This document discusses anaesthetic considerations for morbidly obese patients undergoing non-bariatric surgery. Key points include:
1. Morbid obesity is associated with increased risks for the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and other body systems. It can make airway management more difficult and increase postoperative complications.
2. A thorough pre-anaesthetic assessment is important to evaluate co-morbidities and challenges like reduced lung function. Airway evaluation helps predict intubation difficulty.
3. Techniques like awake fiberoptic intubation and rapid sequence induction may be considered. Maintaining oxygenation during intubation in this high risk group is critical. Close monitoring is needed during and after surgery due to respiratory and
This presentation explains change physiological changes occurs in obesity. Which pre op investigation should be done of those patient before scheduling them for surgery. What in the end anaesthesia consideration of obesity with post op care.
This presentation explains change physiological changes occurs in obesity. Which pre op investigation should be done of those patient before scheduling them for surgery. What in the end anaesthesia consideration of obesity with post op care.
Anaesthetic Management of Elderly PatientsMd Rabiul Alam
The Scopes of the presentations are: Anaesthetic definition of elderly & workload, Brief on age-related changes, Importance of good anaesthetic evaluation, Practice of functional reserve/capacity assessment, Morbidity and Mortality, Decision of Surgery & Planning of Anaesthesia & Perioperative management in nutshell.
In critical care medicine the invasive life saving techniques are often employed and when all goes well such interventions will be withdrawn to all for normal physiology to resume. Identifying this point for safe withdrawal for the resumption of normal respiratory function is of utmost importance.
Anaesthetic Management of Elderly PatientsMd Rabiul Alam
The Scopes of the presentations are: Anaesthetic definition of elderly & workload, Brief on age-related changes, Importance of good anaesthetic evaluation, Practice of functional reserve/capacity assessment, Morbidity and Mortality, Decision of Surgery & Planning of Anaesthesia & Perioperative management in nutshell.
In critical care medicine the invasive life saving techniques are often employed and when all goes well such interventions will be withdrawn to all for normal physiology to resume. Identifying this point for safe withdrawal for the resumption of normal respiratory function is of utmost importance.
Anaesthesia challenges in neonatal emergencies-1.pptxsouravdash24
Neonatal emergencies present unique challenges in anesthesia, requiring specialized knowledge and skills to ensure safe and effective care for these vulnerable patients. This presentation delves into the intricacies of providing anesthesia to neonates in emergency situations, discussing physiological differences, equipment considerations, medication dosages, and monitoring techniques tailored to this population. Explore essential strategies and best practices for managing airway, ventilation, and hemodynamic stability in neonatal emergencies, aiming to optimize outcomes and mitigate risks. Whether you're a seasoned anesthesiologist or a healthcare professional seeking insight into neonatal anesthesia, this presentation offers valuable insights into navigating the complexities of neonatal emergencies with confidence and expertise.
Surgical options for Obstructive sleep apnoea syndromeGirish S
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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6. CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
• Cardiac output increases as much as 20-30 ml/kg of excess
body fat secondary to ventricular dilatation and increasing
stroke volume
• The increased left ventricular wall stress leads to
Hypertrophy
Reduced compliance
Impaired left ventricular filling
Obesity cardiomyopathy
9. RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISEASE
INCREASED INCREASED PULMONARY
DECRESED RESPIRATORY MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW
FUNCTION
DECREASED CHEST WALL DECREASED LUNG
COMPLAINCE, INCREASED COMPLIANCE
ELASTIC RESISTANCE
DECREASED TOTAL RESPIRATORY COMPLAINCE
IN SUPINE POSITION ↓FRC, ↓VC, ↓TLC
Shallow& rapidbreathing FRC BELOWCC, Small airwayclosure
Increasedworkof breathing V/Qmismatchandlefttorightshunt
Limitedmaximumventilatory capacity arterialhypoxemia
10. GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
• Prolonged Gastric Emptying time, Decreased Gastric pH,
• Increased chancesof HiatalHernia.
• Increased risk of AspirationPneumonitis.
• Inguinal hernia.
11. HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
1. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease
2. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
3. Cholelithiasis,
4. Biliary tract disease,
5. Hepatitis,
6. Intra and Extra hepatic Cholestasis.
12. PHARMACOLOGY
• Drug dosing should take into consideration the volume of
distribution (VD) for administrationof the loading dose, and
on the clearance for the maintenance dose.
