Solar energy can meet a significant portion of the United States' energy needs. It works through passive solar heating systems that use sunlight to directly or indirectly heat buildings, and active solar systems that use photovoltaic cells to convert sunlight into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon and use the photoelectric effect to generate electricity from sunlight. When combined into modules and arrays, solar cells can power individual homes or be connected to the electric grid to supply power more broadly. While solar energy has high upfront costs, it has many benefits including reduced environmental impacts and increased energy security.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
- The document discusses various topics related to solar energy including measurements of solar radiation, solar collectors, solar thermal applications, solar photovoltaic conversion, and solar cells.
- It describes different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors that are used to harness solar energy for thermal applications and power generation.
- The document also explains the fundamentals of converting solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells and discusses solar PV power generation and applications.
This document summarizes different renewable energy sources including hydroelectric, wind, tidal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, and biogas power systems. For hydroelectric power, it describes the basic components and layout of hydroelectric dams as well as how water is used to spin turbines and generate electricity. For wind power, it discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical energy. It also summarizes the basic components and functioning of tidal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, and biogas power generation systems.
The document discusses solar energy as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. It notes that solar energy can be used to generate both heat and electricity. While solar power has several benefits, it also faces some challenges in widespread adoption related to high upfront installation costs and the need for battery storage. The document aims to address common myths about solar energy and provide facts about solar panel technology and usage. It outlines how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity and provides statistics on solar energy production and costs in homes. Overall, the document presents an overview of solar energy as a viable non-polluting alternative to fossil fuels.
This document provides information about solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from the sun's thermonuclear fusion reactions. Solar radiation that reaches the Earth is called insolation. Solar energy can be used to generate heat and electricity. Methods of harnessing solar energy include solar thermal technologies like solar water and space heating, and generating electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrating solar power plants. Developing solar power in Pakistan has advantages like being pollution-free and suitable for remote areas not connected to the national power grid, though initial costs and reliance only during daylight hours are disadvantages.
- The document discusses various topics related to solar energy including measurements of solar radiation, solar collectors, solar thermal applications, solar photovoltaic conversion, and solar cells.
- It describes different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors that are used to harness solar energy for thermal applications and power generation.
- The document also explains the fundamentals of converting solar radiation directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells and discusses solar PV power generation and applications.
This document summarizes different renewable energy sources including hydroelectric, wind, tidal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, and biogas power systems. For hydroelectric power, it describes the basic components and layout of hydroelectric dams as well as how water is used to spin turbines and generate electricity. For wind power, it discusses how wind turbines convert kinetic energy from the wind into electrical energy. It also summarizes the basic components and functioning of tidal, solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, geothermal, and biogas power generation systems.
The document discusses solar energy as a renewable and sustainable source of energy. It notes that solar energy can be used to generate both heat and electricity. While solar power has several benefits, it also faces some challenges in widespread adoption related to high upfront installation costs and the need for battery storage. The document aims to address common myths about solar energy and provide facts about solar panel technology and usage. It outlines how solar panels work to convert sunlight into electricity and provides statistics on solar energy production and costs in homes. Overall, the document presents an overview of solar energy as a viable non-polluting alternative to fossil fuels.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
Solar water pumping systems use solar panels to generate electricity to power water pumps. There are two main types: battery-based systems which store solar-generated electricity in batteries to power pumps day or night, and solar-direct systems which pump water directly from solar power during the day and store excess water for use at night. Key components include solar panels, controllers, pumps, batteries (for battery systems), and water storage tanks. Proper system sizing requires considering daily water needs, pumping head, and other installation details. Solar water pumping provides a low-cost renewable option for remote and agricultural water needs.
Renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and tidal offer sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight into electricity and are used in applications from small calculators to powering entire homes. A photovoltaic module is made up of connected solar cells that generate direct current electricity from light, with multiple modules combined in an array to form a photovoltaic system. These systems can include battery storage to provide reliable electric power around the clock.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
solar power system parts and working of solar water heaterlee shin
Solar is one of he renewable energy which is being in use in our daily basis. the slides in here presents the basic part of the solar power system and working of solar water heaters
Unit-I provides an introduction to renewable energy. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources that regenerate over human timescales, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy technologies harness these resources to generate electricity and fuels. The document then discusses the need for renewable energy due to limitations of conventional sources. It outlines various renewable energy types, including solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and ocean energy. Storage devices like capacitors and batteries are also introduced. The document concludes with sections on photocatalytic water splitting, microgrids, and references.
