Mechanical Energy of Motion
Gravitational Potential Energy
Thermal Energy - Sound Energy
Light energy - Electrical Energy
Magnetic Energy - Radiant Energy
Strain Potential Energy
Chemical Potential Energy
These slides present the maximum power point tracking (MPPT ) algorithms for solar (PV) systems. Later of the class we will discuss on MPPT control of wind generators.
1) The document provides a training manual on solar photovoltaic systems, covering topics such as solar basics, electrical basics, components of a PV system, safety, operation and maintenance, procurement, and designing a PV system.
2) It explains key solar concepts such as irradiance, irradiation, and how factors like temperature and radiation intensity impact PV output. Electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's Law are also outlined.
3) The main components of a solar PV system - PV modules, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters - are described along with considerations for sizing, connections, and maintenance of the systems. Safety procedures and regulations are emphasized.
The document discusses solar power generation, distribution, and storage from small-scale solar power systems. It describes how solar power works by converting sunlight to electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines the components of a solar power generation system and discusses photovoltaic effect. It also addresses performance factors, applications, advantages and disadvantages of solar power.
This document discusses using ultracapacitors to store solar energy collected by satellites and transmit power via microwaves. Ultracapacitors store energy electrostatically instead of chemically like batteries, and have advantages of long lifetime, temperature resistance, and high efficiency. Solar panels on satellites collect energy which is stored in ultracapacitors. A voltage regulator maintains a constant voltage, which a microwave converter transforms to microwaves. These microwaves are transmitted to and received by the power receiving end of receiving satellites or vessels. The document concludes ultracapacitors are well-suited for maximum solar power production and transmission from satellites.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
Solar energy can meet a significant portion of the United States' energy needs. It works through passive solar heating systems that use sunlight to directly or indirectly heat buildings, and active solar systems that use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and use the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from sunlight. When combined into modules and arrays, solar cells can power individual homes or be connected to the electric grid to supply power more broadly. While solar energy has high upfront costs, it has many benefits including reduced environmental impacts and increased energy security.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
These slides present the maximum power point tracking (MPPT ) algorithms for solar (PV) systems. Later of the class we will discuss on MPPT control of wind generators.
1) The document provides a training manual on solar photovoltaic systems, covering topics such as solar basics, electrical basics, components of a PV system, safety, operation and maintenance, procurement, and designing a PV system.
2) It explains key solar concepts such as irradiance, irradiation, and how factors like temperature and radiation intensity impact PV output. Electrical concepts like current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's Law are also outlined.
3) The main components of a solar PV system - PV modules, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters - are described along with considerations for sizing, connections, and maintenance of the systems. Safety procedures and regulations are emphasized.
The document discusses solar power generation, distribution, and storage from small-scale solar power systems. It describes how solar power works by converting sunlight to electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines the components of a solar power generation system and discusses photovoltaic effect. It also addresses performance factors, applications, advantages and disadvantages of solar power.
This document discusses using ultracapacitors to store solar energy collected by satellites and transmit power via microwaves. Ultracapacitors store energy electrostatically instead of chemically like batteries, and have advantages of long lifetime, temperature resistance, and high efficiency. Solar panels on satellites collect energy which is stored in ultracapacitors. A voltage regulator maintains a constant voltage, which a microwave converter transforms to microwaves. These microwaves are transmitted to and received by the power receiving end of receiving satellites or vessels. The document concludes ultracapacitors are well-suited for maximum solar power production and transmission from satellites.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
Solar energy can meet a significant portion of the United States' energy needs. It works through passive solar heating systems that use sunlight to directly or indirectly heat buildings, and active solar systems that use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and use the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from sunlight. When combined into modules and arrays, solar cells can power individual homes or be connected to the electric grid to supply power more broadly. While solar energy has high upfront costs, it has many benefits including reduced environmental impacts and increased energy security.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
IRJET-Performance Evaluation of Centralized Inverter and Distributed Micro In...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance evaluation of centralized inverter and distributed micro inverter systems for solar photovoltaic systems based on a solar radiation model. A computer model of hourly solar radiation was designed using the Liu and Jordan solar radiation model. The power output of the centralized inverter system and distributed micro inverter system were simulated in MATLAB Simulink under changing solar radiation values. The mean power output of the centralized inverter system was 0.6kW, while the distributed micro inverter system achieved a higher mean power output of 1.5kW at standard testing conditions of 1000W/m2 irradiance and 25°C temperature. The distributed micro inverter system was able to extract more power from the solar
A complete presentation on solar cells.
