This document discusses ethics in nursing research. It begins by defining ethics and explaining concepts like bioethics and professional codes of ethics. It then discusses requirements for obtaining human research ethics clearance and the types of human participation in research. The document outlines three main ethical principles from the Belmont Report - respect for human dignity, beneficence, and justice. It also discusses informed consent, national ethical guidelines, ethical dilemmas in research, and deception in research.
There are several dimensions in Pharmaceutical ethics -- Practice-, research- and community oriented. This presentation mainly deals with Clinical research oriented Ethics.
Ethical Issues & Scientific Integrity - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Without a properly organized method, no research can resolve a problem. Since centuries, a Scientific Method is being used for deducing research studies. Mass Media Studies, being a field of Social Sciences, involves a direct observation with human beings – inquiring/examining about what they’ve done in relevant study preference. Since human beings have certain rights, a researcher must ensure that rights of his/her study participants are not violated in any form.
Reply week 8 reflection 1-leydina triana Chapter 12 is bas.docxchris293
Reply week 8 reflection
1-leydina triana
Chapter 12 is base in Research ethic. Principles of ethical conduct in research. Research ethics are norms for the conduct of a research. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents. the term autonomous refers to the ability to make decisions, and the principles refers to honoring those decisions, unless they are detrimental to others. Lack of respect for persons is shown when a person is denied freedom to act on his or her decisions or when information needed to make a decision is withheld without a compelling reason to do so (NIH, 2009 ).You can see that achieving the optimum balance between offering prisoner’s opportunities to participate in research studies and not placing any pressure on them, even too generous an incentive can be considered too much pressure.
In chapter 13 focuses in participant recruitment. Complex studies involving hard to reach populations require an especially detailed plan for recruitment. The plan should include the inclusion and exclusion criteria and address the means by which you will access the population. Potential barriers to participation, how you will establish trust. Lastly how and what will persuade people to participate. There are sources that can provide access to possible participants. They often serve as gatekeepers, protecting the privacy of potential participants but also allowing and facilitating access under appropriate circumstances.
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Chapter 12 is focused on the principles of research ethics. Research ethics are based on three fundamental principles, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Respect for persons. This principle incorporates two elements that deal with respecting people in regard to research: People should be treated as autonomous. The term autonomous means that a person can make his or her own decisions about what to do and what to agree to. Researchers must respect that individuals should make their own informed decisions about whether to participate in research. Beneficence, the definition of beneficence is an action that is done for the benefit of others. This principle states that research should: Do no harm. The purpose of health research is to discover new information that would be helpful to society. The purpose of research should never be to hurt anyone or find out information at the expense of other people. The purpose of much research involving humans is to show whether a drug is safe and effective. This means participants may be exposed to some harms or risks. Researchers are obligated to do their best to minimize those possible risks and to maximize the benefits for participants. Justice, this principle deals with the concept of fairness. Researchers designing trials should consider what is fair in terms of recruitment of participants and choice of location to conduct a trial. This encompasses issues related to who benefits from research and who bears the risks of research. It provides the.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
There are several dimensions in Pharmaceutical ethics -- Practice-, research- and community oriented. This presentation mainly deals with Clinical research oriented Ethics.
Ethical Issues & Scientific Integrity - Prepared by Fiza Zia Ul HannanDr. Fiza Zia Ul Hannan
Without a properly organized method, no research can resolve a problem. Since centuries, a Scientific Method is being used for deducing research studies. Mass Media Studies, being a field of Social Sciences, involves a direct observation with human beings – inquiring/examining about what they’ve done in relevant study preference. Since human beings have certain rights, a researcher must ensure that rights of his/her study participants are not violated in any form.
Reply week 8 reflection 1-leydina triana Chapter 12 is bas.docxchris293
Reply week 8 reflection
1-leydina triana
Chapter 12 is base in Research ethic. Principles of ethical conduct in research. Research ethics are norms for the conduct of a research. Individuals should be treated as autonomous agents. the term autonomous refers to the ability to make decisions, and the principles refers to honoring those decisions, unless they are detrimental to others. Lack of respect for persons is shown when a person is denied freedom to act on his or her decisions or when information needed to make a decision is withheld without a compelling reason to do so (NIH, 2009 ).You can see that achieving the optimum balance between offering prisoner’s opportunities to participate in research studies and not placing any pressure on them, even too generous an incentive can be considered too much pressure.