This document discusses various types of non-conventional energy sources, with a focus on solar energy. It describes different solar energy collection technologies like flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate and fluid tubes enclosed in an insulated casing to transfer solar heat. Focusing collectors use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller receiver area, achieving higher temperatures. Examples of focusing collectors are parabolic troughs, dishes, and power towers which can generate electricity at utility scale. The document also outlines the components of solar thermal systems and provides an overview of solar energy applications.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into useful forms of energy, such as heat, light, and electricity. Solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion reactions on the sun. It consists of radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a variety of ever-improving technologies such as solar heating systems, photovoltaics, and solar thermal energy. While solar energy has disadvantages related to cost, location, reliability, and inefficiency, it is a renewable source that can help reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources if adopted more widely.
This document summarizes a student project on a solar power plant. It discusses:
1. The history of solar power, including Charles Fritts inventing the first solar cell in the 1880s and the first solar cell capable of powering electrical equipment being developed by Bell Labs scientists in 1954.
2. The two main types of solar power plants - photovoltaic plants that directly convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels, and concentrated solar power plants that use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and heat a fluid to power a turbine.
3. The components of a photovoltaic solar power plant, including solar panels, inverters, batteries, charge controllers, and system balancing components.
The document provides information on solar energy, including its basic principles, construction, types, and applications. It discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal or photovoltaic means. The key components of a solar energy system are the solar panel, which collects sunlight and converts it to electricity via solar cells, and related devices like inverters. Solar radiation is analyzed based on factors like latitude, declination, and hour angle to optimize solar panel positioning.
1981: A 90.4-kW PV system was dedicated at Lovington Square Shopping Center (New Mexico) using Solar Power Corp. modules. A 97.6-kW PV system was dedicated at Beverly High School in Beverly, Massachusetts, using Solar Power Corp. modules. An 8-kW PV-powered (Mobil Solar), reverse-osmosis desalination facility was dedicated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs. David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells." 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory by President George Bush. 1993: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF), opened in Golden, Colorado. 1996: The U.S. Department of Energy announces the National Center for Photovoltaics, headquartered in Golden, Colorado.
This document provides an overview of solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and consists of radiant light and heat. It also discusses different types of solar radiation and how solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, and generating electricity through solar thermal technologies and photovoltaic cells. The document also discusses current and future prospects of solar power development in Pakistan.
The document discusses solar energy, including its various forms and applications. It provides information on:
1) The different types of solar energy including thermal, electric, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and discusses technologies like solar water heaters, solar cells, and solar cookers.
2) How solar cells work, including the photovoltaic effect and formation of electrons when photons strike silicon.
3) Components of flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal collectors and materials used.
4) Performance analysis of solar collectors and factors that determine useful heat gain.
5) Current status of solar energy in India and its potential for meeting energy demands.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
what is solar energy definition
10 advantages of solar energy
what is solar energy kids
what is solar energy system
what is solar power definition
facts about solar energy
use of solar energy
solar energy information
interesting civil engineering topics
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This document provides an introduction to solar water pumping systems. It discusses the typical components of these systems including solar panels and pumps. Two common configurations are described - battery-based systems which store solar energy in batteries and solar-direct systems which pump water directly from solar power. Block diagrams are presented to illustrate how each system works. Considerations for installing a system like panel orientation and site selection are covered. Applications like agriculture, homes, and villages are listed. The conclusion discusses the cost competitiveness of solar pumping now and in the future.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
This document provides an introduction to solar water pumping systems. It describes the typical components, which include solar panels to generate direct current electricity and pumps, either centrifugal or submersible, to pump water. The document outlines the two basic types of systems - battery-based systems, which store solar energy in batteries, and solar direct systems, which pump water directly from solar power without batteries. It provides block diagrams of both types of systems and describes how they work. The document also discusses considerations for installing a solar water pumping system and provides examples of applications.
