S. Benco, F. Crespi, A. Ghittino, A. Perotti, "Software-defined
white-space cognitive systems: implementation of the spectrum sensing
unit", Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop of COST Action
IC0902 October 5–7 2011, Castelldefels and Barcelona, Spain
Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
Suppression of Chirp Interferers in GPS Using the Fractional Fourier TransformCSCJournals
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Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
Suppression of Chirp Interferers in GPS Using the Fractional Fourier TransformCSCJournals
In this paper we apply the Fractional Fourier Transform (FrFT) to remove chirp interferers that corrupt Global Positioning System (GPS) signals. The concept is based on the fact that in the time-frequency plane, known as the Wigner Distribution (WD), chirps are represented as lines. Using an FrFT with some rotational parameter ‘a’, we rotate to a new time axis ta that transforms the chirp to a tone, in which the energy of the tone is contained in usually just one or two samples. The best `a', and the correct time sample along the ta axis, may be found without a priori knowledge by searching for the peak in the FrFT, since compression to one or two time samples results in an energy spike. Once the peak is found, we zero out the tone, and hence the underlying chirp. Rotation back to the original time domain via an inverse FrFT produces an improved GPS signal. This method can apply to multiple chirp interferers, and we describe how to easily determine the number of interferers, K, by finding peaks in the FrFT space over the parameter `a'. We also describe how to easily notch the interferers once converted to tones by computing a threshold based on the power of the coarse acquisition (C/A) code and noise. We show that for signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) greater than at least 10 dB, interferers can be notched regardless of the ratio of the C/A code power to the combined interferer power, denoted as carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR).
On The Fundamental Aspects of DemodulationCSCJournals
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Mimo radar detection in compound gaussian clutter using orthogonal discrete f...ijma
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Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) radar detection in compound Gaussian clutter. The proposed
orthogonal waveforms are designed considering the position and angle of the transmitting antenna when
viewed from origin. These orthogonally optimized show good resolution in spikier clutter with Generalized
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Kazuhiro Hoshino (1), Frank Nielsen (2,3), Toshihiro Nishimura (4)
(1) Image Sensor Business Group, Sony Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-chou, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
(2) Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. 3-14-13 Higashi Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
(3) École Polytechnique, LIX, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
(4) Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
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The work consists of the design of the chain drive system and the fabrication of the two axis parabolic solar dish.
It is a model study of the two axis parabolic dish which worked by the automatic circuit that was developed. Ready
made parabolic solar dish is taken and fabricated. The circular iron ring provides the two axis motion of the dish.
A compound chain drive system was developed for the smooth movement of the dish. An electromechanical
system which tracks the sun on both axes and which is controlled via a programmable logic control (PLC) was
designed and implemented. In this a theoretical study was done. A C program was made which gave the required
result for the graphical representation of the recorded radiation. Programmable Logic Controls (PLC) was used
instead of photo sensors, which are widely used for tracking the sun. The azimuthal angle of the sun from sunrise
to sunset times was calculated for each day of the year at 23.59 Lat & 72.38Longitude in the Northern hemisphere,
the location of the city Mehsana. According to this azimuth angle, the required analog signal was taken from the
PLC analog module and sent to the power window motor, which controlled the position of the panel to ensure that
the rays fall vertically on the panel. After the mechanical control of the system was started, the performance
measurements of the solar panel were carried out. The values obtained from the measurements were compared and
the necessary evaluations were conducted.
On The Fundamental Aspects of DemodulationCSCJournals
When the instantaneous amplitude, phase and frequency of a carrier wave are modulated with the information signal for transmission, it is known that the receiver works on the basis of the received signal and a knowledge of the carrier frequency. The question is: If the receiver does not have the a priori information about the carrier frequency, is it possible to carry out the demodulation process? This tutorial lecture answers this question by looking into the very fundamental process by which the modulated wave is generated. It critically looks into the energy separation algorithm for signal analysis and suggests modification for distortionless demodulation of an FM signal, and recovery of sub-carrier signals
Mimo radar detection in compound gaussian clutter using orthogonal discrete f...ijma
This paper proposes orthogonal Discrete Frequency Coding Space Time Waveforms (DFCSTW) for
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) radar detection in compound Gaussian clutter. The proposed
orthogonal waveforms are designed considering the position and angle of the transmitting antenna when
viewed from origin. These orthogonally optimized show good resolution in spikier clutter with Generalized
Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) detector. The simulation results show that this waveform provides better
detection performance in spikier Clutter.
