3. Observation is getting information about
objects, events, moves, attitudes and phenomena using one
or more senses…
Give an Example
4.
5. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• Scientific observation
• Natural Observation
• Subjective and Objective observation
• Direct and Indirect observation
• Participant and Non Participant observation
• Structured and Unstructured observation
• Controlled and Non Controlled observation
6. Observations
Advantages
• Most direct
measure of
behavior
• Provides direct
information
• Easy to
complete, saves
time
• Can be used in
natural or
experimental
settings
Disadvantages
• May require training
• Observer’s presence may
create artificial situation
• Potential for bias
• Potential to overlook
meaningful aspects
• Potential for
misinterpretation
• Difficult to analyze
7. Recording your observations
It is not good enough to just observe, you
need to record your observations. You might
use:
• Observation guide
• Recording sheet
• Checklist
• Field note
• Picture
• Combination of the above
11. Who observes you ?
• Observation of parents/spouse at home
• Teachers in college
• Observation by your boss/colleagues/subordinates
• Friends at parties
• People in your environment
12. What are you observing?
Self and Client
• In yourself-
• Physical sensation
• Your internal monologue
• Body language
• Congruity/genuineness
• Emotions
13. In your client
Nonverbal communication
1. Facial expression
2. Body language: posture, position changes, hand gestures, head
nodding, rigidity/looseness
3. Proxemics-use of space
4. Paralanguage-tone of voice, volume, pitch, intensity, non word
utterances, patterns of speech
Watch dvd-observe for specific examples
14. Verbal communication
1. Selective attention-what are you predisposed
to hear and focus on?
2. Key words
a. Noticing repetition
b. Noticing emphasized words
3. Concrete vs. abstract
4. “I” vs. “other” statements
15. Conflict, incongruity and discrepancy-138
1. Use of confrontation or challenge can be useful.
2. Is client open to self reflection?
3. Does the client trust you?
16. Encouraging, Paraphrasing, Summarizin
g
Major functions:
1. To convey you have heard and understood
what the client said.
2. To convey you understand the client’s
perspective, their worldview.
Secondary functions:
1. Clarify what was said for the client.
2. Clarify what was said for counselor.
3. Helping client elaborate on the story.
4. To help a rambling client focus.
19. • Observation and Concentration/attention
• Observation and Perception
• Observation and Memory/Retention
• Observation and Behavior
20. Eye accessing cues
• Watching eye movements allows you to discover how
someone is processing information.
• If you know how someone is processing information means
you can adjust your questions and what you are doing to suit
their processing. This helps create greater rapport.
21.
22. • Visual Remembered
• What colour is your front door?
• What colour was your first car?
• What was the brightest colour clothing you wore recently?
• Visual Constructed
• What would an orange square with purple stripes look like?
• What colour hair will you have in 20 years from now?
• What would an elephant with pink polka dots look like?
23. • Kinaesthetic
• What is eating a lemon like?
• What does it feel like to float in the water?
• How does it feel to put your hand in a bucket of water?
24. • Auditory Remembered
• What does a dog barking sound like?
• Listen to your favourite song in your mind
• Tune into the sound of the ocean
25. Auditory Constructed
What would it sound like if I was speaking
underwater
What would it sound like if a lion yodelled?
What would a whistle sound like in space?
Auditory Digital
Say the first lines of the national anthem to
yourself
Recite a nursery rhyme to yourself
What do you say to yourself to psyche
yourself up?
26. Improving Your Observation
• Look at every day life in a clear manner
• Trying to judge people and their perceptions
• Curiosity
• Always trying to ask questions to people or in your mind
• Being open to new experiences
27. • Self-knowledge – accurate
• Willingness to seek the inputs of others.
• Being open to new ideas
• Practicing good listening skills
