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1. Prof . Mamta Jain
Department Of EAFM
University Of Rajasthan Jaipur

2. What are Ethics?
 Derived from the Greek word “ethos”, which means
“way of living”, ethics is a branch of philosophy that is
concerned with human conduct, more specifically the
behaviour of individual in society
 Ethics are the set of rules that govern our expectations
of our own and others’ behaviour
 Ethical principles are fundamental guidelines that
help individuals and societies determine what is
morally right or wrong. These principles serve as a
framework for making ethical decision.

4.  Autonomy: This principle emphasizes respecting an
individual's right to make their own choices and
decisions. It is often applied in healthcare, where
patients have the right to make decisions about their
medical treatment.
 Beneficence: This principle requires acting in the
best interests of others and promoting their well-
being. It encourages actions that bring about positive
outcomes and minimize harm.
Ethical Principles

5.  Non-Maleficence: This principle is closely related to
beneficence but focuses on the obligation to do no
harm.
 Justice: The principle of justice emphasizes fairness
and equality. It involves treating people equitably and
distributing resources or benefits fairly.
 Veracity: This principle emphasizes honesty and
truthfulness. It's crucial in areas like healthcare, where
patients rely on accurate information from healthcare
providers to make informed decisions.
Ethical Principles

6.  Fidelity: Fidelity or loyalty is the principle of keeping
promises and being loyal to commitments. It's vital in
professional relationships, such as the trust between a
doctor and a patient.
 Respect for Others: This principle encompasses treating
individuals with dignity, regardless of their background,
beliefs, or characteristics.
 Confidentiality: In professions like healthcare and law,
maintaining confidentiality is essential. This principle
ensures that sensitive information shared by individuals is
kept private and not disclosed without their consent.
Ethical Principles

7. Research Ethics
 Research ethics are a set of principles, guidelines, and
standards that govern the conduct of research
involving human subjects or animals. These ethics are
designed to ensure that research is conducted in an
ethical and responsible manner, with the well-being,
rights, and privacy of participants and the integrity of
the research process in mind
 Research ethics are the set of ethical guidelines that
guides us on how scientific research should be
conducted and disseminated.

8. Objectives Of Research Ethics
 To guard/protect human participants, their dignity,
rights and welfare .
 To make sure that research is directed in a manner
that assists welfares of persons, groups and/or
civilization as a whole.
 To inspect particular research events and schemes for
their ethical reliability, considering issues such as the
controlling risk, protection of privacy and the
progression of informed consent.

10. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Honesty
 Being honest with the beneficiaries and respondents. Being
honest about the findings and methodology of the
research. Being honest with other direct and indirect
stakeholders.
 Integrity
 Ensuring honesty and sincerity. Fulfilling agreements and
promises. Do not create false expectations or make false
promises.
 Objectivity
 Avoiding bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, and other aspects of research

11. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Informed Consent
 Informed consent means that a person knowingly, voluntarily
and intelligently gives consent to participate in a research.
 Informed consent is related to the autonomous right of the
individual to participate in the research.
 Informing the participant about the research objective, their
role, benefits/harms (if any) etc.
 Respect for person/respondent
 autonomy, which requires that those who are capable of
deliberation about their personal goals should be treated with
respect for their capacity for self-determination; and
 protection of persons with impaired or diminished autonomy,
which requires that those who are dependent or vulnerable be
afforded security against harm or abuse.

12. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Beneficence
 Maximize the benefits of the participants. Ethical
obligation to maximize possible benefits and to minimize
possible harms to the respondents.
 Non-maleficence/ Protecting the subjects (human)
 Do no harm. Minimize harm/s or risks to the human.
Ensure privacy, autonomy and dignity.
 Responsible publication
 Responsibly publishing to promote and uptake research or
knowledge. No duplicate publication.


13. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Protecting Anonymity
 It means keeping the participant anonymous. It
involves not revealing the name, caste or any other
information about the participants that may reveal
his/her identity
 Justice
 The obligation to distribute benefits and burdens
fairly, to treat equals equally, and to give reasons for
differential treatment based on widely accepted
criteria for just ways to distribute benefits and burdens

14. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Non-discrimination-Avoid discrimination on the basis of
age, sex, race, ethnicity or other factors that are violation of
human rights and are not related to the study.
 Openness -Be open to sharing results, data and other
resources. Also accept encouraging comments and
constructive feedback.
 Carefulness and respect for intellectual property-Be
careful about the possible error and biases.
 Give credit to the intellectual property of others. Always
paraphrase while referring to others article, writing. Never
plagiarize.

15. Ethical Principles Of Research
 Confidentiality
 Protecting confidential information, personnel records. It includes
information such as:
 Introduction and objective of the research
 Purpose of the discussion
 Procedure of the research
 Anticipated advantages, benefits/harm from the research (if any)
 Use of research
 Their role in research
 Right to refuse or withdraw
 Methods which will be used to protect anonymity and confidentiality of the
participant
 Freedom to not answer any question/withdraw from the research
 Who to contact if the participant needs additional information about the
research.