Noise Reduction in CMOS Image Sensors for High Quality Imaging The Autocorrelation Function Filter on Burst Image Sequences
Kazuhiro Hoshino (1), Frank Nielsen (2,3), Toshihiro Nishimura (4)
(1) Image Sensor Business Group, Sony Corporation, 4-14-1 Asahi-chou, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
(2) Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc. 3-14-13 Higashi Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
(3) École Polytechnique, LIX, F-91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
(4) Graduate School of Information, Production and Systems, Waseda University, 2-7 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
Design and Fabrication of a Two Axis Parabolic Solar Dish CollectorIJERA Editor
The work consists of the design of the chain drive system and the fabrication of the two axis parabolic solar dish.
It is a model study of the two axis parabolic dish which worked by the automatic circuit that was developed. Ready
made parabolic solar dish is taken and fabricated. The circular iron ring provides the two axis motion of the dish.
A compound chain drive system was developed for the smooth movement of the dish. An electromechanical
system which tracks the sun on both axes and which is controlled via a programmable logic control (PLC) was
designed and implemented. In this a theoretical study was done. A C program was made which gave the required
result for the graphical representation of the recorded radiation. Programmable Logic Controls (PLC) was used
instead of photo sensors, which are widely used for tracking the sun. The azimuthal angle of the sun from sunrise
to sunset times was calculated for each day of the year at 23.59 Lat & 72.38Longitude in the Northern hemisphere,
the location of the city Mehsana. According to this azimuth angle, the required analog signal was taken from the
PLC analog module and sent to the power window motor, which controlled the position of the panel to ensure that
the rays fall vertically on the panel. After the mechanical control of the system was started, the performance
measurements of the solar panel were carried out. The values obtained from the measurements were compared and
the necessary evaluations were conducted.
Overview of rams available for sale from Kennedy Creek Poll Dorset stud from Spring 2014 to Autumn 2015. Details ram ASBVs available - contact us for further information.
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Introduction to Channel Capacity | DCNIT-LDTalks-1Arunabha Saha
DCNIT-LDTalks-1
Here I have discussed the channel capacity for noiseless and noisy channels. How Nyquist capacity and Shannon capacity play a key role in the noiseless and noisy channels are discussed in detail. We will see the several expressions of SNR_dB in terms of power and amplitude and try to understand how both the capacity are different from each other. For extreme values of SNR, we will deduce the Shannon capacity formula to understand the bandwidth-limited region and power-limited region. Here I have used a few numerical examples to understand the concept clearly. In the last section of the talk, I have deduced the Shannon capacity formula from scratch to get better exposure and will understand how these ideas contribute to its mathematical framework.
Course: CMS-A-CC-4-8
youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OjlMqHWq6o
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
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Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
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Software-defined white-space cognitive systems: implementation of the spectrum sensing unit
1. Software-defined white-space
cognitive systems:
Implementation of the spectrum sensing unit
Castelldefels, October 6th 2011
Sergio Benco,
Floriana Crespi, Andrea Ghittino, Alberto Perotti
Integrated Networks Laboratory (INLAB),
CSP s.c.a r.l. - ICT innovation,
TURIN (ITALY)
2. Outline
TV White-Spaces Spectrum Sensing
IEEE 802.22 Spectrum Sensing model
DVB-T CP autocorrelation Spectrum Sensing
Threshold calculation
Performance
Conclusions and future work
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 2
3. Spectrum sensing for TV White-Spaces
TV White-Spaces represent the area (space domain) and
the portion of the spectrum (VHF and UHF bands) where
the broadcast signal strength falls below the sensitivity
level of Primary User (PU) receivers
Regulatory bodies are currently discussing about
Secondary User (SU) spectrum sensing requirements in