A photovoltaic cell, or solar cell, converts sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells are made of semiconducting materials like silicon that produce electricity when struck by photons. In a solar cell, photons excite electrons in the material, allowing them to flow through an external circuit and produce a current. Solar cells are combined into solar panels or modules that provide higher voltages suitable for consumer applications. Proper sizing of solar PV systems involves determining power demands, sizing PV modules to meet those demands, selecting an appropriately sized inverter, and choosing battery capacity based on energy needs and days of autonomy required.
Solar water pumping systems use solar panels to generate electricity to power water pumps. There are two main types: battery-based systems which store solar-generated electricity in batteries to power pumps day or night, and solar-direct systems which pump water directly from solar power during the day and store excess water for use at night. Key components include solar panels, controllers, pumps, batteries (for battery systems), and water storage tanks. Proper system sizing requires considering daily water needs, pumping head, and other installation details. Solar water pumping provides a low-cost renewable option for remote and agricultural water needs.
Renewable energy resources like solar, wind, and tidal offer sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Photovoltaic cells directly convert sunlight into electricity and are used in applications from small calculators to powering entire homes. A photovoltaic module is made up of connected solar cells that generate direct current electricity from light, with multiple modules combined in an array to form a photovoltaic system. These systems can include battery storage to provide reliable electric power around the clock.
Solar power plants can generate electricity either directly using photovoltaic cells or indirectly using concentrated solar power that heats a liquid to power steam turbines. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid for steam generation. Photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Solar power has advantages of no fuel costs or pollution but higher initial costs than other technologies.
solar power system parts and working of solar water heaterlee shin
Solar is one of he renewable energy which is being in use in our daily basis. the slides in here presents the basic part of the solar power system and working of solar water heaters
Unit-I provides an introduction to renewable energy. It defines renewable energy as energy from natural resources that regenerate over human timescales, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy technologies harness these resources to generate electricity and fuels. The document then discusses the need for renewable energy due to limitations of conventional sources. It outlines various renewable energy types, including solar, wind, biomass, hydropower, geothermal, and ocean energy. Storage devices like capacitors and batteries are also introduced. The document concludes with sections on photocatalytic water splitting, microgrids, and references.
This document discusses various types of non-conventional energy sources, with a focus on solar energy. It describes different solar energy collection technologies like flat plate collectors and focusing collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate and fluid tubes enclosed in an insulated casing to transfer solar heat. Focusing collectors use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller receiver area, achieving higher temperatures. Examples of focusing collectors are parabolic troughs, dishes, and power towers which can generate electricity at utility scale. The document also outlines the components of solar thermal systems and provides an overview of solar energy applications.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into useful forms of energy, such as heat, light, and electricity. Solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion reactions on the sun. It consists of radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using a variety of ever-improving technologies such as solar heating systems, photovoltaics, and solar thermal energy. While solar energy has disadvantages related to cost, location, reliability, and inefficiency, it is a renewable source that can help reduce dependence on non-renewable energy sources if adopted more widely.
This document summarizes a student project on a solar power plant. It discusses:
1. The history of solar power, including Charles Fritts inventing the first solar cell in the 1880s and the first solar cell capable of powering electrical equipment being developed by Bell Labs scientists in 1954.
2. The two main types of solar power plants - photovoltaic plants that directly convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels, and concentrated solar power plants that use mirrors to concentrate sunlight and heat a fluid to power a turbine.
3. The components of a photovoltaic solar power plant, including solar panels, inverters, batteries, charge controllers, and system balancing components.
The document provides information on solar energy, including its basic principles, construction, types, and applications. It discusses how solar energy can be used to generate electricity through thermal or photovoltaic means. The key components of a solar energy system are the solar panel, which collects sunlight and converts it to electricity via solar cells, and related devices like inverters. Solar radiation is analyzed based on factors like latitude, declination, and hour angle to optimize solar panel positioning.
1981: A 90.4-kW PV system was dedicated at Lovington Square Shopping Center (New Mexico) using Solar Power Corp. modules. A 97.6-kW PV system was dedicated at Beverly High School in Beverly, Massachusetts, using Solar Power Corp. modules. An 8-kW PV-powered (Mobil Solar), reverse-osmosis desalination facility was dedicated in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. 1984: The IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Award was presented to Drs. David Carlson and Christopher Wronski at the 17th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, "for crucial contributions to the use of amorphous silicon in low-cost, high-performance photovoltaic solar cells." 1991: The Solar Energy Research Institute was redesignated as the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory by President George Bush. 1993: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Solar Energy Research Facility (SERF), opened in Golden, Colorado. 1996: The U.S. Department of Energy announces the National Center for Photovoltaics, headquartered in Golden, Colorado.