It includes working of solar cells,solar cell Models, parameters,Applications,solar energy harvesting,Generation wise comparison of solar cells,Kitchen made solar cells.This presentation can be a wild card entry to the arena of solar cells.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission, which aims to promote ecologically sustainable growth and address India's energy security challenges through increasing solar power generation. The mission has specific targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power over three phases from 2010-2022. It also discusses the technologies involved like solar photovoltaic cells, modules, inverters, and the factors that make India well-suited for solar power development like the high number of sunny days per year.
The document presents a project on developing a solar power charge controller. It discusses the motivation for non-conventional power sources like solar due to increasing global power demand. The controller uses a microcontroller to regulate voltage and current from solar panels to batteries to prevent overcharging. It employs techniques like maximum power point tracking for efficient charging and includes components like solar panels, op-amps, MOSFETs, diodes, LEDs and batteries.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission which aims to promote solar energy and address India's energy security challenges. The key points are:
- The National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 and has targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power by 2022.
- It supports various business models for delivering off-grid solar applications to rural areas.
- The mission aims to deploy solar technologies like photovoltaic cells, inverters, batteries and develop standards for components to increase solar power generation and utilization across India.
Wireless power transmission via solar power satellite(sps)ShahinshaM
This document discusses solar power satellite (SPS) technology for wireless power transmission. An SPS system consists of three main elements: a solar array to collect power in space, microwave generators and transmitters to beam the power to Earth, and rectifying antennas (rectennas) on Earth to convert the microwaves back to electricity. SPS could provide clean, unlimited energy anywhere in the world without pollution. However, the technology faces challenges of high costs and risks associated with operating large structures in space.
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
This document provides an overview of solar roof top plants. It discusses the basic components of solar plants including solar panels, inverters, batteries and how energy can be stored on grid or off grid. It also defines important solar energy terminology like solar radiation, insolation, peak sun hours and explains how silicon solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. The document outlines the process for manufacturing silicon solar cells and different types of solar panels. Key factors to consider when designing a solar roof top plant like consumption, space availability, tilt angle and budget are also summarized.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
Renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and tidal offer sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight into electricity and are used in applications from small calculators to powering entire homes. A photovoltaic module is made up of connected solar cells that generate direct current electricity from light, with multiple modules combined in an array to form a photovoltaic system. These systems can include battery storage to provide reliable electric power around the clock.
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
See all videos for this article
Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
Wireless power transmission via solar power satelliteFaizy Ali
This document summarizes wireless power transmission via solar power satellites. It discusses how solar power satellites in geosynchronous orbit can collect solar energy and transmit it to rectennas on Earth via microwave beams. The key components are the solar panels that convert sunlight to electricity, microwave generators and antennas that transmit the energy, and rectennas that convert the microwaves back to electricity. While challenging, solar power satellites could provide an unlimited renewable energy source without transmission losses.
This document describes how to build a solar charger using a solar panel, voltage regulator, capacitors, and USB port to charge devices. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by the solar panel and regulated to 5V by the voltage regulator. The capacitors help regulate voltage. Connecting the USB port allows charging phones and other devices using clean, renewable solar power. Building a small, portable solar charger allows mobile energy access and helps conserve other resources by harnessing the sun's abundant energy.
Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are made of semiconductor materials that absorb photons from sunlight and generate electrons. When connected to an external load in an electric circuit, solar cells produce direct current electricity. The amount of electricity produced depends on the intensity of sunlight and the area of the solar cell. While early solar cells had efficiencies around 4-6%, modern solar cells can achieve over 20% efficiency. Solar cells find applications in powering homes, buildings, calculators, satellites and more due to their clean, renewable energy generation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
The document provides information on solar energy, including its basic principles, construction, types, and applications. It discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal or photovoltaic means. The key components of a solar energy system are the solar panel, which collects sunlight and converts it to electricity via solar cells, and related devices like inverters. Solar radiation is analyzed based on factors like latitude, declination, and hour angle to optimize solar panel positioning.
IRJET-Performance Evaluation of Centralized Inverter and Distributed Micro In...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the performance evaluation of centralized inverter and distributed micro inverter systems for solar photovoltaic systems based on a solar radiation model. A computer model of hourly solar radiation was designed using the Liu and Jordan solar radiation model. The power output of the centralized inverter system and distributed micro inverter system were simulated in MATLAB Simulink under changing solar radiation values. The mean power output of the centralized inverter system was 0.6kW, while the distributed micro inverter system achieved a higher mean power output of 1.5kW at standard testing conditions of 1000W/m2 irradiance and 25°C temperature. The distributed micro inverter system was able to extract more power from the solar
A complete presentation on solar cells.