• Dosingshould be calculated based on LBW/TBW.
13. .
.
TheVD in obesepatients
is affected by
• reduced total bodywater,
• increased total bodyfat,
• increased lean body mass,
• Altered tissueprotein
binding,
• increased blood volume
& cardiacoutput,
• increased blood
concentrations of free
fatty acids, cholesterol,
and organomegaly.
15. PRE ANAESTHETIC ASSESSMENT
• Detailed history to rule out or find co morbid conditions, history
of previous surgeries, their anesthetic challenges (i.e., ease or
difficulty in securing the airway, intravenous access), need for ICU
admission, surgical outcomes
• What history will diagnose OSAin anobesepatient? Snoring or
apnea during sleep& apparent arousal. Extremity movement,
frequent turning in sleep Daytime sleepiness.
• Fatigue?
17. AIRWAY CHALLENGES
I. Airway obstruction with light tomoderate sedation
II. Difficult to maskventilate
III. Higherincidence of difficult intubation andfailed intubation in
MO.
IV. Presenceof hypopharyngealadipose tissue , interferes with
the line of sight (LOS)atdirect laryngoscopy.
V. Presenceof pre-tracheal adiposetissue, worsens the
laryngoscopic view.
18. AirwayEvaluation
SPECIFICASSESSMENTS
1. Body mass index [BMI]:
incidence of difficult intubation ranges
between 13-24% in obese patients.
2. Neck circumference:
obese patients with neck circumference > 50 cm had a
greater chance of problematic intubations than those < 50
cm.
3. Length of neck
short neck [actual length not defined] is associated with a 5-
fold increase in difficult airway.
19. Anteriornecksoft tissue:
Superior predictorof difficultintubation inobese patients than
obesity per seor athickneck.
• Obtained by ultrasound quantification of softtissue at the level of
the vocalcords,thyroid isthmusandsupra-sternalnotch.
• Averagedvalue>28mmpredictsdifficult laryngoscopy
26. POSITIONING
• Awakept. canself-position on ORtable.
• HELP[Stackedor Ramped]position from scapula to the head tobe
arranged.
• Paddingof all pressurepoint.
• Maintain & pre-oxygenateinhead-up position.
• pneumatic leggings orcompression stockingsto beapplied.
27. PREOXYGENATION
• Obesepatients initially be placed in aramped position andthen in
the reverse trendelenburg position beforepreoxygenation.
• Patientsare then preoxygenated for 3 to 5minutes with 100%
• oxygenunder positive pressure 8 to 10 cmH2o
• After induction, maintain 10to 12cmH2OPEEP, butcare must be
taken to treat anyhypotension thatmayoccur.
28. FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIFFICULT LARYNGOSCOPY
AND INTUBATION
• Fatface& cheeks.
• Largebreasts in females.
• Limited rangeof motion of head, neck,& jaw.
• Smallmouth & alargetongue.
• Excessivepalatal & pharyngealtissue.
• Short thick [large circumference]neck.
• High Mallampati scores[III orIV].
• O2 desaturation ismorerapid.
29. INTUBATION STRATEGY
• AwakeFOIshall beanideal technique but isnot easy to achieve.
• obscuredlandmark mayhinder nerveblock.
• Sedation& analgesicusedduring preparation may result in
hypercapnia,hypoxia& airwayobstruction.
• During difficult intubation, nerve blocksmay “unprotect”
theairway.
30. RSI
• RSIcould be contemplated using short acting inducing agentsas
propofol with succinylcholine,with thepatient positioned on a
ramp.
31. MAINTENANCE OF ANAESTHESIA
• Combinedepidural/general(GA)maybebeneficial to decreaseGA
requirements.
• Considera"balanced"GA>decreasesrequired doseof eachagent, so
lesswill be aroundpostop.
• Considerusingshortactingagents(e.g. alfentanyl, propofol,
versed,atracurium)
• avoidusinglongactingagents(e.g. morphine, valium, pancuronium)
• Ventilation:
• Uselarge tidal volumes15-20ml/kg ideal bodywt. Titrate PEEP
to maintain oxygensaturation.
32. PRE-REQUISITES FOR EXTUBATION
• Intact neurologic status, fully awakeand alert, with headlift
greater than 5s
• Hemodynamic stability
• Normothermia.
• Train-of-four (TOF)reversalby PNS(T4/T1 >0.9). Full reversalof NM
blocking agents.