This document provides an overview of solar energy. It discusses that solar energy originates from thermonuclear fusion in the sun and consists of radiant light and heat. It also discusses different types of solar radiation and how solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, and generating electricity through solar thermal technologies and photovoltaic cells. The document also discusses current and future prospects of solar power development in Pakistan.
The document discusses solar energy, including its various forms and applications. It provides information on:
1) The different types of solar energy including thermal, electric, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and discusses technologies like solar water heaters, solar cells, and solar cookers.
2) How solar cells work, including the photovoltaic effect and formation of electrons when photons strike silicon.
3) Components of flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal collectors and materials used.
4) Performance analysis of solar collectors and factors that determine useful heat gain.
5) Current status of solar energy in India and its potential for meeting energy demands.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis. It is an important source of renewable energy and its technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power.
what is solar energy definition
10 advantages of solar energy
what is solar energy kids
what is solar energy system
what is solar power definition
facts about solar energy
use of solar energy
solar energy information
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
This document provides an introduction to solar water pumping systems. It discusses the typical components of these systems including solar panels and pumps. Two common configurations are described - battery-based systems which store solar energy in batteries and solar-direct systems which pump water directly from solar power. Block diagrams are presented to illustrate how each system works. Considerations for installing a system like panel orientation and site selection are covered. Applications like agriculture, homes, and villages are listed. The conclusion discusses the cost competitiveness of solar pumping now and in the future.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
This document provides an introduction to solar water pumping systems. It describes the typical components, which include solar panels to generate direct current electricity and pumps, either centrifugal or submersible, to pump water. The document outlines the two basic types of systems - battery-based systems, which store solar energy in batteries, and solar direct systems, which pump water directly from solar power without batteries. It provides block diagrams of both types of systems and describes how they work. The document also discusses considerations for installing a solar water pumping system and provides examples of applications.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
Trichogramma spp. is an efficient egg parasitoids that potentially assist to manage the insect-pests from the field condition by parasiting the host eggs. To mass culture this egg parasitoids effectively, we need to culture another stored grain pest- Rice Meal Moth (Corcyra Cephalonica). After rearing this pest, the eggs of Corcyra will carry the potential Trichogramma spp., which is an Hymenopteran Wasp. The detailed Methodologies of rearing both Corcyra Cephalonica and Trichogramma spp. have described on this ppt.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
(Q)SAR Assessment Framework: Guidance for Assessing (Q)SAR Models and Predict...hannahthabet
The webinar provided an overview of the new OECD (Q)SAR Assessment Framework for evaluating the scientific validity of (Q)SAR models, predictions, and results from multiple predictions. The QAF provides assessment elements for existing principles for evaluating models, as well as new principles for evaluating predictions and results. In addition to the principles, assessment elements, and guidance for evaluating each element, the QAF includes a checklist for reporting assessments.
This new Framework provides regulators with a consistent and transparent approach for reviewing the use of (Q)SAR predictions in a regulatory context and increases the confidence to accept alternative methods for evaluating chemical hazards. The OECD worked closely together with the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy) and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), supported by a variety of international experts to develop a checklist of criteria and guidance for evaluating each criterion. The aim of the QAF is to help establish confidence in the use of (Q)SARs in evaluating chemical safety, and was designed to be applicable irrespective of the modelling technique used to build the model, the predicted endpoint, and the intended regulatory purpose.
The webinar provided an overview of the project and presented the main aspects of the framework for assessing models and results based on individual or multiple predictions.
2. SOLAR ENERGY
A FEW FACTS
• Every day the earth receives thousands of times more
energy from the sun than is consumed in all other
resources.
• If a 140x140 mile parcel of land in Arizona was covered
with solar cells, the electricity needs of the entire United
States could be met.
• The sunlight falling on a typical house can provide from
1/3 to 1/2 of the heating needs of that house.
• Today solar energy accounts for only 1% of the total
renewable energy consumed in the United States
3. Characteristics of Isolation
• Isolation is the amount of solar
radiation reaching the earth.
Also called Incident Solar
Radiation.
• The sun’s energy is created
from the fusion of hydrogen
nuclei into helium nuclei.