It includes working of solar cells,solar cell Models, parameters,Applications,solar energy harvesting,Generation wise comparison of solar cells,Kitchen made solar cells.This presentation can be a wild card entry to the arena of solar cells.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission, which aims to promote ecologically sustainable growth and address India's energy security challenges through increasing solar power generation. The mission has specific targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power over three phases from 2010-2022. It also discusses the technologies involved like solar photovoltaic cells, modules, inverters, and the factors that make India well-suited for solar power development like the high number of sunny days per year.
The document presents a project on developing a solar power charge controller. It discusses the motivation for non-conventional power sources like solar due to increasing global power demand. The controller uses a microcontroller to regulate voltage and current from solar panels to batteries to prevent overcharging. It employs techniques like maximum power point tracking for efficient charging and includes components like solar panels, op-amps, MOSFETs, diodes, LEDs and batteries.
The document discusses India's National Solar Mission which aims to promote solar energy and address India's energy security challenges. The key points are:
- The National Solar Mission was launched in 2010 and has targets for increasing solar thermal collectors, off-grid applications, and grid-connected solar power by 2022.
- It supports various business models for delivering off-grid solar applications to rural areas.
- The mission aims to deploy solar technologies like photovoltaic cells, inverters, batteries and develop standards for components to increase solar power generation and utilization across India.
Wireless power transmission via solar power satellite(sps)ShahinshaM
This document discusses solar power satellite (SPS) technology for wireless power transmission. An SPS system consists of three main elements: a solar array to collect power in space, microwave generators and transmitters to beam the power to Earth, and rectifying antennas (rectennas) on Earth to convert the microwaves back to electricity. SPS could provide clean, unlimited energy anywhere in the world without pollution. However, the technology faces challenges of high costs and risks associated with operating large structures in space.
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
This document provides an overview of solar roof top plants. It discusses the basic components of solar plants including solar panels, inverters, batteries and how energy can be stored on grid or off grid. It also defines important solar energy terminology like solar radiation, insolation, peak sun hours and explains how silicon solar cells work to convert sunlight into electricity. The document outlines the process for manufacturing silicon solar cells and different types of solar panels. Key factors to consider when designing a solar roof top plant like consumption, space availability, tilt angle and budget are also summarized.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
Renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and tidal offer sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight into electricity and are used in applications from small calculators to powering entire homes. A photovoltaic module is made up of connected solar cells that generate direct current electricity from light, with multiple modules combined in an array to form a photovoltaic system. These systems can include battery storage to provide reliable electric power around the clock.
Solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21st century solar energy is expected to become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and natural gas.
solar energy
solar energy
Reflection and absorption of solar energy. Although some incoming sunlight is reflected by Earth's atmosphere and surface, most is absorbed by the surface, which is warmed.
The Sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the largest source of energy received by Earth, but its intensity at Earth’s surface is actually quite low. This is essentially because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant Sun. A relatively minor additional loss is due to Earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorb or scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight. The sunlight that reaches the ground consists of nearly 50 percent visible light, 45 percent infrared radiation, and smaller amounts of ultraviolet and other forms of electromagnetic radiation.
solar energy potential
solar energy potential
Earth's photovoltaic power potential.
The potential for solar energy is enormous, since about 200,000 times the world’s total daily electric-generating capacity is received by Earth every day in the form of solar energy. Unfortunately, though solar energy itself is free, the high cost of its collection, conversion, and storage still limits its exploitation in many places. Solar radiation can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or into electrical energy, though the former is easier to accomplish.
Thermal energy
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
The transition to renewable energy explained by Phil the Fixer
Learn more about climate change and the transition to renewable energy in this interview with Phil the Fixer.
See all videos for this article
Among the most common devices used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy are flat-plate collectors, which are used for solar heating applications. Because the intensity of solar radiation at Earth’s surface is so low, these collectors must be large in area. Even in sunny parts of the world’s temperate regions, for instance, a collector must have a surface area of about 40 square metres (430 square feet) to gather enough energy to serve the energy needs of one person.
Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) Polish astronomer. In 1543 he published, forward proof of a Heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Coloured stipple engraving published London 1802. De revolutionibus orbium coelestium li
Wireless power transmission via solar power satelliteFaizy Ali
This document summarizes wireless power transmission via solar power satellites. It discusses how solar power satellites in geosynchronous orbit can collect solar energy and transmit it to rectennas on Earth via microwave beams. The key components are the solar panels that convert sunlight to electricity, microwave generators and antennas that transmit the energy, and rectennas that convert the microwaves back to electricity. While challenging, solar power satellites could provide an unlimited renewable energy source without transmission losses.