In chapter 13 focuses in participant recruitment. Complex studies involving hard to reach populations require an especially detailed plan for recruitment. The plan should include the inclusion and exclusion criteria and address the means by which you will access the population. Potential barriers to participation, how you will establish trust. Lastly how and what will persuade people to participate. There are sources that can provide access to possible participants. They often serve as gatekeepers, protecting the privacy of potential participants but also allowing and facilitating access under appropriate circumstances.
2-marisley tapia
Chapter 12 is focused on the principles of research ethics. Research ethics are based on three fundamental principles, respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.
Respect for persons. This principle incorporates two elements that deal with respecting people in regard to research: People should be treated as autonomous. The term autonomous means that a person can make his or her own decisions about what to do and what to agree to. Researchers must respect that individuals should make their own informed decisions about whether to participate in research. Beneficence, the definition of beneficence is an action that is done for the benefit of others. This principle states that research should: Do no harm. The purpose of health research is to discover new information that would be helpful to society. The purpose of research should never be to hurt anyone or find out information at the expense of other people. The purpose of much research involving humans is to show whether a drug is safe and effective. This means participants may be exposed to some harms or risks. Researchers are obligated to do their best to minimize those possible risks and to maximize the benefits for participants. Justice, this principle deals with the concept of fairness. Researchers designing trials should consider what is fair in terms of recruitment of participants and choice of location to conduct a trial. This encompasses issues related to who benefits from research and who bears the risks of research. It provides the.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
NURSING-RESEARCH.pptx
1. ETHICS IN NURSING RESEARCH
Mr. Jayesh Patidar
Associate Professor
GCSN
2. MEANING OF ETHICS
Ethics is derived from the Greek word “ethos” meaning custom or character.
Rules that govern “right” conduct, what “ought to be”/right thing to do, the
“should” of human behavior.
ETHICS
It refers to the study of philosophical ideals of right and wrong behavior.
Ethics judges good, bad, right or wrong in human behavior.
BIOETHICS
It is ethics as applied to life (i.e. to life and death decision making). It is
concerned with human behavior in health care.
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS
It is a set of collective statement about group’s expectations and standard of
behavior, and serves as guidelines to assist nurse and other health professional
groups when conflict or disagreement arises about correct practice or
behavior.
3. REQUIREMENT FOR HUMAN RESEARCH ETHICS
CLEARANCE
CODE OF ETHICS
Who needs to apply for human research ethics clearance?
Human research is “research which is conducted with or about people, or their data
or tissue”
Anybody wishing to conduct any research involving:
Human participants
Human tissue
Personal records, or unpublished human research; must obtain ethics approval
before the research commences
4. TYPES OF HUMAN PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH
As persons whose body organs or tissues are obtained and/or retained
for research.
As research participants from whom information is obtained.
As people who might be identified in official documents.
As people whose information (identified or de-identified) is part of an
existing, unpublished source.
5. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES (BELMONT REPORT)
I. RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY
It is the concept that all people deserve the right to fully exercise
their autonomy and assume that every individual is able to make a choice. It
comprises of two essential moral requirements:
a. Right for Autonomy (Self Determination)
An autonomous person is defined as an individual who is capable to make
judgments and actions based on his/her particular set of values, preferences,
and beliefs.
It also requires that subjects be treated in a non-degrading manner or out of
respect for their dignity. Respect for persons is practiced by doing followings
Obtaining informed consent
Protecting the autonomy of all people
Treating them with courtesy and respect
6. b. The Right to Full Disclosure
Researchers must have fully disclosed information about the study and
explained the voluntary nature of participation (including the right to
refuse without repercussion) and possible benefits and risks related to
study participation. Without complete information, a potential
participant cannot make a truly informed decision. People have a right
to make informed, voluntary decisions about study participation which
requires full disclosure. Full disclosure can be troublesome for some
researchers based on their study designs and research questions
7. II. BENEFICENCE (ABOVE ALL, DOES NO HARM)
The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and
minimizing risks to the research subjects. There are four aspects of beneficence i.e.
a. Freedom From Harm
Researchers may strive to minimize all types of physical, psychological, social and
economic harm and discomfort and achieve balance between potential benefits and risks
of being a participant.
b. Freedom From Exploitation
Involvement in a research study should not place participants at a disadvantage or expose
them to a situation for which they have not been prepared for. Assure participants that the
information provided by them will not be used against them in any way.
c. Benefits From Research
People agree to participate in research investigations for a number of reasons such as
direct personal benefits, benefits to society and other individuals or participate in desire to
be helpful. Researcher may communicate potential benefits to participants.
