Oceans
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Over 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with 95% being salt water and only 5% fresh water. The world's oceans are interconnected and divided into the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic oceans. Tides occur twice daily due to gravitational pulls from the moon and sun, with the moon having a stronger effect. Ocean currents include surface currents in the upper 400 meters and deep water currents driven by temperature and salinity differences that cause density variations and sinking in cold regions. Currents are influenced by primary forces like heating, winds, and gravity and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect that cause surface currents to flow and gyres to form in ocean basins.
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Ocean Currents 1
Ocean currents exist to help balance the Earth's uneven heating by the Sun. The Sun deposits most of its energy at the equator, so atmospheric circulation and ocean currents transfer heat from the equator toward the poles. Winds drive 80% of this redistribution, while ocean currents account for 20%. Surface ocean currents form circular gyre patterns in ocean basins, driven by subtropical high pressure systems, and affect the locations of deserts on western continents in the Southern Hemisphere. Deep ocean currents also circulate heat but over much longer timescales of around 1,000 years.
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Ocean currents are influenced by factors like the sun, wind, Coriolis effect, and gravity. Warm currents generally flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward it. The sun heats water in the tropics, making it less dense and causing it to rise and flow poleward. Wind pushes surface water and the Coriolis effect causes it to curve, forming giant circular gyres in ocean basins. Examples are the Gulf Stream, which brings warmer water to northwest Europe. Upwelling occurs when offshore winds pull surface waters, causing deeper cold water to rise.
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Ocean currents are driven by factors like the sun, wind, gravity and the Coriolis effect. Warm currents flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward it. Surface currents are caused by wind patterns and form circular ocean gyres, while deep water currents are driven by differences in water density related to temperature and salinity. Major currents like the Gulf Stream transport heat around the oceans and influence global climate patterns.
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4. Ocean Current Notes
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents in the upper 400m and deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean. Surface currents are driven primarily by solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. These primary forces start the water moving and secondary forces like the Coriolis effect influence the direction of currents. Gyres are formed from the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents. Deep water circulation occurs in cold, salty waters and drives the global thermohaline circulation.
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The document summarizes three ways that water can be moved on Earth: waves, currents, and tides. Waves are caused by wind moving across water and come in the form of crests and troughs, including tsunamis from earthquakes or landslides. Currents are streams of water that flow through the ocean due to the movement of the Earth, winds, and rotation, transporting warm and cold water to different regions. Tides are rises and falls in sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon, which bulges the ocean facing it, resulting in high and low tides about twice a day.
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The document summarizes key concepts about motion in the ocean including waves, tides, and currents. It describes how waves are caused by wind and other disturbances, and the characteristics of different types of waves like chop, swell, and tsunamis. It explains how tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the sun and moon, and details the differences between spring, neap, perigeal, and apogee tides. It also discusses the causes and effects of various surface and deep ocean currents like the Gulf Stream and how the Coriolis effect influences their direction of flow.
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Ocean currents are large-scale circulation patterns in the ocean driven by factors like winds, solar heating, and water density differences from temperature and salinity changes. Major current systems include subtropical gyres in each ocean basin characterized by warm equatorial currents, western boundary currents, and eastern return flows. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is a continuous current that circles Antarctica. Thermohaline circulation involves deep water formation and global overturning. Surface currents redistribute heat globally while deep currents transport nutrients and oxygen. Currents influence climate, marine life distributions, and biogeochemical cycles.
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Here is another creative presentation by your slide maker on the topic "OCEAN CURRENTS OF THE WORLD". Hope you like it. If you like it then please, *like*, *Download* and *Share*.
By- Slide_maker4u (Abhishek Sharma)
*******For presentation Orders, contact me on the Email addresses Written below********
Email- Sharmaabhishek576@gmail.com
or
Sharmacomputers87@gmail.com
*******THANK YOU***************
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The document discusses the major types of ocean water movements: waves, tides, and ocean currents. Waves and currents are horizontal movements caused by wind and other forces, while tides are vertical movements caused by gravitational forces from the sun and moon. Key points covered include the causes and impacts of each type of movement, such as how tides are important for navigation and fisheries and currents influence climate. Ocean movements play a crucial role in distributing heat around the planet.
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Ocean waves are formed by wind blowing over water, with wavelength being the horizontal distance between wave crests and wave height being the vertical distance between crest and trough. Breakers occur when the top of a wave moves faster than the bottom, causing it to collapse. Tides are large gravitational waves caused by the moon and sun, with high tide occurring when the tidal crest reaches shore and low tide when the trough arrives, and tidal range referring to the difference between high and low tide levels. Tidal bores can form when a rising tide enters a narrow river from a wider sea area.