This document describes how to build a solar charger using a solar panel, voltage regulator, capacitors, and USB port to charge devices. Solar energy is converted to electrical energy by the solar panel and regulated to 5V by the voltage regulator. The capacitors help regulate voltage. Connecting the USB port allows charging phones and other devices using clean, renewable solar power. Building a small, portable solar charger allows mobile energy access and helps conserve other resources by harnessing the sun's abundant energy.
Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are made of semiconductor materials that absorb photons from sunlight and generate electrons. When connected to an external load in an electric circuit, solar cells produce direct current electricity. The amount of electricity produced depends on the intensity of sunlight and the area of the solar cell. While early solar cells had efficiencies around 4-6%, modern solar cells can achieve over 20% efficiency. Solar cells find applications in powering homes, buildings, calculators, satellites and more due to their clean, renewable energy generation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
The document provides information on solar energy, including its basic principles, construction, types, and applications. It discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal or photovoltaic means. The key components of a solar energy system are the solar panel, which collects sunlight and converts it to electricity via solar cells, and related devices like inverters. Solar radiation is analyzed based on factors like latitude, declination, and hour angle to optimize solar panel positioning.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
4. BATTERY OPERATED SYSTEM FOR
COMMUNITY OUTREACH
Non-for-Profit Organization (NPO) under the Catholic Archdiocese of Gulu, located
at ForGod parish , Bardege division, northern Uganda.
BOSCO Uganda was founded as an emergency response to the 1986-2008
government of Uganda and rebel of the Lord’s Resistance Army conflict.
aims to use ICT to help end the isolation of Communities in rural areas that were
affected by the Lord’s Resistance Army(LRA) war with the government of Uganda.
began in 2007 as an effort to put wireless and VolP telephony into the internally
dispalced persons’ (IDPs) camps of Northern Uganda, in cooperation with the
Archdiocese of Gulu.
This was also done in collaboration with Inveneo to place their low-power PCs
Powered by solar panels in the Catechist Center and the Caritas Office in Gulu, at
schools, hospitals, colleges and Churches in the Pabbo, Alero, Lacor, Coope,
Jengari, Unyama and Pagak IDP camps.
7. DEFINITIONS
• Energy = the ability to accomplish work
• Work is accomplished when objects are moved
•Objects moved can be very small, e.g. molecules, atoms, electrons, or protons or
they can be much larger objects.
• When forces act on objects and perform work, energy is converted from one form
to another (note the law of conservation of energy).
8.
9. FORMS OF ENERGY
• Mechanical Energy of Motion
• Gravitational Potential Energy
• Thermal Energy - Sound Energy
• Light energy - Electrical Energy
• Magnetic Energy - Radiant Energy
• Strain Potential Energy
• Chemical Potential Energy
10. ENERGY RESOURCES
• Energy resources are broadly classified as:
• Conventional energy resources (fossil fuels and nuclear)
• Non-conventional energy resources or renewable resources
(solar, biomass, wind, hydro, geothermal, ocean etc)
11. ENERGY AND DEVELOPMENT
• Modern energy = an engine of development
• Essential for meeting basic human needs - improving social welfare - achieving
economic development.
Energy demand
• Access to media communication including distance, Learning, Transport, Essential for micro-enterprise
development, Providing clean water, Lighting to extend activities after dark, Large Industrial applications,
Improving health sectors e.g. refrigerators for drugs , Agricultural productivity, Access to energy is
essential for improved agricultural methods and irrigation, Increased comfort by mobile phone charging,
TV sets and computers
•
12. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
• Sometimes known as regenerative resources
• Energy obtained from continuous or repetitive currents of energy occuring in natural
environment
• Resources are infinity
• Most of them indirectly originate from the sun
• These are: Solar, wind, hydropower, waves, biomass, geothermal and tidal energy
13.
14.
15. SOLAR THERMAL APPLICATIONS
• Water heating for domestic, swimming
pools industrial etc.
• Distillation
• Drying (agro-products, timber etc.)
• Cooking
• Room heating
• Power generation or solar thermal
generation
• Space cooling and refrigeration
16.
17.
18. Advantages of Solar Energy Disadvantages
Renewable Energy source Costly to acquire
Reduces Electricity bills Weather Dependent
Diverse Application Solar Energy storage is expensive
Low maintenance costs Uses a lot of space
Technology Development Associated with Pollution sometimes
Solar panel can provide you with power for up to 30years
Creation of Job opportunity
Improves Grid security, it less vulnerable to blackouts
19. WHY SOLAR POWER
• Key Terms
Photovoltaics: This comes from the Greek word; photo, phos which means light
and volt which means electricity. Therefore Photovoltic means light-electricity, it’s
the process of directly converting light into electricity. A simple photovoltaics
example is solar-powered calculators, which use a small photovoltaic cell to power
the calculator.