16. Advantages of Research Ethics
 Research ethics promote the aims of research.
 It increases trust among the researcher and the respondent.
 It is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the
dignity, rights and welfare of research participants.
 Researchers can be held accountable and answerable for their
actions.
 Ethics promote social and moral values.
 Promotes the ambitions of research, such as understanding, veracity, and
dodging of error.
 Ethical standards uphold the values that are vital to cooperative work,
such as belief, answerability, mutual respect, and impartiality.
 Ethical norms in research also aid to construct public upkeep for
research. People are more likely to trust a research project if they can trust
the worth and reliability of research.

17. Publication Ethics
Publication ethics refers to the principles and standards
that govern the conduct of individuals and organizations
involved in the process of publishing research or
scholarly work. These ethics are essential to ensure the
integrity, credibility, and fairness of the publication
process.

20. Publication Ethics
 Authorship and Authorship Criteria: Clear guidelines
should be established for authorship, ensuring that only
individuals who have made a significant intellectual
contribution to the work are listed as authors. Honorary or
ghost authorship should be avoided.
 Plagiarism: Authors must not present someone else's
work, ideas, or words as their own. Proper citation and
referencing are crucial to give credit to the original sources.
 Data Fabrication and Falsification: Researchers should
not manipulate or invent data to support their findings.
Raw data should be available for scrutiny, and research
should be conducted with honesty and integrity.

21.  Conflict of Interest: Authors, reviewers, and editors
should disclose any financial, personal, or professional
conflicts of interest that could potentially bias their work
or decision-making.
 Peer Review: Peer review should be conducted impartially
and confidentially. Reviewers should provide constructive
feedback and declare any conflicts of interest. Editors
should ensure the process is fair and unbiased.
 Publication Bias: Journals should not discriminate
against studies based on the direction or strength of their
results. Negative or inconclusive findings should be
published as readily as positive ones.
Publication Ethics

22.  Ethical Treatment of Subjects: In studies involving
human or animal subjects, ethical standards and informed
consent must be followed. Researchers should prioritize
the well-being and rights of participants.
 Image and Figure Manipulation: Images, graphs, and
figures should not be manipulated in a misleading way.
Any alterations should be clearly disclosed.
 Retraction and Correction: If errors or ethical breaches
are discovered after publication, journals should have
mechanisms in place for retracting or correcting the work
as appropriate.
Publication Ethics

23.  Transparency: Authors should provide transparency
in reporting their methods, results, and sources of
funding. Reproducibility of research should be
encouraged.
 Editorial Independence: Editors should make
decisions based on the quality and merit of the work,
free from external pressure or influence.
 Duplication and Multiple Submission: Authors
should not submit the same work to multiple journals
simultaneously, as this can waste resources and lead to
conflicting publication.
Publication Ethics

24. Authorship And Collaboration
Authorship and collaboration in research ethics are
essential aspects of responsible conduct in academic and
scientific research. They involve principles and
guidelines that help ensure fairness, transparency, and
integrity in the publication of research findings.

25.  Authorship: Authorship in research refers to the
practice of giving credit to individuals who have made
significant intellectual contributions to a research
project and its publication. Authorship is an important
aspect of academic recognition and responsibility.
Ethical considerations related to authorship include:
 Substantial Contribution: Authors should have
made substantial intellectual contributions to the
conception, design, execution, analysis, and
interpretation of the research.
Authorship And Collaboration

26.  Acknowledgments: Individuals who contributed to
the project but didn't meet the criteria for authorship
should be acknowledged in the publication.
 Collaboration: Collaboration is the process of
researchers working together on a research project.
Ethical considerations related to collaboration include:
 Data Sharing: Collaborators should share data and
research materials as needed for the project, while
respecting any confidentiality or legal constraints.
Authorship And Collaboration

27.  Communication: Effective communication among
collaborators is essential to ensure that everyone is aware
of project developments, responsibilities, and changes in
research direction.
 Conflict Resolution: Conflicts among collaborators
should be addressed openly and constructively. Institutions
often have conflict resolution mechanisms in place.
 Respect for Diverse Perspectives: Collaborators should
respect each other's viewpoints and contributions, even if
they differ.
 Authorship Agreement: Collaborators should agree on
authorship and contributorship roles early in the project to
avoid disputes later.
Authorship And Collaboration

28. Conclusion
 Accurate and ethical reporting is important to the
quality of scientific research that is published.
Unethical practices such as falsification of data and
plagiarism cause long term damage to the
dependability of published literature. While such
practices do still exist, these can be prevented by
having robust institutional ethical processes , regular
training and editorial vigilance. In conclusion we can
say ethics is certainly one of the most important
requirements for humanity as well as research.
Without ethics the world would have been an evil and
chaotic place.