order to avoid interference to DVB-T receivers
Interference issues can be faced through:
SU geo-location and PU database queries
Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC)
SU autonomous sensing (cooperative or not)
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 3
4. IEEE 802.22 Spectrum Sensing model
PU protection contour (Dkm)
Sensitivity range of the PU Rx
PU ITU-R: PRPU = -92dBm @ 132km
(RX) ERP TX = +90dBm, height: 500m, 615MHz)
SU PU
(TX) Keep-out region (Rkm)
Range at wich the Desired/Undesired
SU (D/U) ratio falls below 23 dB
SU spectrum sensing requirements:
●
PU Rx characteristics: F/B = 14 dB; D/U = 23 dB
● At PU Rx: PRSU ≤ PRPU – D/UdB + F/BdB
● At PU Rx: PRSU ≤ -101 dBm At SU Rx: Sens. ≤ -115 dBm
A SU must detect a PU Tx at a range of: Rkm + Dkm
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 4
5. DVB-T spectrum sensing: CP autocorrelation
Ns Symbol samples
NCP CP samples N0CP N0 d N1CP N1d
Nd Data samples
K Number of symbols
Ns
K −1 i+kN s +N cp −1
CP correlator:
See
R xx (i) = ∑ ∑ x (n) x (n+ N d )
˙
k=0 n=i+kN s
References (1)(2)
CP correlator test:
DVB-T sensing module parameters
max∣R xx (i)∣ Modes 8k (6817 subcarriers)
T CP = i ⩾ γ 2k (1705 subcarriers)
Avg∣R xx (i)∣ < CP lengths 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32
i∈J Channel bandwidth 8 MHz
Sampling rate 12.5 MS/s (12.5 MHz)
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 5
6. DVB-T spectrum sensing: applied threshold
False Alarm
max∣R xx (i)∣ Probability (PFA )
i ̂
θ ⩾ γ
T CP = = obtained through
Avg∣R xx (i)∣ ∣R xx∣ <
̄
i∈J Monte-Carlo
simulations over
1000 trials
γ = γ ⋅ Avg∣R xx (i)∣ ⇒
̂ P FA ⩽ 0.1
i ∈J
J =N ∖Q
N ={n∈ℕ : 0 ⩽ n < N s }
̂ ̂
Q={q∈ℕ : θ− N CP ⩽ q < θ+N CP }
The threshold is adaptive w.r.t. the actual average
correlation level plus a fixed margin that depends on PFA
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 6
7. DVB-T spectrum sensing over K symbols
Symbol synchronization permits to obtain a coherent
combining and average over K subsequent DVB-T
symbols thus achieving a processing gain of about 5 dB
for each 10 dB increase in K
1 symbol 10 symbols 100 symbols
SNR = -15dB SNR = -15dB SNR = -15dB
AWGN channel AWGN channel AWGN channel
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 7
8. DVB-T OFDM sensing: performance
The detection time Tdet of this real-time module is calculated at the
target sensing performance (PFA=0.1, PD=0.9) for a given SNR:
SNR (PD=0.9) = -17 dB
Symbols = 100
Tdet = 112.00 ms + Tproc
SNR (PD=0.9) = -12 dB
Symbols = 10
Tdet = 11.20 ms + Tproc
Tch move time = 2000 ms
Tsensing = Tch move time – 2Tdet
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 8
9. Conclusions and future work
● The DVB-T spectrum sensing based on CP autocorrelation
offers a good trade-off between complexity and effectiveness
● The first attempts to exploit TV white space have raised the
problem of high sensitivity requirements for the SU spectrum
sensing unit
● We have developed a real-time module for OFDM spectrum
sensing that approaches the requirements for the IEEE
802.22 WRAN spectrum sensing unit
● Future work will provide a SU network able to continuously
monitor the TV White-Spaces through a CP-based spectrum
sensing module using the GNURadio/USRP2 platform
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 9
10. References
(1) D. Danev, E. Axell, and E. G. Larsson, “Spectrum Sensing Methods for
Detection of DVB-T Signals in AWGN and Fading Channels”, In Proc.
IEEE PIMRC, pp. 2721-2726, Dec. 2010
(2) V. Gaddam, M. Ghosh, “Robust Sensing of DVB-T Signals”, New
Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum, 2010 IEEE Symposium on , vol., no.,
pp.1-8, 6-9 April 2010
(3) S. Shellhammer, V. Tawil, G. Chouinard, M. Muterspaugh, M. Ghosh,
“Spectrum sensing simulation model”, IEEE 802.22-06/0028r10, Sept.
2006
(4) C.R. Stevenson, C. Cordeiro, E. Sofer, G. Chouinard, “Functional
Requirements for the 802.22 WRAN Standard”, IEEE 802.22-
05/0007r46, September 2005
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 10
11. Contacts
Sergio Benco
Consulting Engineer,
Integrated Networks Laboratory (INLAB)
R&D dept.
mail: sergio.benco@csp.it
cell: +39 329 0118356
tel. +39 011-4815164
CSP innovation in ICT
Registered and Central Offices
Environment Park - Laboratori A1
via Livorno 60 - 10144 Torino
Operational Offices
Villa Gualino - Viale Settimio Severo 63
10133 Torino
Tel +39 011 4815111
Fax +39 011 4815001
E-mail: marketing@csp.it
www.csp.it
Software-defined white-space cognitive systems 11