The document outlines the history and basic principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, which provides ethical guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It discusses how the Declaration was first adopted in 1964 and has since undergone revisions to regulate research. The key principles outlined include protecting subjects' lives, health, dignity and privacy, ensuring proper scientific conduct and qualifications of researchers, registering clinical trials, obtaining consent, and assessing risks and benefits to populations involved in research.
Medical Research: conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non maleficence, euthanasia, informed consent, confidentiality, criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
(I) MEDICAL RESEARCH_ UNIT_III_RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS.pptxRAHUL PAL
Research Methodology and Biostatistics syllabus:
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy.
Medical research has a long and varied history. It has evolved from rudimentary practices to sophisticated, evidence-based methodologies. Some key milestones include the development of the scientific method, the use of randomized controlled trials, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mapping of the human genome. Ethical concerns have also played a significant role in shaping the history of medical research, especially in response to various ethical violations, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Nuremberg Trials.
Resolving conflicts between these principles often requires careful consideration, ethical analysis, and, in some cases, consultation with ethics committees or boards. The specific course of action may vary based on the individual circumstances and ethical frameworks employed by healthcare professionals and researchers. Ethical guidelines and regulations also play a significant role in addressing and preventing these conflicts in medical research.
Medical Research: conflicts between autonomy and beneficence/non maleficence, euthanasia, informed consent, confidentiality, criticisms of orthodox medical ethics
(I) MEDICAL RESEARCH_ UNIT_III_RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS.pptxRAHUL PAL
Research Methodology and Biostatistics syllabus:
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy.
Medical research has a long and varied history. It has evolved from rudimentary practices to sophisticated, evidence-based methodologies. Some key milestones include the development of the scientific method, the use of randomized controlled trials, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mapping of the human genome. Ethical concerns have also played a significant role in shaping the history of medical research, especially in response to various ethical violations, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Nuremberg Trials.
Resolving conflicts between these principles often requires careful consideration, ethical analysis, and, in some cases, consultation with ethics committees or boards. The specific course of action may vary based on the individual circumstances and ethical frameworks employed by healthcare professionals and researchers. Ethical guidelines and regulations also play a significant role in addressing and preventing these conflicts in medical research.
Cross over design, Placebo and blinding techniques Dinesh Gangoda
A crossover design is a modified randomized block design in which each block receives more than one treatment at different dosing periods.
A block can be a patient or a group of patients.
Patients in each block receive different sequences of treatments.
A crossover design is called a complete crossover design if each sequence contains all treatments under investigation.
A placebo is a dummy medicine containing no active substance.
This substance has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs.
Latin- ‘ I shall please’
Research Methodology_UNIT_I_General Research Methodology M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements, practical
difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies, strategies to eliminate
errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design, placebo, blinding techniques.
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It was first adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times, with the most recent version released in 2013. The Declaration provides a framework to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of individuals participating in research studies. Here are the key elements of the Declaration of Helsinki:
Respect for Autonomy and Informed Consent: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy of individuals and their right to make informed decisions about participating in research. It requires researchers to obtain informed consent from participants or their legally authorized representatives, ensuring they have been adequately informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.
Beneficence and Risk Assessment: Researchers have a responsibility to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants. The Declaration states that research protocols should be based on a thorough scientific assessment of risks and benefits and should prioritize the well-being of participants.
Ethical Review and Approval: The Declaration highlights the necessity of independent ethical review of research protocols by an appropriate research ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB). The committee should ensure that the study is scientifically valid, ethically sound, and compliant with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Privacy and Confidentiality: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of protecting the privacy and confidentiality of research participants. Researchers should ensure that participants' personal information is kept confidential, and data should be anonymized or pseudonymized whenever possible to protect participant identities.
Data and Safety Monitoring: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of ongoing data monitoring and safety assessments during the research study. Researchers should have plans in place to detect and manage any adverse events or unanticipated risks that may arise during the study.
Vulnerable Populations: Special protections are outlined for vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with impaired decision-making capacity. Researchers should take extra precautions to ensure their well-being, and their involvement in research should be justified based on the potential benefits to their own population.
Publication and Dissemination of Results: The Declaration emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to publish and share the results of their research in a timely manner. The results should be accurately reported, and negative or inconclusive results should also be disseminated to prevent publication bias.
Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics, importance ofsupriyawable1
ethics is a very large and complex field of study with many branches .medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deals moral issues in medical practice. principles of medical ethics - autonomy ,beneficence ,confidentiality,do not harm,equity .importance of communication .
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects. It was adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times since then, with the most recent revision occurring in 2013.
The Declaration of Helsinki outlines several key principles and considerations for researchers and physicians involved in human research, with a focus on protecting the rights, safety, and well-being of research participants. Some of the core principles and points covered in the Declaration of Helsinki include:
Informed Consent: Research participants must provide voluntary, informed, and written consent to participate in a study. They should be fully informed about the nature of the research, its purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives.
Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: Researchers should aim to maximize the benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants. The well-being of the research subjects should be the primary concern.
Research Ethics Committee Review: All research involving human subjects should undergo ethical review by an independent committee. This review ensures that the study meets ethical and scientific standards.
Scientific Validity and Ethical Conduct: Research should be scientifically rigorous and designed to answer important questions. Researchers must conduct their work with integrity and honesty.
Privacy and Confidentiality: Participants' privacy should be protected, and their data should be kept confidential. Personal information should not be disclosed without informed consent.
Equitable Distribution of Benefits and Burdens: Research should benefit society, and the selection of research subjects should be fair, without exploitation or discrimination.
Continuing Review: Ethical review of research should continue throughout the duration of the study, with particular attention to any new information that may affect the research's ethical considerations.
Access to Medical Care: Participants should have access to medical care and treatment, and they should be compensated for any injuries resulting from their participation in research.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...RAHUL PAL
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society.
Cross over design, Placebo and blinding techniques Dinesh Gangoda
A crossover design is a modified randomized block design in which each block receives more than one treatment at different dosing periods.
A block can be a patient or a group of patients.
Patients in each block receive different sequences of treatments.
A crossover design is called a complete crossover design if each sequence contains all treatments under investigation.
A placebo is a dummy medicine containing no active substance.
This substance has no therapeutic effect, used as a control in testing new drugs.
Latin- ‘ I shall please’
Research Methodology_UNIT_I_General Research Methodology M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements, practical
difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies, strategies to eliminate
errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design, placebo, blinding techniques.
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for medical research involving human subjects. It was first adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times, with the most recent version released in 2013. The Declaration provides a framework to protect the rights, safety, and well-being of individuals participating in research studies. Here are the key elements of the Declaration of Helsinki:
Respect for Autonomy and Informed Consent: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of respecting the autonomy of individuals and their right to make informed decisions about participating in research. It requires researchers to obtain informed consent from participants or their legally authorized representatives, ensuring they have been adequately informed about the study's purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw at any time.
Beneficence and Risk Assessment: Researchers have a responsibility to maximize potential benefits and minimize potential harm to research participants. The Declaration states that research protocols should be based on a thorough scientific assessment of risks and benefits and should prioritize the well-being of participants.
Ethical Review and Approval: The Declaration highlights the necessity of independent ethical review of research protocols by an appropriate research ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB). The committee should ensure that the study is scientifically valid, ethically sound, and compliant with relevant regulations and guidelines.
Privacy and Confidentiality: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of protecting the privacy and confidentiality of research participants. Researchers should ensure that participants' personal information is kept confidential, and data should be anonymized or pseudonymized whenever possible to protect participant identities.
Data and Safety Monitoring: The Declaration emphasizes the importance of ongoing data monitoring and safety assessments during the research study. Researchers should have plans in place to detect and manage any adverse events or unanticipated risks that may arise during the study.
Vulnerable Populations: Special protections are outlined for vulnerable populations, such as children, pregnant women, prisoners, and individuals with impaired decision-making capacity. Researchers should take extra precautions to ensure their well-being, and their involvement in research should be justified based on the potential benefits to their own population.
Publication and Dissemination of Results: The Declaration emphasizes the responsibility of researchers to publish and share the results of their research in a timely manner. The results should be accurately reported, and negative or inconclusive results should also be disseminated to prevent publication bias.
Criticisms of orthodox medical ethics, importance ofsupriyawable1
ethics is a very large and complex field of study with many branches .medical ethics is the branch of ethics that deals moral issues in medical practice. principles of medical ethics - autonomy ,beneficence ,confidentiality,do not harm,equity .importance of communication .
The Declaration of Helsinki is a set of ethical principles and guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects. It was adopted by the World Medical Association (WMA) in 1964 and has been revised multiple times since then, with the most recent revision occurring in 2013.
The Declaration of Helsinki outlines several key principles and considerations for researchers and physicians involved in human research, with a focus on protecting the rights, safety, and well-being of research participants. Some of the core principles and points covered in the Declaration of Helsinki include:
Informed Consent: Research participants must provide voluntary, informed, and written consent to participate in a study. They should be fully informed about the nature of the research, its purpose, risks, benefits, and alternatives.
Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: Researchers should aim to maximize the benefits of research while minimizing harm to participants. The well-being of the research subjects should be the primary concern.
Research Ethics Committee Review: All research involving human subjects should undergo ethical review by an independent committee. This review ensures that the study meets ethical and scientific standards.
Scientific Validity and Ethical Conduct: Research should be scientifically rigorous and designed to answer important questions. Researchers must conduct their work with integrity and honesty.