8. d. The Risk/Benefit Ratio
In designing a research study, carefully assess the risks and benefits that would be
incurred. In evaluating risk/benefit ratio researcher should consider how
comfortable he would feel if his family participated in the study.
9. III. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
In research ethics, justice is the fair selection of research participants.
Justice is the ideal distribution of risks and benefits when scientists
conducting clinical research are recruiting volunteer research
participants to participate in study. In this, non-exploitative and well-
considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of
costs and benefits to potential research participants. There are two
aspects of justice i.e.
a. The Right to Fair Treatment
Study participants have the right to fair and equitable treatment
before and during their participation in the study. Fair treatment
includes:
The fair and non-discriminatory selection of participants.
Respect for culture and other form of human diversity.
The non-prejudicial treatment of those who decline to participate or
who withdraw from the study after agreeing to participate.
10. b. The Right to Privacy
Researchers must keep any shared information in their strictest
confidence. Upholding the right to privacy often involves procedures for
anonymity or confidentiality. For participants’ data to be completely
anonymous means that the researcher cannot connect participant to their
data.
11. NATIONAL ETHICAL GUIDELINES (ICMR 2017)
PRINCIPLE OF ESSENTIALITY
PRINCIPLE OF VOLUNTARINESS
PRINCIPLE OF NON-EXPLOITATION
PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
PRINCIPLE OF ENSURING PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
PRINCIPLE OF RISK MINIMIZATION
PRINCIPLE OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE
PRINCIPLE OF MAXIMIZATION OF BENEFIT
PRINCIPLE OF INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS
PRINCIPLE OF TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY
PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY OF RESPONSIBILITY
PRINCIPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
12. INFORMED CONSENT
It is a voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a form
that is signed but is a process, in which the subject has an understanding of
the research and its risks. Informed consent is essential before enrolling a
participant and ongoing once enrolled. The ethics code of the American
psychological association describes that the researcher should inform
participants about followings
1. The purpose of the research, expected duration and procedures.
2. Their right to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research
once participation has begun.
3. The expected consequences of declining or withdrawing.
4. Reasonably expected factors that may influence their willingness to
participate such as potential risks, discomfort or adverse effects.
5. Any prospective research benefits.
6. Limits of confidentiality.
7. Incentives for participation
13. ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT
RESEARCHERS CREDENTIALS
SUBJECT SELECTION PROCESS
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
STUDY PROCEDURES
POTENTIAL RISKS
POTENTIAL BENEFITS
COMPENSATION IF ANY
ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES
ANONYMITY OR CONFIDENTIALITY
OFFER TO ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
MEANS OF OBTAINING STUDY RESULTS
14. DEVELOPING A CONSENT FORM
• Organize the consent form coherently.
• Use large font so that form is easily read, use spacing that
avoids making document too dense.
• Make form attractive.
• Use clear, consistent terminology and avoid technical terms.
• If possible, use a readability formula to estimate the form’s
reading level and make revisions to ensure an appropriate
reading level for the group under study.
• Test the form with people similar to those who will be
recruited and ask for feedback.
15. ELECTRONIC CONSENT
Electronic media can be used to provide information as in the written
informed consent document, which can be administered and documented
using electronic informed consent systems.
GATEKEEPERS CONSENT
Permission of the gatekeepers, that is, the head/leader of the group or
culturally appropriate authorities, may be obtained in writing or audio/video
recorded on behalf of the group and should be witnessed.
COMMUNITY CONSENT
In certain populations, the community plays an important role in the consent
process. Some participants may not participate in the research unless the
community’s consent is available. There may be situations when individual
consent cannot be obtained as it will change the behaviour of the individual.
In such situations community consent is required.
16. WAIVER OF CONSENT
The researcher can apply to the EC for a waiver of consent if the
research involves less than minimal risk to participants and the waiver
will not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the participants.
ASSENT
A child’s agreement to participate in research is called assent. In
addition to consent from parents or legal guardian, verbal/oral or written
assent, as approved by the ethical committee, should be obtained from
children of 7–18 years of age.
17. ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH
An ethical dilemma is a problem in the decision-making
process between two possible ethical principles, neither of which is
absolutely acceptable from an ethical perspective. Ethical dilemmas are
extremely complicated challenges that cannot be easily solved.
Therefore, the ability to find the optimal solution for ethical dilemmas is
critical to researcher.
18. HOW TO SOLVE AN ETHICAL DILEMMA
Following approaches can help to some extent to solve ethical dilemma.