Solar thermal power is used for heating water. It’s a simple technology; the panel
on your roof are the collectors of sunlight, thus heating up the liquid in the tubes
which is then transported into your cylinder ready for use.
20. • Module power (pmax) =280W
Solar Module Definition: Also called solar panels, a solar module is a single photovoltaic panel that is an
assembly of connected solar cells. The solar cells absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate
electricity. An array of modules are used to supply power to buildings
• Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) =39.01V
The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this occurs at zero
current. The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on the solar cell due to the
bias of the solar cell junction with the light-generated current.
• Short Circuit Voltage (ISC) =9.20A
A short circuit is an abnormal connection between two nodes of an electric circuit intended to be at
different voltages. This results in an electric current limited only by the equivalent resistance of the rest of
the network which can cause circuit damage, overheating, fire or explosion.
21. • Maximum power Voltage (VMPP) =31.81V
The Vmpp is the voltage when the power output is the greatest. It is the actual voltage you want to see when it is connected to the
MPPT solar equipment (like an MPPT solar charge controller
or a grid-tie inverter) under standard test conditions
• Short Circuit Voltage (ISC) =9.20A
A short circuit is defined as a connection between two nodes that forces them to be at the same voltage. In an 'ideal' short circuit, this
this means there is no resistance and thus no voltage drop across the connection. In real circuits, the result is a connection with
almost no resistance.
• Maximum Power current (IMPP) =8.81A
The current at which maximum power is produced by a solar panel
• Maximum System Voltage =1000VDC
It means you can string a lot of panels in series, to make a high voltage array, for powering a Grid-Tie inverter. A year ago,
600V was the common voltage, the inverters run up to 500V input, for less amps and less loss. (20 panels in series is only 4
amps, but 550V)
• Protection Class =II; there may be several PV strings connected in parallel to achieve higher currents and subsequently
more power. PV systems that have three or more strings connected in parallel need to have each string protected.
• Overcurrent Protection rating (A) =15;
An overcurrent protective device must be able to withstand the destructive energy of short-circuit currents.
22. • Short-Circuit Current (ISC): the maximum current produced by the solar cell under given conditions of
irradiation and temperature, corresponds to zero output voltage, the power at this point is zero.
• Open-Circuit Voltage (VOC): the maximum voltage under given conditions of irradiation and
temperature, corresponding to maximum voltage but zero current flow, the power at this point is zero.
• Maximum power point (MPP): the point at which maximum power can be drawn from the cell
Voltage of the cell is affected by temperature
• Current generated depends on: – Surface area of the solar cell – Incoming Insolation (intensity of
radiation)
• A Typical single silicon PV cell of 100cm2 produces about 1.5 watts at 0.5 volts DC and 3 Amps under
1000W/m2 • Power out put is proportional to the intensity of sunlight
23. MONOCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS, SILICON
IS FORMED INTO BARS AND CUT INTO
WAFERS. THESE TYPES OF PANELS ARE
CALLED “MONOCRYSTALLINE” TO INDICATE
THAT THE SILICON USED IS SINGLE-CRYSTAL
SILICON. BECAUSE THE CELL IS COMPOSED OF
A SINGLE CRYSTAL, THE ELECTRONS THAT
GENERATE A FLOW OF ELECTRICITY HAVE
MORE ROOM TO MOVE. AS A RESULT,
MONOCRYSTALLINE PANELS ARE MORE
EFFICIENT THAN THEIR POLYCRYSTALLINE
COUNTERPARTS.
24. • Polycrystalline solar panels are also
made from silicon. However, instead of
using a single crystal of silicon,
manufacturers melt many fragments of
silicon together to form the wafers for
the panel. Polycrystalline solar panels
are also referred to as “multi-
crystalline,” or many-crystal silicon.
Because there are many crystals in
each cell, there is to less freedom for
the electrons to move. As a result,
polycrystalline solar panels have lower
efficiency ratings than monocrystalline
panels.
25.
26. • Irradiance; The rate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface per unit area of
surface, Solar irradiance integrated over a period of time is called solar irradiance
(total power from a radiant source falling on a unit area)
• Irradiation; Is the measure of solar energy density incident per unit area on a surface -
- determined by integration of irradiance over a specified time, usually an hour or a
day.
• Insolation; is a term used to represent solar energy irradiation.
• Irradiance and irradiation; both apply to all components of solar energy The quantities
depend on location, weather conditions and time of the year, also they depend
whether the surface of interest is shaded or horizontal
27. SOLAR INSOLATION
Daily insolation is the measurement used to estimate the output from a solar PV
system.