Surface currents
Surface currents in the oceans are caused by wind blowing over the water and the Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect causes wind-driven surface waters to curve clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere, forming massive circular gyre systems in the major ocean basins. These wind patterns and the Coriolis effect result in western boundary currents along the western edges of oceans that are stronger than the eastern boundary currents along eastern edges due to increased Coriolis effect at higher latitudes, such as the Gulf Stream current.
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Major ocean currents include surface currents driven by wind and deep currents caused by density differences related to water temperature and salinity. Surface currents circulate near the ocean surface and influence climate regions, with warm currents making areas warmer and wetter. Deep currents circulate thermal energy and nutrients globally. The Coriolis effect causes surface currents to curve right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere. Upwelling occurs when wind moves surface water and deeper cold water rises to the surface, bringing nutrients. The Great Ocean Conveyor Belt model describes the large-scale ocean circulation system that transfers thermal energy around the world through sinking and upwelling of waters.
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Ocean currents play an important role in redistributing heat around the globe. They transfer warm water towards the poles and cool water towards the equator, making sure temperatures remain balanced. Ocean currents are driven by thermohaline circulation, where differences in water density due to temperature and salinity cause convection currents. Major currents like the Gulf Stream can flow for thousands of kilometers and have a significant impact on nearby climates, such as northwest Europe which is warmer than expected for its northern latitude due to the Gulf Stream.
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Hurricanes are tropical cyclones that form over warm ocean waters between 5 and 30 degrees north or south of the equator. For a hurricane to form, certain conditions must exist including low to medium winds blowing in the same direction, ocean surface temperatures over 80 degrees F down to 150 feet deep, and a moist lower atmosphere. Hurricanes form as the warm, moist air over the ocean rises, condenses to form clouds and water vapor, and rotates due to the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation, fueling the storm through this cyclical process and gaining energy from the sun-heated ocean waters.
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Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
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Ocean currents are driven by both wind at the surface and density differences in deep water. Surface currents move large amounts of heat and water around the world's oceans. Below the surface, thermohaline circulation involves the slow movement of dense water masses that sink and flow horizontally, driven by differences in water density due to temperature and salinity. Together, surface and deep ocean currents form the global conveyor belt that redistributes heat around the planet.
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Ocean currents move vast amounts of water around the globe and play an important role in transporting organisms, nutrients, and pollutants. There are three main types of currents: surface currents driven by wind, thermohaline circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences, and wind-driven upwelling where wind causes deeper water to rise. Surface currents form massive circular gyres in each ocean basin and eddies that transport materials to new areas, while thermohaline circulation drives a global conveyor belt of water movement.
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Ocean circulation is driven by two main forces - gravitation and solar radiation. Surface currents are influenced by global wind patterns and the Coriolis effect, forming large gyres in each ocean basin. Deep ocean circulation, called thermohaline circulation, is driven by differences in water density from temperature and salinity changes. It involves slow movement of deep water masses and accounts for 90% of ocean water movement. Major currents include the Gulf Stream and Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Marine Ocean Current Notes
There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents, which comprise 10% of ocean water in the upper 400m, and deep water currents, which make up 90% of ocean water. Ocean currents are driven by primary forces like solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect, as well as secondary forces that influence current direction. The Coriolis effect causes currents to veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Gyres are formed by the interaction of winds and the Coriolis effect, creating circular ocean currents.
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L1 introduction to oceans
The document discusses the key characteristics of the world's oceans. It notes that the oceans cover 97% of the planet's water and consist of the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans. Ocean currents are driven by both wind at the surface and density differences deeper down, and have a major influence on global climate by transporting heat around the world. Surface currents form giant circular gyres in each ocean basin due to wind patterns and the Coriolis effect.
There are two types of currents in the ocean1) surface curre.docx
There are two types of currents in the ocean:
1) surface currents move the water above the pycnocline
a) ≈ 10% of the ocean
b) horizontal motion
c) wind powered = solar powered
2) thermohaline = deep currents move the water below the pycnoline (zone of rapid change of water density)
a) ≈ 90% of the ocean
b) horizontal and vertical motion
c) density driven
density depends temperature and salinity
these are also solar powered
3) these two sets of current are interconnected
Chapter 7 – Ocean Circulation
Surface currents are moved by friction between the surface winds and the water surface = wind driven.
max speed is 3% of wind speed
Since winds are solar powered,
surface currents are solar powered.
The overall pattern of surface currents is controlled by the Coriolis effect, gravity, and the shape of the ocean basin.
