPPLY CHAIN AND LOGISTICS Supply Chain, is the transforming of raw materials into products and getting them to customers while Logistics is the movement of materials in the supply chain.
  • 119.
    DIFFERENT TYPES OFWAREHOUSES ➢Public warehouse ➢Private warehouse ➢Bonded warehouse ➢Smart warehouse Public Warehouses Public warehouses are owned by government entities and can be utilized by private sector companies. They’re highly competitive and are often rented out on a first-come, first-served basis. They play a vital role in supplementing the supply chains of companies due to their flexibility despite their limitations.
  • 120.
    Pros ➢The public warehousecan be an affordable storage warehousing option, allowing for both personal and business use for a short time. ➢It’s easy to rent spaces in multiple locations and you can scale up (or down) your rental space as your needs change. ➢With a pay-as-you-go model, you are free from a lengthy contract for space. Cons ➢Public warehouses are often not current with state-of-the-art technology. ➢They may also experience surges in seasonal demand, making it difficult to obtain space when you need it most. ➢Over time, the pay-as-you-go model can be more expensive than what you would pay for a permanent space, at least in terms of the price per cubic foot.
  • 121.
    Private Warehouses A privatewarehouse is owned by wholesalers who rent out space on longer-term contracts to a limited number of customers. They typically offer a wider range of services than public warehouses, including greater access to and oversight of your goods. They usually include a more specialized workforce that can do more than basic storage warehousing tasks. Private warehouses may also be owned by a single company that uses it for its own purposes. However, those added benefits come at a cost, which could put them out of reach of some companies. Pros ➢A private warehouse offers exclusive access to a limited number of customers or only your employees, if you own the building. ➢They allow for a greater degree of control over operations and more specialized services than a public facility. ➢A private warehouse is a good option for e-commerce businesses that need a long-term solution for a strategic location.
  • 122.
    Cons ➢A private warehouseis a more expensive option at first than a public warehouse and requires a substantial capital investment should you decide to build it yourself. ➢If your company owns the warehouse, your logistics chain won’t be as flexible as other companies, should you need to change it. Bonded Warehouses ➢Bonded warehouses are used to store, manufacture, or otherwise manipulate dutiable goods prior to their sale. Goods may be stored for import or export duty free until such a time as they are released to their buyers, at which time the customs fees are paid.
  • 123.
    Pros ➢Restricted items canbe stored secure for up to two years until legal paperwork is completed. ➢Their customs fees are not paid until products are purchased. ➢This also allows companies to store more of their product closer to foreign consumers. Cons ➢After a period of two years, the goods inside a bonded warehouse must be sold if they haven’t been already, sometimes at a loss to their owner. ➢Bonds must be paid to warehouse authority whenever a space is rented. This ensures no monetary loss is incurred when products are released. ➢Bonded warehouses are only available for goods that face duty fees.
  • 124.
    Smart Warehouses Smart warehousesheavily utilize automation to minimize human interaction with products at every stage of the logistics process. They may integrate a wide range of technologies, including robotics, RFID tagging, artificial intelligence, warehouse management systems, and various online tools to make agile, efficient processes. Pros ➢Much of the activity in a smart warehouse is automated and streamlined to eliminate human error while improving efficiency. ➢They improve transparency, as you’ll have visibility around the clock into each stage of the logistics process. ➢These facilities typically offer greater scalability than human-centric operations ➢When a smart warehouse works as intended, you’ll have little need to interact with the few humans who run it. Cons ➢Because it is automated and streamlined, AI sometimes makes mistakes in orders that should require human judgement. These mistakes could damage your reputation and may not be caught until after they have occurred. ➢Automated systems are vulnerable to hacking. ➢Power outages can take down critical systems, impeding warehouse logistics.
  • 125.