Privacy and Confidentiality: Participants' privacy should be protected, and their data should be kept confidential. Personal information should not be disclosed without informed consent.
Equitable Distribution of Benefits and Burdens: Research should benefit society, and the selection of research subjects should be fair, without exploitation or discrimination.
Continuing Review: Ethical review of research should continue throughout the duration of the study, with particular attention to any new information that may affect the research's ethical considerations.
Access to Medical Care: Participants should have access to medical care and treatment, and they should be compensated for any injuries resulting from their participation in research.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...RAHUL PAL
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society.
WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.
Source: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/
The Thalidomide tragedy is one of the most devastating events in the history of medicine and drug regulation. Thalidomide was a medication that was introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a sedative and treatment for nausea during pregnancy. However, its use led to a widespread public health crisis with severe and tragic consequences.
Here's an overview of the Thalidomide tragedy:
The most important figures in the history of medical research is Louis
Pasteur. Pasteur was is known as medical microbiologist. A French
chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to the
understanding of infectious diseases. In the 1860s, Pasteur showed that
germs caused disease and that they could be killed by heat.
This discovery led to the development of pasteurization, a process of
heating food to kill harmful bacteria
Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).pptxSamikshaHamane
Introduction
Objective
Organisation structure
Roles & responsibilities of ICMR
Intramural research & Extramural research
General principles
Ethical Review Procedures
Composition
Training & regulation
Addressing Data Security and Privacy Concerns in Clinical ResearchClinosolIndia
Data security and privacy are paramount in clinical research, where sensitive and confidential information is collected, stored, and analyzed. Ensuring the protection of research participants' personal and health data is not only an ethical obligation but also a legal requirement. Data breaches or privacy violations can have serious consequences for both research subjects and the organizations involved.
ETHICAL GUIDELINES FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN PARTICIPANTSjyothibhat21
This presentation highlights the regulations on Ethical requirements for conducting clinical research in India. This is the guiding regulation for the Ethics Committees in India.
The viewers are requested to give their feedback on the utility of the presentation.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. HISTORY
Adopted in June 1964
Has undergone 6 revisions
2 clarifications
First significant effort by medical community to
regulate research
Prior to Nuremberg Code only specific countries had
National policies (Germany for Example)
Forms basis of most subsequent documents
4. Introduction
The World Medical Association (WMA) has
developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement
of ethical principles for medical research involving
human subjects, including research on identifiable
human material and data.
It is the duty of the physician to promote and
safeguard the health of the people. The physician’s
knowledge and conscience are dedicated to the
fulfillment of this duty.
5. Cont…
The primary purpose of medical research involving
human subjects is to understand the causes,
development and effects of diseases and improve
preventive, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions
(methods, procedures and treatments).
Medical progress is based on research that ultimately
must include studies involving human subjects.
Populations that are underrepresented in medical
research should be provided appropriate access to
participation in research.
6. PRINCIPLES FOR ALL MEDICAL
RESEARCH
It is the duty of physicians who participate in medical
research to protect the life, health, dignity, integrity, right
to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of
personal information of research subjects.
Medical research involving human subjects must conform
to generally accepted scientific principles, be based on a
thorough knowledge of the scientific literature, other
relevant sources of information, and adequate laboratory
and, as appropriate, animal experimentation. The welfare
of animals used for research must be respected.
Appropriate caution must be exercised in the conduct of
medical research that may harm the environment.
7. Cont…
The design and performance of each research study
involving human subjects must be clearly described in a
research protocol. The protocol should contain a statement
of the ethical considerations involved and should indicate
how the principles in this Declaration have been
addressed. The protocol should include information
regarding funding, sponsors, institutional affiliations,
other potential conflicts of interest, incentives for subjects
and provisions for treating and/or compensating subjects
who are harmed as a consequence of participation in the
research study. The protocol should describe arrangements
for post-study access by study subjects to interventions
identified as beneficial in the study or access to other
appropriate care or benefits.
8. Cont…
Medical research involving human subjects must be
conducted only by individuals with the appropriate
scientific training and qualifications. Research on patients
or healthy volunteers requires the supervision of a
competent and appropriately qualified physician or other
health care professional. The responsibility for the
protection of research subjects must always rest with the
physician or other health care professional and never the
research subjects, even though they have given consent.
Every clinical trial must be registered in a publicly
accessible database before recruitment of the first subject.
9. Cont…
Medical research involving a disadvantaged or vulnerable
population or community is only justified if the research is
responsive to the health needs and priorities of this
population or community and if there is a reasonable
likelihood that this population or community stands to
benefit from the results of the research.
Every medical research study involving human subjects
must be preceded by careful assessment of predictable
risks and burdens to the individuals and communities
involved in the research in comparison with foreseeable
benefits to them and to other individuals or communities
affected by the condition under investigation.