• Components of Solar Radiation:
Direct radiation
Diffuse radiation
Reflect radiation
4. SOLAR HEATING TODAY
• Used mostly for
heating pools and
domestic hot water
(DHW)
• Two types of solar
heating systems:
Active Solar Heating
System
Passive Solar Heating
System
5. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING
SYSTEM
• A system that uses
water or air that the
sun has heated and
is then circulated by a
fan or pump.
• Three Types:
Flat Plate Collectors
Batch Water Heaters
Thermosiphon
6. FLAT PLATE COLLECTORS
• A thin flat metal plate is
used to absorb the sun’s
radiation.
• Tubes carry water into
the absorber plate where
it is heated by the sun
and sent to a pump or
fan into storage and
distributed from there to
the living space.
7. BATCH WATER HEATERS
• Pre-heats water using the
sun by having a black
tank inside an isolated
box with a glass cover.
• Solar energy is absorbed
within the box to heat the
water.
• The water outflow is sent
into a conventional water
heater for further
heating.
• They are also called
“Bread-Box” heaters.
8. THERMOSIPHEN
• This method places the
storage tank above the
solar collector.
• Cold water is put into the
bottom of the storage
tank where it is circulated
through a flat plate
collector and pumped
back into the top of the
storage tank. The heated
water can then be taken
from the top and used.
9. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
SYSTEMS
• The house itself acts as the solar collector and
storage facility.
• No pumps or fans are used.
• This system makes use of the materials of the
house to store and absorb heat.
• Three Types:
Direct-Gain
Indirect-Gain
Attached Greenhouse
10. DIRECT-GAIN
• Large south facing
windows that let in
the sunlight.
• Thermal mass is used
to absorb the
radiation.
• At night the absorbed
heat is radiated back
into the living space.
11. INDIRECT-GAIN
• Collects and stores the
solar energy in one part
of the house and use
natural heat transfer to
distribute heat to the rest
of the house.
• Popular method is to use
a Trombe Wall which is a
massive black masonry
that acts as a solar
collector and a heat
storage medium.
12. ATTACHED GREENHOUSE
• Uses a combination of
Direct and Indirect-Gain
systems that use water
drums and a masonry
floor as heat storage in
the attached greenhouse.
• Thermosiphoning can use
direct-gain from the flow
of air created by the
difference in pressure
between the less dense
warmer air of the room
and the cooler air near
the ground.
13. THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
• Solar energy heating systems must be able to
store energy for night time use and for cloudy
days. Different materials absorb different
amounts of heat.
• Depending on the weather and the amount of
thermal energy stored will determine how long a
house can continue to be heated by the stored
solar energy.
• Phase-change material can be used to add
additional heat to the living space.
15. Photovoltaic Cells use in
Energy Production
•How cells are built
•The Photoelectric Effect
•Pros and Cons of PV
16. 4 types of PV cells
• Selective – Emitter Cell (SEC)
• Emitter wrap- through cells (EWC)
• Thin Film Photovoltaic
• Single Crystal Silicon Cells
17. Single-Crystal Silicon Cell
Construction
• The majority of PV cells in use are the single-crystal silicon type.
• Silica (SiO2) is the compound used to make the cells. It is first
refined and purified, then melted down and re-solidified so that it
can be arranged in perfect wafers for electric conduction. These
wafers are very thin.
• The wafers then have either Phosphorous or Boron added to make
each wafer either a negative type layer or a positive type layer
respectively. Used together these two types treated of crystalline
silicon form the p-n junction which is the heart of the solar–
electrical reaction.
• Many of these types of cells are joined together to make arrays, the
size of each array is dependant upon the amount of sunlight in a
given area.
18. How Does A Cell Become A Module?
• A solar cell is the basic building
block of a PV system.
• A typical cell produces .5 to 1V of
electricity.
• Solar cells are combined together
to become modules or if large
enough, known as an array.
• A structure to point the modules
towards the sun is necessary, as
well as electricity converters,
which convert DC power to AC.
• All of these components allow the
system to power a water pump,
appliances, commercial sites, or
even a whole community.
19. The Photoelectric Effect
The photoelectric effect relies on
the principle that whenever light
strikes the surface of certain metals
electrons are released.
In the p-n junction the n-type wafer
treated with phosphorus has extra
electrons which flow into the holes
in the p-type layer that has been
treated with boron.