    Warehousing Services The keyto finding the right storage warehousing provider for your business is knowing what you need. Here’s a few questions to ask to guide your search. ➢Location: Where is the warehouse located? How close is it to your target market? Is it near major transportation hubs that could help you easily reach other markets in an emergency? ➢Scalability: How well can the warehouse scale its services to meet the projected needs of your business? Are they equipped to handle seasonal or sudden spikes in demand? ➢Reliability: What kind of record does the warehouse have in protecting its customers’ inventory? What is their policy if your inventory is damaged or delayed from shipping while in their facility? ➢Price: How much do the warehouse’s services cost?
  • 126.
    PRINCIPLES OF LOGISTICS Therole of each element of logistics often defines the logistics activities within a supply chain. The problem with definitions and discussions of supply chains is that it is not easy to recognize the role of logistics within them, which is why the supply chain river is a simple way to relate the role of logistics within a supply chain. The elements of logistics further help to explain what logistics activities and processes are being undertaken in a supply chain. There are five elements of logistics: ➢ Storage, warehousing and materials handling ➢Packaging and unitization ➢Inventory ➢Transport ➢Information and control
  • 127.
    1. What isthe role of storage, material handling and warehouses in logistics? ➢It is to enable a steady stream of products to be supplied by manufacturers. Why is this important? Manufacturers need to operate at peak efficiency, but consumers tend not to demand goods at the same rate as a manufacturer supplies them. ➢There tends to be an imbalance between supply, which is steady, and demand, which can be unpredictable. The answer is to store the surplus goods produced by a manufacturer until they are demanded by consumers. To achieve this, warehouse buildings are required. These need specialist storage equipment such as shelving or racks and material handling equipment to move them around the warehouse and to load and unload delivery vehicles.
  • 128.
    2. What isthe role of packaging and unitization? ➢A key definition and one of the Rs of logistics is the care and condition of a product. Packaging is an essential part of that. Unitization is also important as this assists storage and transportation. The easiest product to move and store is a cube, so packaging and unitization attempts to take all different sizes and shapes of product and pack them as near as possible into a cuboid shape. 3. What is the role of inventory? ➢Inventory is a logistics element that is closely related to storage and warehousing. It is concerned with what stock to hold, where the stock is located and how much stock to hold. Inventory is controlling the flows of goods going into and out of a warehouse. How is this achieved? By looking at sales data of past orders and using various mathematical and statistical tools to attempt to predict how much goods will be demanded by consumers. Inventory management is not an exact science, but depending on how variable demand can be, it is a useful tool to help manage the flows of goods through the supply chain.
  • 129.
    4. What isthe role of transport? ➢A major element of logistics that most will recognize is transport. This includes all modes of transport including road vehicles, freight trains, cargo shipping and air transport. Without transport, goods would be unable to move from one stage to another within a supply chain. Some goods with short supply chains, such as foods, do not travel far. Other more complex products consist of many components that can be transported from all over the world. 5. What is the role of information and control? ➢The element of information and control is needed by all the elements to act as triggers to various operational procedures. We have mentioned the information needed for inventory. Order levels help decide what orders need to be picked and packed in warehouses and enable the planning and organization of transport. Information and control’s role is to help design information systems that can control operational procedures. They are also key in the forecasting of demand and inventory as already mentioned.
  • 130.
    HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS A hazardouschemical is a chemical that has properties with the potential to do harm to human or animal health, the environment, or capable of damaging property. COMMON TYPES OF WORKPLACE HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS ➢Chlorine ➢Fuels ➢fertilizers and fungicides ➢Photocopy toner ➢Glues ➢Cleaning agents ➢Paint and varnish ➢Acids ➢Industrial gases and fumes ➢Caustic soda, ammonia and other alkalis
  • 133.
    Hazardous chemicals canbe grouped in the following categories ➢Toxic- chemicals that can cause conditions to the body ➢Carcinogenic chemicals- that can cause cancer after exposure ➢Corrosive chemicals- that can cause visible destruction alterations ➢Irritants chemicals- that cause an inflammatory effect ➢Sensitizers chemicals- that cause an allergic reaction in tissues ➢Flammable liquids- chemicals vapors that can cause fire ➢Combustible liquids- chemicals that combust after been exposed to high temperatures The chemicals can cause physical damage to the body. Hazardous chemicals can have Chronic effects- a disease that develops over time. Hazardous chemicals can have Acute effects- symptoms that appear or change rapidly.