Like Fig 7.7, p. 205
Ekman Transport – the net (or average) motion of wind driven water, is 90° to the direction of the wind. In a perfect world, this movement is:
90° to the right in the Northern Hemisphere,
90° to the left in the Southern Hemisphere, WHY?...........the Coriolis Effect
Fig. 9-, p. 236
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
wind direction
wind-driven water movement (Ekman Transport)
The Westerlies (30° - 60°) and the Trade Winds (0° – 30°) are the strongest winds,* and are the
main winds causing ocean currents!
Largest change in temperature causes the strongest wind!
Remember, according to Ekman Transport, wind - driven water moves 90° to the wind direction.
In the northern hemisphere, the Westerlies tends to move water southeast, while the Trade winds move water northwest!
The movement of wind-driven water can be described with a vector = an arrow pointing in the direction of travel and scaled to the speed.
This vector can be broken up into a component moving toward the edge of the ocean and a component moving toward the center of the ocean.
wind direction water movement
vectors of water movement
The water moving east or west (toward the edge of the basin) bounces
off of the land.
In the northern hemisphere,
the water
current
turns right!
Current bounces off land
Current bounces off land
Subtropical Convergence = a short (≈ 6.5 feet tall) hill of water formed when part of the wind blow water moves to the center of the ocean basin.
Can water stand in a hill?
No!
Gravity works to move the water back downhill.
BUT the wind is still working to push water uphill again
So – The winds build the hill taller, and
The taller the hill the more gravity pulls the water back downhill
The hill continues to grow until wind driven Coriolis deflected motion in = gravity driven motion out.
Then – only the circular movement around the edge of the hill is left.
THIS IS THE SURFACE CURRENT!
Garrison, 2009, Essentials of Oceanography
Under the hill of wa ...
How waves, tides and currents are formed ?
This document discusses waves, currents, tides and how they are formed. It explains that waves are created by energy passing through water and are caused by wind or disturbances like storms, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. Currents are driven by factors like wind, density differences, gravity and tides. There are surface currents in the top layers and deep currents caused by temperature and salinity differences. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon which bulges the Earth's oceans on the side facing the moon and opposite the moon, creating high and low tides as the Earth rotates.
HYDROSPHERE-2.pptx
The document discusses the hydrosphere, which is the total amount of water on a planet. It includes water on the surface, underground, and in the air. On Earth, the hydrosphere includes oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice caps, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Water moves through the hydrosphere via the water cycle of evaporation, precipitation, and collection. The hydrosphere plays an important role in maintaining Earth's atmosphere and climate.
Current slideshow
This document discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by temperature and salinity differences. It explains that surface waters are well-mixed to 100m depth, below which density changes rapidly due to temperature decreases. Latitude also affects density, with warmer, lower salinity water at the equator being less dense than cooler, higher salinity water at 30 and 60 degrees latitude. Thermohaline circulation refers to global-scale density-driven vertical circulation controlled by temperature and salinity. Gyres are large circular ocean currents driven by winds and the Coriolis effect. Different ocean basins have varying circulation patterns influenced by factors like incoming rivers and surrounding land masses.
a7kXImOPZCYbj5962SdaKwzrsdGjXqauxsBW6lJn (1) (1) (1) (1).pptx
This presentation discusses the causes and types of ocean currents. It begins by defining ocean currents as masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another. The main causes are then outlined as solar heating, wind, gravity, salinity, temperature, the Coriolis effect, and underwater earthquakes. The presentation goes on to describe different types of currents including surface vs deep currents, upwelling vs downwelling currents, and western vs eastern boundary currents. Western boundary currents are faster and move warm water poleward while eastern boundary currents are slower and transport colder water toward the equator.
ocean water
This document discusses several topics related to oceanography: 1) It describes how ocean currents are influenced by winds, the Coriolis effect, and continents. 2) It explains how density currents cause ocean water below the surface to circulate. 3) It defines parts of a wave and describes how waves are created by wind energy and gravitational forces.
Ocean properties compilation
El Niño is a periodic warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every 2-7 years. It causes changes to weather patterns around the world like droughts. Ocean currents are driven by factors like wind and the Coriolis effect. The ocean can be divided into layers with different temperatures and pressures. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun. They have high and low phases. Salinity measures the salt content in ocean water, which is mostly sodium chloride. Evaporites form when minerals precipitate out of waters with high salinity in areas with high evaporation rates.
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - OCEAN CURRENTS
1. Ocean currents are large-scale circular movements of ocean water generated by forces like wind and temperature differences.
2. Major ocean currents include the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Current which transport warm water from the equator, and cold currents like the Canary and California Currents which flow toward the equator.
3. Ocean currents influence global climate by transporting heat energy and making some coastal regions warmer than expected for their latitude, like northwest Europe due to the Gulf Stream.