Connected by an external circuit
electrons flow from the n-side to
create electricity and end up in the
p-side.
20. Photoelectric Effect
A picture of an typical silicon PV cell
Now a short video:
http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/multimedia.html
21. • Sunlight is the catalyst of the reaction.
• The output current of this reaction is DC (direct) and the
amount of energy produced is directly proportional to the
amount of sunlight put in.
• Cells only have an average efficiency of 30%
22. Pros and Cons of Solar Electricity
• Expensive to produce because of the high cost of semi- conducting
materials, which could be avoided by reducing manufacturing costs. The
PV Manufacturing Research and Development Project focuses on increasing
manufacturing capacity so that the cost of manufacturing will decrease.
They aim to achieve break even costs.
• However, solar energy contributes positively to the nation’s energy security
because it is produced domestically, reducing reliance on energy imports.
• The industry is still relatively new and extremely hi tech allowing for the
creation of more jobs in the American market.
• The government has many incentives program which vary from state to
state, but they exist to encourage investment in forms of alternative energy.
• Does not require the transportation of hazardous materials across country.
• Sunlight is a free abundant source!
23. Pros and Cons cont.
• PV can be designed for a variety of
applications
• No noise or air pollution
• Require minimal maintenance and have
long service life times.
• Power can be either centralized in
individual homes or distributed by
electrical companies.
24. How PV Systems Work
Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
Grid-connected
25. BREAKDOWN
• PV systems are like any other electrical power generating systems, except
the equipment used to generate the power is different.
• Specific components required, and may include major components such as
a DC-AC power inverter, batteries, auxiliary energy sources, sometimes the
specified electrical load (appliances), wiring, surge protection and other
hardware.
• Batteries are often used in PV systems for the purpose of storing energy
produced by the PV array during the day, and to supply it to electrical loads
as needed (during the night and periods of cloudy weather). Also to keep
the system at full operational power
26.
27. Grid-connected or Utility-Connected
• Grid-connected or utility-interactive PV systems are designed to operate in
parallel with and interconnected with the electric utility grid.
• These system contain an inverter, called a power conditioning unit (PCU)
which converts the DC power produced by the PV array into AC power
consistent with the voltage and power quality requirements of the utility
grid.
• A bi-directional interface allows the AC power produced by the PV system to
either supply personal electrical loads, or return power back to the grid
when the PV system output is greater than the personal demand.
28.
29. Stand-Alone PV Systems
• Stand-alone PV systems are designed to operate independent of the electric
utility grid
• Supply DC and/or AC electrical loads
• The simplest type of stand-alone PV system is a direct-coupled system,
where the DC output of a PV module or array is directly connected to a DC
load
• Since there are no batteries involved in direct load systems, stand-alone PV
systems are suitable for such processes as heating and pumping water,
ventilation fans, etc…Although they can only work in the day.
• Stand-Alone systems may also power AC loads such as batteries. Like the
AC adapter which powers your laptop.
30.
31. The Grid and All of It’s Glory
• Net metering allows a home or business owner to sell electricity generated
by PV modules to the utility grid. This benefits both the consumer, and in
some cases the utility.
• The electric meter will run backward when there is an excess of electricity
needed to power a building.
• A safety measure cuts off the PV system from the grid in case of an
emergency.
• At the End of the Month, the Consumer will reek the benefits.
32. Benefits to The Economy, Environment, You,
and Me
• Americans yearn for reliable,
clean, abundant, affordable
energy, and safe energy.
• Can prevent catastrophes such as
“the blackout” on Aug 14, 2003.
Businesses are in turn investing in
solar to avoid these instances
• Solar electric power systems can
be easily sited at the point of use
with no environmental impact.
• The current U.S. solar industry
employs some 20,000 men and
women in high-value, high-tech
jobs, representing about 300
companies, universities, and
utilities
Solar thermal collector shipments surged
34% in 2001 to 11.2 million square feet.
The total revenue for all shipments of solar
thermal collectors was $32.4 million in 2001,
up 18% from 2000.
Nearly 73% of all solar collectors are for
pool-heating applications.
Solar water heaters comprise the remaining
27% of U.S. solar thermal applications.
In 2001, the overall value of PV cell and PV
module shipments rose by 13% to $305
million.