• INSOLATION is a shortened version of the words = INcoming SOLar radiATION
• Daily Solar Insolation, H is the total solar energy radiated on a unit surface area over
a certain period of time.
• The units of H are [peak-hours per day] or [kWh/m2 per day]
• Peak-hours = equivalent number of hours of sunlight at irradiance of 1000W/m2
• The standard test condition (STC) for which electrical specifications of solar PV
modules are measured is using 1000W/m2, too.
28.
29.
30.
31. CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF BATTERY
• The voltage of the battery terminals changes during charging and discharging
• For a fully charged Pb-acid cell the voltage is about 2.12 volts
• During discharge voltage drops
• During charging the voltage rises
• Continuous charging may lead to undesirable overcharge. H2 and O2 are released
visible as bubbles electrolyte level decreases while the density is raised.
• Charge controllers maintain the voltage within the required threshold levels
(minimum and maximum).
32. BATTRY CAPACITY
• Measure of amount of electric energy or charge stored in a battery
• Determined by the amount of active material coming in contact with the
electrolyte
• Battery capacity is measured in Ampere-hour (Ah)
• Capacity = fixed current drawn x number of hours before the battery
reaches complete discharge – (Example: capacity of 100 Ah = (10 A x 10 h) =
(20 A x 5 h)
• Energy stored = Ah x voltage (assume voltage remains constant)
33. CYCLE DEPTH
• Discharging and then charging back up to the state of charge at the start is called
a cycle.
• Depth of discharge (DoD) in one cycle not always down to 0% state of charge.
CYCLE LIFE
• Cycle life = number of cycles obtained from a battery before capacity is reduced
to 80% of its value when new
• Number of cycles depends on: cycle depth, discharge current and temperature.
• Increasing the depth of discharge decreases cycle life.
• Increasing the number of cycles performed per year decreases cycle life.
•
34. CHARGING EFFICIENCY
• Charging efficiency = charge used by the load / charge used to recharge the
battery back to the original charge
• Example 80% charging efficiency 0.8 of the charge into the battery is recovered
during discharge.
35. OVER-CHARGING
• Excessive overcharging leads to increase corrosion of electrodes, active material shedding and
shortens life
• leads to gassing decomposition of H2O into H2 (bubbles on negative electrode) & O2
(bubbles on positive electrode)
• Slow gassing is beneficial because breaks stratification of the electrolyte (variation of
concentration of electrolyte with depth)
• Electrolyte becomes more concentrated water must be replaced when the level drops
• Batteries have vents to allow gas to escape
• sealed batteries do not have vent as gas due to overcharging is absorbed internally
• Overcharging may lead to decomposition of electrodes of lead-acid batteries this is a
nonreversible reaction
36. SELF-DISCHARGE
• Takes place when not in use
• Rate of self discharge – Expressed as amount of charge – Given as percentage of capacity,
lost over a period e.g. month
• Related to how plates gas during overcharging and increases at high operating
temperatures
Voltage Characteristics
• Batteries have nominal voltage (VN) but varies operation
• Open Voltage (VOC) at zero current
• Load voltage (VL): voltage drawn by loads during discharging
• Charging voltage (VCH): voltage when the battery is being charged
• Voltages depend on: SOC, temperature, charging current
• Most solar batteries have nominal voltages: 12 V, 24V
37. CHARGE CONTROLLER
It is an electronic device whose functions are:
• To reduce battery maintenance (topping up) by controlling gassing (water loss) during charging
• To charge at pre-set voltages to prolong battery life and avoid damage to sensitize loads
• To disconnect the load at pre-set voltages to prolong battery life threshold
• To facilitate interconnection between modules, battery and loads
• System status monitoring and indication
• With the factors affecting the capacity of the battery, it is important, that the battery is designed to
match the operating and life requirements of the application.
• Therefore there is a need for a control unit to control the discharging and charging processes
38.
39. FEATURES OF A CHARGE CONTROLLER
• Low Voltage (Load) Disconnect (LVD)
• High Voltage (Panel) Disconnect (HVD)
• Indication of battery charging current
• Indication of battery voltage
• Voltage compensation for current and
temperature
40. INVERTERS
• Solar modules and batteries operate with DC. The mains electricity, however, is
AC. Many electrical appliances, devices and accessories are only available for AC.
• An inverter transforms low-voltage DC supplied by a solar system into high-
voltage AC. The input of an inverter is designed for 12 V (24 V, 48 V, etc.),
depending on the type.
• At the output it produces 240 V AC. Inverters are designed for stand-alone as well
as for grid-connected systems.