  • 134.
    METHODS HAZARDOUS CHEMICALSENTER THE BODY The route of exposure is the method hazards chemicals enter the body ➢Inhalation- the chemical entering the body through breathing. ➢Absorption- the chemical entering the body through the skin. ➢Ingestion- the chemical entering the body through drinking. Chemical safety begins with the written hazard communication program. There are two primary methods to communicate in chemical safety information. 1. Ensuring chemical containers are properly labeled 2. Maintaining safety data sheet or SDSs. A Safety data sheet is a source of detailed safety information on a particular hazardous chemical. The supplier must provide a Safety data sheet or must be downloaded.
  • 135.
    SAFETY DATA SHEETSCONTAINS THE FOLLOWIN INFORMATION ➢CHEMICAL HEALTH HAZARDS ➢FLAMMABILITY OF THE CHEMICAL ➢FIRST AID AND FIREFIGHTING MEASURES ➢PRECAUTION FOR SAFET HANDLING AND STORAGE ➢APPROPRIATE ENGINEERING CONTROLS ➢ PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) ➢EMERGENCY SPILL PROCEDURES This information must be available on chemical containers All workers using chemicals must have access to Safety Data Sheets
  • 136.
    HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SAFETY 1.Follow all establish procedures and perform job duties as you have been trained 2. Be cautious and plan ahead. Think about what could wrong and pay close attention to what you are doing while you work. 3. Always use required PPE. Inspect the PPE to make sure it not damaged 4. Make sure all containers are properly labeled and that the material is contained in an appropriate container. 5. Avoid moving chemical substances from there actual containers to other containers. If the substance is moved to a new container, make sure the new container is fully labeled. 6. Always read the labels and the material safety data sheet (MSDS) before using any material to make sure you understand hazards precautions. 7. Never eat or drink while handling hazardous substance and if your hands are contaminated, don't use cosmetics or handle contact lenses
  • 137.
    8. Use allmaterials solely for their intended purpose. Don’t for example, use solvents to clean your hands, or gasoline to wipe down equipment. 9. Store all materials properly, separate incompatibles and store in ventilated, dry, and cool areas. 10 After using hazardous substances, it is good practice to wash your hands before removing the gloves and after removing the gloves and the area clean. 11 Learn and understand the emergency procedure, which are: ➢Evacuation procedure ➢Reporting procedure ➢Fire and spills procedure ➢Accident or injury procedure.
  • 138.
    HAZARDOUS-WASTE MANAGEMENT, The collection,treatment, and disposal of waste material that, when improperly handled, can cause substantial harm to human health and safety or to the environment. Hazardous wastes can take the form of solids, liquids, sludges, or contained gases, and they are generated primarily by chemical production, manufacturing, and other industrial activities. They may cause damage during inadequate storage, transportation, treatment, or disposal operations. Improper hazardous-waste storage or disposal frequently contaminates surface water and groundwater supplies as harmful water pollution and can also be a source of dangerous land pollution. People living in homes built near old and abandoned waste disposal sites may be in a particularly vulnerable position. In an effort to remedy existing problems and to prevent future harm from hazardous wastes, governments closely regulate the practice of hazardous-waste management.
  • 139.
    TRANSPORT OF HAZARDOUSWASTE Hazardous waste generated at a particular site often requires transport to an approved treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Because of potential threats to public safety and the environment, transport is given special attention by governmental agencies. In addition to the occasional accidental spill, hazardous waste has, in the past, been intentionally spilled or abandoned at random locations in a practice known as “midnight dumping.” This practice has been greatly curtailed by the enactment of laws that require proper labeling, transport, and tracking of all hazardous wastes.