In terms of price per peak megawatt, prices
have remained stable at $2.46 for PV cells
and $3.42 for PV modules.
33. • Photovoltaic (PV) systems—have very little impact on the environment, making
them one of the cleanest power-generating technologies available .
• Solar power produces no air pollution.
• Solar power produces no greenhouse gases, so it does not contribute to global
warming.
34. Production
• Combinations of haz and non-haz
materials + High temperatures = high
environmental cost
• Cost decline as companies depend more
on solar for production of cells/modules
35. Life
• Average 20-30 years
• Efficiency decrease 1% a year.
• Research on manufacturing and output
efficiency and recycling ongoing.
• Payback or energy break even - 15 years.
36. After life
• Waste generation lag due to life of
technology
• Heavy metals and toxic gases produced in
breakdown.
• High temperatures
37. Example of Progressive policy
• EU “End of Life of Vehicles” Policy.
• PV Industry has a pro-active approach to
energy saving/environmental benefit
increase etc.
• Policy can be created like ELV to
encourage manufacturers to incorporate
breakdown into production.
38. Things to consider when looking at
technologies
• Payback or breakeven is important
(Energy produced by technology - energy
used in production <per unit/ unit of
time>)
• Less hazardous materials.
• More easily taken apart if constructed with
several detachable components which
could be recycled or smelted.
39. Solar Energy Organizations
International solar energy society (ISES)
• Founded in 1954
• A UN accredited non-government organization
• Exists in over 50 countries
• Promoting international development of solar
energy
• Holds a biannual solar world congress, the next
will be held next year in Orlando Florida
40. American Solar Energy Society
The American Chapter of the International
Energy Society
-Located in Boulder CO- Nation’s Largest and
Oldest Membership Organization for
Renewable Energy
-Sponsors the National Solar Energy
Conference: Held July 10-14, Portland OR
-Publishes the Bimonthly Magazine Solar Today
-Organizes the Annual National Solar Tour
-Organizes the Solar Action Network
41. • Solar Energy Industries Association
(SEIA)
• -Provides funding and research for solar
advancement technologies
• -Political group that spends much energy lobbying on
behalf of solar power and other renewable resources
• -14 state SEIA Organizations
Solar Energy Business Association of
New England (SEBANE)
• -Centered in Boston, MA; services the entire New
England Area
42. Vermont Based Solar Providers
• Vermont Solar Businesses that are Members of
SEBANE:
• Northern Power Systems
Northern Power Systems designs, builds and installs high
reliability electric power systems. Northern has installed
over 800 systems worldwide in the past 25 years,
earning a reputation for delivering top-quality energy
solutions. Northern provides photovoltaic, wind and
wind/diesel hybrid power for commercial, industrial,
institutional and government clients.
43. Vermont Based Solar Providers
• Solar Works, Inc.
Since 1980, Solar Works, Inc., has provided renewable energy services and
equipment to government agencies, utilities, private businesses,
homeowners, and not-for-profit organizations in the United States and
overseas. As a full-service renewable energy firm, Solar Works maintains
sales offices in California, Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Our
experience includes: program development, project management, and the
design and installation of Photovoltaic (Solar Electric or PV) Systems, Solar
Thermal Systems (both active and passive), High-efficiency Lighting and
Heating systems, and small-scale Wind Turbines.
44. Vermont Based Solar Companies
• Sunnyside Solar, Inc.
Sunnyside Solar, Inc. is a full service photovoltaic company
specializing in line-tie and stand alone photovoltaic systems. Design,
& engineering, equipment sales, full service & installation
capabilities. Educational programs seminars and workshops.
Sunnyside Solar, Inc. The gentle electric company. We bring good
things from light!
Sunrise Solar Service
Sunrise Solar Service installs, sells, and services domestic hot water
systems, pool heating, water pumping, lighting systems, and system
components and supplies.
46. Contact Information
• Northern Power Systems
Jito Coleman
President
P.O. Box 999
182 Mad River Park
Waitsfield, VT 05673-0999
• Solar Works, Inc.
Leigh Seddon
President
64 Main Street
Montpelier, VT 05602
• Sunnyside Solar, Inc.
Richard Gottlieb
1014 Green River Road
Guilford, VT 05301-8117
• Sunrise Solar Service
Ed Butler
P.O. Box 129
454 Hunt Road
Randolph, VT 05060