• Inverters tend to make systems more expensive not only because they cost money
but they also consume some energy making it necessary to increase system capacity
to cater for this loss
41. TYPES OF INVERTERS
• Micoinverters
(module inverters);
These inverters are
typically attached
directly to
individual
photovoltaic
modules in order
to extract the
maximum power
from each module
• String inverters; In a
grid-tied system the
solar panels are wired
together in series (a
“string” of panels) which
increases the voltage
and keeps the current
low so that wiring is
simpler and wire size
• This are a type of string inverter
used in large scale applications.
Some offer easier installation and
higher efficiency than smaller string
inverters which results in slightly
higher cost.
42. SIZING COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR SYSTEM
• Sizing components of a solar system is very important during of designing
• Caution! Bearing in minds about the initial investments is a major component
• Unnecessary large system (Over sizing) has a detrimental effect on the price of
the system
• Under sizing has an effect on supply reliability
43. EVALUATION TABLE FOR DIRECT CURRENT(DC) LOAD
Appliance Number Power (W) per
appliance
Hours(h) of
usage
Total Energy
usage(wh)
Bulb 10 3 12 10*3*12 =360wh
computer 1 100 2 1*100*2=200wh
Total =360+200=560
wh
44. EVALUATION TABLE FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC) LOAD
Appliance Number Power (W) per
appliance
Hours(h) of
usage
Total Energy
usage(wh)
TV 1 50 5 1*50*5=250wh
Laptop 1 60 3 1*60*3=180wh
Total 110 =250+180=430
wh
45. SIZING COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR SYSTE
• Sizing is a process that is used to determine the ratings and capacities of the various systems
components that are sufficient to meet the power needs of a client based on weather data,
demand and sizing knowledge.
• Thus, sizing is a detailed, accurate, time consuming process that can be carried out by specialists
• Sizing procedure given here results into a fairly good estimate of system size
• Sizing components of a solar system is very important during of designing
• Caution! Bearing in minds about the initial investments is a major component
• Unnecessary large system (Over sizing) has a detrimental effect on the price of the system
• Under sizing has an effect on supply reliability
46. LOADS
• Solar electricity is the same as that of a battery – DC It can only run appliances (lights, radios TVs,
Fridges etc) that are specially designed to run from DC. Appliances to run from solar electricity
have to be chosen by a qualified person to ensure matching and reduce overall system cost Solar
electricity can also be modified using special converters (e.g. Inverters) to run even AC appliances.
LOAD DETERMINATION
• Decide applications of the system
• Decide whether the system will be AC or DC
• Determine the rating of the appliance(s)
• Establish daily usage hours for each appliance
47. DETERMINATION OF DAILY AVERAGE LOAD
• Use of some loads may vary daily, monthly or seasonally (e.g. in schools)
• For simplicity daily variation of consumption is considered
• Where necessary, separate ac loads from dc loads
• Determine the daily energy usage for each appliance and then the total (Wh/day)
• If dc loads differ in voltage rating then the sizing must put into consideration the possible losses in
the dc-dc converters
• For ac loads the dc input power into the inverter is determined by considering the efficiency of the
inverter
• If the system comprises of both dc and ac then the demand for both should be added together
• Note that the total ac power is used to determine the size of the inverter
• The power demand for the loads is used to determine the wire sizes
48. ESTIMATING THE LOAD
• The steps involved in estimating the load are:
• List all the items in the household which would draw electricity from the
batteries.
• Determine the rated power of each of these items.
• Estimate the number of hours per day that the item would be used.
• Multiply the power (in Watts) by the number of hours to get the energy used
by each item.
49. SYSTEM SIZING
• The most common reason for the failure of a PV system is that the panels are too
small.
• Because panels that are too small do not charge the battery enough each day
battery life will be shorter than in a system with enough panel capacity.
• It is usually cheaper to add extra PV panels, because battery life is increased and
fewer battery replacements will be needed.
50. SYSTEM VOLTAGE
12V for 1KWh and below
24V for 1KWh – 2KWh
24V with Inverter for above 2KWh
48V with Inverter for above 10KW
51. CALCULATING THE PROPER PANEL SIZE
• The energy used by appliances is measured in watthours and the energy produced by the panels is
also measured in watt-hours.
• Watt-hours of energy are like litres of motor fuel. When 5 litres of fuel are needed to go from one
place to another, if only 4 litres of fuel are provided the motor will stop before the trip is completed.
• In a PV system, if an appliance needs 100 watt-hours a day to work properly and if the solar panels
only produce 80 watt-hours the appliance will stop working early in the day.