Primary Consideration: decision on the basis of welfare of the
prospective study participants.
Value theory approach: Choose the alternative that offers the greater
good and the lesser harm.
Find alternative solutions: In some cases, the problem can be
reconsidered, and the new alternative solutions may arise.
Seek advice from institutional ethics committee:- Health care
institutions use an ethics committee to process dilemma. These
committees generally are multidisciplinary and include representatives
who are nurses as well as representatives from other disciplines.
19. DECEPTION
This is a process where participants are misled or wrongly informed about the aims of the
research. There are two possible types of deception include
1. Deliberate misleading, for example informing participants that the present study will
assess their health practices but the actual purpose of study is to assess the prevalence of
substance abuse..
2. Deception by omission, e.g., failure to disclose full information about the study, or
creating ambiguity.
The researcher should avoid deceiving participants about the nature of the research unless
there is no alternative and even then this would need to be judged acceptable by an
independent expert. However, there are some types of research that cannot be carried out
without at least some element of deception. Some researchers argue that deception can
never be justified and object to this practice as it
Violates an individual’s right to choose to participate.
It is a questionable basis on which to build a discipline.
Leads to distrust of researcher in the community.
20. THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
PROVIDED STANDARDS GUIDELINE FOR USE OF
DECEPTION IS AS FOLLOW
Non-deceptive alternative procedures are not feasible:-
Researchers do not conduct a study involving deception unless they
have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the
study's significant prospective scientific, educational or applied value
and that effective non-deceptive alternative procedures are not
feasible.
No physical pain or severe emotional distress:- Researchers do not
deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably
expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.
Earliest disclosure of deception:- Researchers must disclose
deception to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the
conclusion of their participation.
21. DEBRIEFING
Debriefing is a process that can be undertaken at the conclusion of any research
activities, regardless of whether deception is part of the research design. It is
appropriate to provide participants with a simple, clear, and informative
explanation of the research purpose and the methods that were used.
The APA outlines three basic requirements for debriefing:
Researchers provide prompt and appropriate information about the nature, results,
and conclusions of the research, and correct misconceptions of participants.
If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information,
researchers take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.
When research procedures have harmed a participant, researcher must take
reasonable steps to minimize the harm.
22. DEHOAXING
It is the process of convincing subjects who have been
deceived as part of a research study that they have in
fact been deceived. The purpose of dehoaxing is to
prevent possible future harm to the subject. For
example, subjects may be given false pretest scores in
order to test the effect of these scores on subsequent
tests of motivation levels. If subjects believe that the
false scores represent their true abilities, their level of
self-esteem would be high and put the person at risk.
23. ETHICS COMMITTEE
Research ethics committees have an important role to play in ensuring the
ethical standards and scientific merit of research involving human subjects.
There are three important obligations placed on the ethics committee.
1. Firstly and most importantly, the ethics committee must ensure that the
rights of research participants are protected. This is achieved by ensuring
that individuals receive sufficient information which can be easily
understood and ensuring that appropriate strategies are in place to protect
participants from potential adverse consequences of the research.
2. Secondly, the research ethics committee has an obligation to society which
provides the resources for research and will ultimately be affected by the
results.
24. Thirdly, the research ethics committee has an obligation to the
researcher. The research proposal should be treated with respect and
consideration. The research ethics committee should strive to meet each
of these obligations
25. COMPOSITION OF ETHICAL COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON/ VICE
CHAIRPERSON
NON-AFFILIATED A WELL-RESPECTED
PERSON FROM ANY
BACKGROUND WITH PRIOR
EXPERIENCE OF HAVING
SERVED/ SERVING IN AN EC
CONDUCT EC MEETINGS
Member Secretary Affiliated (Should be a staff
member of the institution)
Should have knowledge and
experience in clinical research and
ethics.
Schedule EC meetings, prepare the
agenda and minutes
Basic Medical Scientist(s) Affiliated/ non-affiliated Non-medical or medical person
with qualifications in basic medical
sciences
Scientific and ethical review with
special emphasis on the
intervention.
Clinician(s) Affiliated/ non-affiliated Individual/s with recognized
medical qualification, expertise
and training
Thorough review of protocol/
intervention.
Legal expert/s Affiliated/ non-affiliated Basic degree in Law from a
recognized university.
Interpret and inform EC members
about legal regulations.
27. TYPE OF DECISION BY ETHICAL COMMITTEE
Approved with or
without
suggestions or
comments
Revision with
minor
modifications/
amendments
Revision with
major
modifications for
resubmission
Not approved