Oceanic currents GEography
Ocean currents are formed due to differences in temperature, density, and planetary winds. Warm currents flow away from the equator while cold currents flow toward the equator. In 1992, a strange incident occurred where a ship lost a container of toys in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii. These toys then traveled through the ocean currents, with some reaching Alaska after 10 months and others crossing into the Arctic Ocean by 2000. Ocean currents impact climate by keeping some coastal regions warmer in winter and influencing precipitation levels in other areas. They also concentrate nutrients and plankton which leads to large fishing grounds.
oceancurrent-170430180458.pdf
The document summarizes ocean currents. There are two types of ocean currents: surface currents driven by wind and solar heating in the top 400 meters, and deep water currents below 400 meters driven by water density variations. Surface currents form circular ocean gyres and influence climate by transporting heat. Examples include the Gulf Stream and El Niño/La Niña currents. Deep water currents are less understood and form when surface currents generate upwelling or dense water sinks from cooling or evaporation. Ocean currents significantly impact global and regional climates.
Ocean current
Oceans are a vast body of salt water that covers almost three to fourths of the earth's surface.
Seas are smaller, found on the margins of the ocean and are partially enclosed by land.
Seawater:
High density, high heat capacity, colder, salty and slightly compressible (its volume decreases under pressure), thus its density increases with pressure.
Why is Ocean Circulation Important?
•Similar to winds in the atmosphere, they transfer significant amounts of heat from equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in determining the climates of coastal regions.
•The ocean circulation pattern exchanges water of varying characteristics, such as temperature and salinity
•ocean currents and atmospheric circulation influence one another.
•in addition, they transport nutrients and organisms
Ocean Current for students of class 9 and 10 ICSe board best presentation on ...
The hydrosphere refers to all the water on a planet, including water on the surface, underground, and in the air. On Earth, the hydrosphere includes oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, glaciers, and water vapor in the atmosphere. Water moves through the hydrosphere via the water cycle, evaporating from bodies of water and precipitating as rain or snow before collecting again. The hydrosphere plays an important role in regulating Earth's climate and environment.
Zr
The document discusses various topics related to the water cycle and water on Earth. It explains that fresh water makes up only 3% of the total water on Earth, yet humans use 1% of available fresh water. It also describes the water cycle process whereby water evaporates from lakes and oceans into the air, forms clouds, and falls back to Earth as rain or snow. Additionally, it discusses topics like ground water, glaciers, oceans, currents and tides, waves, and how human activities like pollution and deforestation impact water.
Water & it's circulation
learn about water, water cycles, tsunamis, fresh and saline water, high and low tides and many more valuable knowledge.
Geography chapter water class 7 notes
Three-fourths of the Earth's surface is covered in water, causing it to be called the blue planet. The sun's heat causes the water cycle where water evaporates, rises into clouds, condenses, and falls as precipitation onto land and sea. Most of Earth's water is salty ocean water, while a small portion is fresh water found in rivers, lakes, and glaciers. The ocean contains waves, tides, and currents that cause its waters to constantly move.
Ocean currents
This document discusses ocean currents, including their layers, properties, forces, and major currents in the Atlantic Ocean. It describes three main layers - surface currents in the upper 10% influenced by winds and temperature, a transition layer where temperature and density rapidly change, and deep currents in the lower 90% influenced more by density and gravity. The key forces that drive ocean currents are solar heating, winds, gravity, and the Coriolis effect. It outlines several major Atlantic currents including the Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, and others.
Chemical and physical features of seawater and the
The document summarizes key aspects of ocean water including its unique properties, states, heat absorption, role as a solvent, and composition of seawater. It also discusses ocean circulation patterns driven by wind and thermohaline circulation, as well as waves and tides. Surface currents are formed through wind patterns and deflected by the Coriolis effect, while deep circulation is driven by water density variations from temperature and salinity changes.
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There are two types of currents in the ocean1) surface curre.docx
There are two types of currents in the ocean1) surface curre.docx
a7kXImOPZCYbj5962SdaKwzrsdGjXqauxsBW6lJn (1) (1) (1) (1).pptx
a7kXImOPZCYbj5962SdaKwzrsdGjXqauxsBW6lJn (1) (1) (1) (1).pptx
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - OCEAN CURRENTS
AS GEOGRAPHY - ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - OCEAN CURRENTS
Ocean Current for students of class 9 and 10 ICSe board best presentation on ...
Ocean Current for students of class 9 and 10 ICSe board best presentation on ...
Chemical and physical features of seawater and the
Chemical and physical features of seawater and the
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- 14. This powerpoint was kindly donated to www.worldofteaching.com http://www.worldofteaching.com Is home to well over a thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This a free site. Please visit and I hope it will help in your teaching