Finding the number of Panels needed
If two panels are joined together, twice as many watt-hours will be produced. Three panels will
produce three times the watt-hours, and so on.
The watt-hours produced are the same whether the panels are connected in series or in
parallel.
To find the total peak-watt rating for the PV panels needed to operate the appliances, find the
number of watt-hours that the panels must provide and divide by the Panel Generation Factor.
53. FINDING THE NUMBER OF PANELS NEEDED
• To find the peak-watt capacity that will be needed in a system follow these steps:
• Step 1. Calculate the watt-hours per day for each appliance used.
• Step 2. Add the watt-hours needed for each of the appliances to find the total watt-hours per day
needed by the appliances.
• Step 3. Multiply the total appliance watt-hours per day by 1.3 (30% loses considered) to find the
total watt-hours per day that the panels must provide
• Step 4. Divide the total watt-hours per day by the Panel Generation Factor for your climate (e.g in
average 4.5 sunshine hours per day)
• Step 5. Divide the total peak-watt capacity by the peak watts of the panels available to you.
• This will give you the exact number of panels needed.
54. BATTERY SIZE
• A battery is needed because the appliances use electricity at different times and at different
rates than the panels produce.
• For the system to work properly, the battery should be of the deep-discharge type and be large
enough to store enough energy to operate the appliances at night and on cloudy days.
• Also, for the battery to last a long time, it should not be discharged too much or too often.
• Remember; battery life depends on how much discharge takes place before a recharge.
• So another way of sizing a battery is that the battery should be large enough so that one day’s
use of the appliances will discharge it no more than one-fifth of its full charge.
• The rule for battery size is to install a battery that has at least five times as much capacity as
will be needed to operate the appliances for one day.
55. SUMMARY OF BATTERY SIZE CALCULATION
• Step 1. Calculate the watt-hours per day used by each appliance
• Step 2. Total the watt-hours per day used by all appliances.
• Step 3. Multiply the total appliance watt-hours per day by 5 for a deep-discharge battery,
multiply by 7.5 for a maintenance-free battery or multiply by 10 for a vehicle battery.
• Step 4. Divide the result of Step 3 by the battery voltage.
BATTERY SIZE AND PANEL LIFE
• It has been shown that increasing the panel size increases battery life, particularly in a climate with
frequent cloudy conditions.
• With the cost of solar panel capacity falling but the cost of batteries slowly increasing, it makes good
economic sense to increase the panel size by 20% to 30% over the minimum.
• This can dramatically improve the reliability of the system during cloudy weather and can greatly
extend the life of the battery. This reduces the cost over time as battery replacements are now the
most expensive component in a home PV system.
56. CONTROLLER SIZE
• The charge controller has to have enough ampere capacity to pass the maximum current that the
system can provide / consume.
• This can be estimated by dividing the peak-watt rating of the panels by 12 V, and the result
multiplied by 1.2 for maximum radiation that can be attained. So a controller connected to a 100 W
panel should have a charging capacity of at least 100 ÷ 12 = 8.33 A.
• The minimum ampere capacity of a controller should be equal to the sum of the amperes from all
appliances times 1.5, plus the amperes from all appliances with motors times 3.
• For example, four lights of 12 W capacity have a total operating load of 4 A. So the controller should
have a capacity of at least 4 A × 1.5 = 6 A
57. SOLAR SYSTEM SIZING
• Solar panel sizing
Total power from the panel =Total Energy need*Loss Factor
Hours of sunlight
=990wh*1.3 =286w
4.5h
Estimated average hours of Sunlight eg. Uganda 4.5
58. BATTERY SIZING
• Battery capacity =Total Energy need * Days of Autonomy
Voltage of the system * Depth of Discharge(DoD)
=990wh*2 =1980 =33A
12v*(50%) 6
Depth of Discharge (DoD) at 50%
Days of Autonomy 2 Days
59. CHARGE CONTROLLER SIZING
• Controller Capacity =Total power from the panel*Safety Factor
Voltage of the system
=300W*1.2 =30A
12
Safety Factors =1.2
Determining Size of a charge controller
• Charge controllers are rated either in current input from the panel or current output to the loads
• The current output to the loads is calculated using the total load for example power (43 W)
• The correction factor of 1.25 is a safety factor for the charge controller to account for energy surpluses in the system
• IL ≈ (1.25 x 43 W)/VSYS = 53.75 W / 12 V = 4.48 A (select from standard or available charge controller mainly
select that one with a close higher rating) a 5 A charge controller is used
60. INVERTER SIZING
• Inverter size =Total power consumed by AC Loads*Safety Factor
=110*1.5 =165w
Safety Factor =1.5